Therapists in Arlington, MA

Photo of Liz Lawrence, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arlington, MA
Liz Lawrence
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MEd, LICSW
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02474  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Therapy is a process of working together to help you experience new ways of generating hope and inspiration for your life. As we understand the dilemmas you face, I'll help you see how you can use your creative abilities to develop new choices for meeting them and explore new paths toward change. In my work with individuals, couples and families I offer a framework for keeping track of important ideas, meaningful life stories and useful directions. I integrate ideas from family systems and narrative therapies and phase-oriented trauma recovery.
Therapy is a process of working together to help you experience new ways of generating hope and inspiration for your life. As we understand the dilemmas you face, I'll help you see how you can use your creative abilities to develop new choices for meeting them and explore new paths toward change. In my work with individuals, couples and families I offer a framework for keeping track of important ideas, meaningful life stories and useful directions. I integrate ideas from family systems and narrative therapies and phase-oriented trauma recovery.
(617) 379-2721 View (617) 379-2721
Nicole Caplin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02476
Nicole Caplin is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Massachusetts who has been practicing since 2017. Facing hardship and difficult times are not meant to be done alone. Each of us will have times we need help from others, and making the choice to seek professional help can be empowering. Let Nicole walk beside you and together you will discover your own path to healing and recovery. Nicole has experience working with individuals who experience anxiety, depression, anger, mood disorders, PTSD, addiction, and dual diagnosis. She will meet you where you are at with compassion and understanding.
Nicole Caplin is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Massachusetts who has been practicing since 2017. Facing hardship and difficult times are not meant to be done alone. Each of us will have times we need help from others, and making the choice to seek professional help can be empowering. Let Nicole walk beside you and together you will discover your own path to healing and recovery. Nicole has experience working with individuals who experience anxiety, depression, anger, mood disorders, PTSD, addiction, and dual diagnosis. She will meet you where you are at with compassion and understanding.
(339) 330-1146 View (339) 330-1146
Photo of John Monroe Cuetara, Psychologist in Arlington, MA
John Monroe Cuetara
Psychologist, EdD
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02476
I work well with people experiencing anxiety, stress and depression as well as issues around sexuality, relationships, physical disabilities and pain management. I also specialize in helping artists, writers and musicians with their unique challenges.
I work well with people experiencing anxiety, stress and depression as well as issues around sexuality, relationships, physical disabilities and pain management. I also specialize in helping artists, writers and musicians with their unique challenges.
(339) 330-3537 View (339) 330-3537
Photo of Stefanie Landau, Psychologist in Arlington, MA
Stefanie Landau
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02474
Ambivalence about change is universal to us all. It is challenging to question the parts of ourselves that are no longer serving us, and invite space for something novel. In therapy with me, we will reflect upon the aspects of your life that are working for you, and places where you feel stagnant, dissatisfied, or empty. Even the parts of yourself that feel the most frustrating, perplexing, or harmful have arisen in attempts to help you. Together, we will explore all of these parts with openness, curiosity and wonder. I work with individuals who are interested in this exploratory approach to themselves and their relationships.
Ambivalence about change is universal to us all. It is challenging to question the parts of ourselves that are no longer serving us, and invite space for something novel. In therapy with me, we will reflect upon the aspects of your life that are working for you, and places where you feel stagnant, dissatisfied, or empty. Even the parts of yourself that feel the most frustrating, perplexing, or harmful have arisen in attempts to help you. Together, we will explore all of these parts with openness, curiosity and wonder. I work with individuals who are interested in this exploratory approach to themselves and their relationships.
(339) 201-6396 View (339) 201-6396
Photo of Marah Paley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arlington, MA
Marah Paley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MEd
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02474
I work with adolescents and adults who are struggling with anxiety and depression, relationship issues, and life changes. I strive to listen deeply and to build meaningful connections, while helping people to better understand themselves and their experiences. My approach is warm, kind, curious and non-judgmental. My hope is that therapy is a safe, supportive space where you can be authentic and gain insight about your life.
I work with adolescents and adults who are struggling with anxiety and depression, relationship issues, and life changes. I strive to listen deeply and to build meaningful connections, while helping people to better understand themselves and their experiences. My approach is warm, kind, curious and non-judgmental. My hope is that therapy is a safe, supportive space where you can be authentic and gain insight about your life.
(857) 290-5345 View (857) 290-5345
Photo of Jordan Crawford, Counselor in Arlington, MA
Jordan Crawford
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02476  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Mental Health Clinician and Expressive Art Therapist who enjoys art, music, writing and traveling. I have experience working in a wide array of clinical settings including crisis, inpatient, private practice and community mental health.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Clinician and Expressive Art Therapist who enjoys art, music, writing and traveling. I have experience working in a wide array of clinical settings including crisis, inpatient, private practice and community mental health.
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Photo of Lauren Herlihy, Counselor in Arlington, MA
Lauren Herlihy
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02474  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Do you tend to “put up walls” or repeat the same patterns? Do you often feel like you are afraid to speak up about what you want? Maybe you struggle with your self-image or your role in your relationships. Maybe you’re feeling lost about who you are and who you “should” be.
Do you tend to “put up walls” or repeat the same patterns? Do you often feel like you are afraid to speak up about what you want? Maybe you struggle with your self-image or your role in your relationships. Maybe you’re feeling lost about who you are and who you “should” be.
(978) 300-8781 View (978) 300-8781
Peter O'Connor
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02474  (Online Only)
Cognitive Therapy Training was received at the Center for Cognitive Therapy at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Specific areas of expertise are depression and anxiety disorders including phobias, agoraphobia and panic disorder. Present and past positions include: Academy of Cognitive Therapy - Founding Fellow; Clinical Director of the Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Unit, McLean Hospital; Harvard Medical School - Instructor; National Institute of health - Therapist, Cognitive Therapy for cocaine abuse research; Member of the Association for Behavior and Cognitive Therapies.
Cognitive Therapy Training was received at the Center for Cognitive Therapy at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Specific areas of expertise are depression and anxiety disorders including phobias, agoraphobia and panic disorder. Present and past positions include: Academy of Cognitive Therapy - Founding Fellow; Clinical Director of the Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Unit, McLean Hospital; Harvard Medical School - Instructor; National Institute of health - Therapist, Cognitive Therapy for cocaine abuse research; Member of the Association for Behavior and Cognitive Therapies.
(617) 506-9951 View (617) 506-9951
Photo of Adam Russell, Marriage & Family Therapist in Arlington, MA
Adam Russell
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02476  (Online Only)
Are you seeking to understand yourself better? Are you looking to make sense of your relationship dynamics? Do you wish things were better, but you don't know how to get there? You CAN feel empowered by an expanding of your understanding, gathering insight, and educating the choices you make in how you decide to live your life. I work with couples, and adults to help make sense of obstacles, understand how relationship histories effect life today, and become more comfortable with themselves. This is done in an atmosphere where you are accepted for who you are. We can discuss your goals.
Are you seeking to understand yourself better? Are you looking to make sense of your relationship dynamics? Do you wish things were better, but you don't know how to get there? You CAN feel empowered by an expanding of your understanding, gathering insight, and educating the choices you make in how you decide to live your life. I work with couples, and adults to help make sense of obstacles, understand how relationship histories effect life today, and become more comfortable with themselves. This is done in an atmosphere where you are accepted for who you are. We can discuss your goals.
(339) 201-6547 View (339) 201-6547
Photo of Matthew Schrock, Psychologist in Arlington, MA
Matthew Schrock
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Arlington, MA 02474
Dr. Schrock is a clinical psychologist at Cambridge Psychology Group with appointments at McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is the co-director of Psychology Training for the McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School Doctoral Internship in Clinical Psychology and is a senior staff psychologist at McLean’s Behavioral Health Partial Hospital Program. He received his Ph.D in Clinical Psychology from the University of Louisville, and he completed his internship and postdoctoral fellowships at McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School.
Dr. Schrock is a clinical psychologist at Cambridge Psychology Group with appointments at McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is the co-director of Psychology Training for the McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School Doctoral Internship in Clinical Psychology and is a senior staff psychologist at McLean’s Behavioral Health Partial Hospital Program. He received his Ph.D in Clinical Psychology from the University of Louisville, and he completed his internship and postdoctoral fellowships at McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School.
(617) 841-8359 View (617) 841-8359
Photo of Jenny White Kuliesis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arlington, MA
Jenny White Kuliesis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, MA 02476  (Online Only)
As your collaborator, my focus is on your strengths, your challenges, and your goals. You may feel stuck and not sure how you'll navigate a transition such as the death of a loved one, the end of a relationship, an alarming diagnosis, or a career disruption. Together, we will work to move away from negative patterns that limit your growth and move towards greater self-compassion. My job is to create a place where you can express your full range of emotions in every session. While tears in therapy may be expected, do not discount the healing power of laughter.
As your collaborator, my focus is on your strengths, your challenges, and your goals. You may feel stuck and not sure how you'll navigate a transition such as the death of a loved one, the end of a relationship, an alarming diagnosis, or a career disruption. Together, we will work to move away from negative patterns that limit your growth and move towards greater self-compassion. My job is to create a place where you can express your full range of emotions in every session. While tears in therapy may be expected, do not discount the healing power of laughter.
(339) 215-3466 View (339) 215-3466
Photo of Amanda Brickley, Counselor in Arlington, MA
Amanda Brickley
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, MA 02476
Not accepting new clients
There are many reasons people seek out therapy. For some, it may be to find clarity, discover ways to ease anxiety, improve mood or functioning, or process challenging life experiences or trauma. Seeking help and support is the first courageous step towards a more empowered sense of self.
There are many reasons people seek out therapy. For some, it may be to find clarity, discover ways to ease anxiety, improve mood or functioning, or process challenging life experiences or trauma. Seeking help and support is the first courageous step towards a more empowered sense of self.
(781) 218-2377 View (781) 218-2377
Photo of Michael R Goldstein, Psychologist in Arlington, MA
Michael R Goldstein
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02474
Not accepting new clients
I am a clinical psychologist and have been involved in mental health care & research for over 10 years in various settings including a teen & family counseling center, college health clinic, VA hospital, and academic medical centers. Prior to joining Cambridge Psychology Group, I completed a research fellowship at Harvard Medical School and was Clinical Director & Staff Psychologist for the Division of Digital Psychiatry at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Whether you prefer tech-based tools and data visuals to optimize therapy, or a more open-ended exploration of your life experiences, I'd be honored to work with you!
I am a clinical psychologist and have been involved in mental health care & research for over 10 years in various settings including a teen & family counseling center, college health clinic, VA hospital, and academic medical centers. Prior to joining Cambridge Psychology Group, I completed a research fellowship at Harvard Medical School and was Clinical Director & Staff Psychologist for the Division of Digital Psychiatry at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Whether you prefer tech-based tools and data visuals to optimize therapy, or a more open-ended exploration of your life experiences, I'd be honored to work with you!
(617) 892-4492 View (617) 892-4492
Photo of Intensive CBT Program for Anxiety and OCD , Psychologist in Arlington, MA
Intensive CBT Program for Anxiety and OCD
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02474
Intensive CBT treatment is a highly specialized form of concentrated and accelerated therapy that directly targets your specific anxiety using concrete tools and strategies. It is a short-term, 2-week program in which you meet 1-on-1 with a team of qualified clinicians. Prior to starting the formal 2- week treatment program, you will complete a 2-hour assessment and 1-hour treatment planning session with your assigned senior clinician to determine your clinical diagnoses, create a personalized treatment plan, and ensure that this format of treatment is a good fit for your needs. This program is designed for older adolescents (16+) and adults with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), panic disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobia, and social anxiety disorder.
Intensive CBT treatment is a highly specialized form of concentrated and accelerated therapy that directly targets your specific anxiety using concrete tools and strategies. It is a short-term, 2-week program in which you meet 1-on-1 with a team of qualified clinicians. Prior to starting the formal 2- week treatment program, you will complete a 2-hour assessment and 1-hour treatment planning session with your assigned senior clinician to determine your clinical diagnoses, create a personalized treatment plan, and ensure that this format of treatment is a good fit for your needs. This program is designed for older adolescents (16+) and adults with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), panic disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobia, and social anxiety disorder.
(617) 841-3288 View (617) 841-3288
Photo of Carmen Dominguez in Arlington, MA
Carmen Dominguez
LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, MA 02474
Who are you really? This is a question I ask my clients. I have been a psychotherapist and consultant for over 30 years. I draw on my innate intuitive abilities as well as my traditional clinical training to bring healing and transformation to my clients. My family systems background allows me to see the individual as a multifaceted system. What we perceive as a “problem” often reflects how we have adapted to the stress and trauma that we may have endured. Our perceived problems, such as addiction to substances, and other self- defeating patterns become encoded within our whole system, and ultimately distort our true essence.
Who are you really? This is a question I ask my clients. I have been a psychotherapist and consultant for over 30 years. I draw on my innate intuitive abilities as well as my traditional clinical training to bring healing and transformation to my clients. My family systems background allows me to see the individual as a multifaceted system. What we perceive as a “problem” often reflects how we have adapted to the stress and trauma that we may have endured. Our perceived problems, such as addiction to substances, and other self- defeating patterns become encoded within our whole system, and ultimately distort our true essence.
(339) 218-3561 View (339) 218-3561
Photo of Ashley Owens Wood, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arlington, MA
Ashley Owens Wood
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02474
Waitlist for new clients
I feel very fortunate to do the job that I do and I approach therapy as a real collaboration between my clients and myself. I believe that people already have inner resources needed for exploration and healing and that therapy is a place where we can work together to discover and utilize those resources. I would describe my style as warm and interactive; I ask questions, I give and seek feedback, and I often use humor. I also focus on being present and open with you, listening with full, active attention in the moment. Overall, my hope is that when you come here, you’ll feel heard, supported, and like you can be yourself.
I feel very fortunate to do the job that I do and I approach therapy as a real collaboration between my clients and myself. I believe that people already have inner resources needed for exploration and healing and that therapy is a place where we can work together to discover and utilize those resources. I would describe my style as warm and interactive; I ask questions, I give and seek feedback, and I often use humor. I also focus on being present and open with you, listening with full, active attention in the moment. Overall, my hope is that when you come here, you’ll feel heard, supported, and like you can be yourself.
(617) 274-8861 View (617) 274-8861
Photo of Emma R. Worth, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arlington, MA
Emma R. Worth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02476
Welcome. My work is to help you find more ease, joy, connection, meaning and purpose in your days. Emotional suffering is part of being human, but it is possible to face challenging life situations with a clear head and an open heart. We can cultivate trust and hope in the face of traumatic personal histories and loss. Wouldn’t it be nice to let go of fear and anxiety, as well as the old stories that still have a grip on you, to stop repeating self-defeating patterns and find a place at the clearing for something new?
Welcome. My work is to help you find more ease, joy, connection, meaning and purpose in your days. Emotional suffering is part of being human, but it is possible to face challenging life situations with a clear head and an open heart. We can cultivate trust and hope in the face of traumatic personal histories and loss. Wouldn’t it be nice to let go of fear and anxiety, as well as the old stories that still have a grip on you, to stop repeating self-defeating patterns and find a place at the clearing for something new?
(857) 285-2297 View (857) 285-2297
Photo of Swati Dehariya, Pre-Licensed Professional in Arlington, MA
Swati Dehariya
Pre-Licensed Professional, EdM
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, MA 02476  (Online Only)
You know deep down that something's not quite right. The world feels fragmented, as if you're viewing life through a cracked lens. Trauma has a way of taking pieces of us, leaving behind a puzzle that just doesn't seem to fit anymore. You're often caught in your thoughts, navigating the day as though you're on autopilot, detached from the vibrancy of life around you. Yet, amidst this disconnection, there's a resilient part of you that refuses to let this be your defining story.
You know deep down that something's not quite right. The world feels fragmented, as if you're viewing life through a cracked lens. Trauma has a way of taking pieces of us, leaving behind a puzzle that just doesn't seem to fit anymore. You're often caught in your thoughts, navigating the day as though you're on autopilot, detached from the vibrancy of life around you. Yet, amidst this disconnection, there's a resilient part of you that refuses to let this be your defining story.
(339) 330-1064 View (339) 330-1064
Photo of Nicholas Taylor, Psychologist in Arlington, MA
Nicholas Taylor
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02474  (Online Only)
I am a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in the evidence-based treatment of anxiety spectrum, mood, and behavioral disorders in children, adolescents, and adults. I have extensive experience helping individuals, families, and parents manage symptoms of social anxiety, panic disorder, agoraphobia, phobias, generalized anxiety, tics, misophonia, and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. I received my MA and Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology at Suffolk University and completed my post-doctoral fellowship at McLean Hospital, a Harvard Medical School affiliate.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in the evidence-based treatment of anxiety spectrum, mood, and behavioral disorders in children, adolescents, and adults. I have extensive experience helping individuals, families, and parents manage symptoms of social anxiety, panic disorder, agoraphobia, phobias, generalized anxiety, tics, misophonia, and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. I received my MA and Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology at Suffolk University and completed my post-doctoral fellowship at McLean Hospital, a Harvard Medical School affiliate.
(617) 744-7928 View (617) 744-7928
Photo of Actualize Counseling & Nutrition, Pre-Licensed Professional in Arlington, MA
Actualize Counseling & Nutrition
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, MA 02476  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with adolescent and young adult in the area of anxiety, eating disorders and gender/sexuality. My clients are able to change behaviors such as avoiding, restricting, ruminating, indulging, escaping into effective coping strategies. As confidence and motivation increases, I have seen my clients develop an authentic version of themselves by gaining insight into their thoughts and behaviors, building awareness around their relationships with others and challenging unhelpful coping behaviors.
I specialize in working with adolescent and young adult in the area of anxiety, eating disorders and gender/sexuality. My clients are able to change behaviors such as avoiding, restricting, ruminating, indulging, escaping into effective coping strategies. As confidence and motivation increases, I have seen my clients develop an authentic version of themselves by gaining insight into their thoughts and behaviors, building awareness around their relationships with others and challenging unhelpful coping behaviors.
(857) 847-3526 View (857) 847-3526

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Arlington, MA

400+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Arlington, MA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
67% Coping Skills
66% Trauma and PTSD
64% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% BlueCross and BlueShield
51% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
50% Optum

How Therapists in Arlington, MA see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Arlington?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.