Clinical Supervision and Licensed Supervisors Therapists in San Francisco, CA

Photo of Lea Didion, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Lea Didion
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94123  (Online Only)
I offer individual therapy to adults as well as clinical supervision and consultation.
​Trauma does not discriminate. It can happen to anyone no matter their circumstances. Fortunately, there are also treatments that can help. In my 20 years of experience, I have born witness to the incredible resilience of individuals who have experienced trauma and firmly believe that recovery is possible. I have expertise in working with survivors of all forms of trauma including (but not limited to) service members, veterans, journalists (JTSN certificate), childhood abuse, chronic invalidation, developmental trauma, intergenerational trauma, immigration-related trauma, race-based trauma, and interpersonal violence.
I offer individual therapy to adults as well as clinical supervision and consultation.
​Trauma does not discriminate. It can happen to anyone no matter their circumstances. Fortunately, there are also treatments that can help. In my 20 years of experience, I have born witness to the incredible resilience of individuals who have experienced trauma and firmly believe that recovery is possible. I have expertise in working with survivors of all forms of trauma including (but not limited to) service members, veterans, journalists (JTSN certificate), childhood abuse, chronic invalidation, developmental trauma, intergenerational trauma, immigration-related trauma, race-based trauma, and interpersonal violence.
(202) 318-6076 View (202) 318-6076
Photo of Solid Ground Psychotherapy, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Solid Ground Psychotherapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110
I serve as clinical supervision for 3 domestic violence agencies and 2 homeless Navigation Centers.
We naturally strive to make sense of the things that happen to us. With compassionate guidance and support, the effects of impactful events can be transformed. My approach is collaborative, warm and interactive. My mindfulness-based, psychodynamic practice provides a safe haven from which to explore and create meaning of the key events of your life so that you can arrive at a place of balance and contentment. Fully trained in EMDR, I have the skills to help you resolve traumatic events. I utilize sand tray and other creative means of expression to aid in the healing process. It can even be fun!
I serve as clinical supervision for 3 domestic violence agencies and 2 homeless Navigation Centers.
We naturally strive to make sense of the things that happen to us. With compassionate guidance and support, the effects of impactful events can be transformed. My approach is collaborative, warm and interactive. My mindfulness-based, psychodynamic practice provides a safe haven from which to explore and create meaning of the key events of your life so that you can arrive at a place of balance and contentment. Fully trained in EMDR, I have the skills to help you resolve traumatic events. I utilize sand tray and other creative means of expression to aid in the healing process. It can even be fun!
(415) 477-1698 x2 View (415) 477-1698 x2
Photo of Laura Rose, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Laura Rose
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
I work with individuals and couples who are seeking to transform their inner and relational conflicts into opportunities for growth and life change. I have seen deep transformation take place in clients when they begin to learn compassion for themselves and begin to address the source of their symptoms so that true and lasting change can occur. Clients I work with most are those suffering from mood disorders, complex trauma, PTSD, midlife transitions, and relationship issues. I also offer support to family members of individuals with mood disorders, PTSD and ADD/ADHD. I also offer clinical supervision to associates.
I work with individuals and couples who are seeking to transform their inner and relational conflicts into opportunities for growth and life change. I have seen deep transformation take place in clients when they begin to learn compassion for themselves and begin to address the source of their symptoms so that true and lasting change can occur. Clients I work with most are those suffering from mood disorders, complex trauma, PTSD, midlife transitions, and relationship issues. I also offer support to family members of individuals with mood disorders, PTSD and ADD/ADHD. I also offer clinical supervision to associates.
(415) 335-4199 View (415) 335-4199
Photo of Kirsten Maier, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Kirsten Maier
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94131
I also have teaching and clinical supervision experience in the Counseling Psychology program at UBC.
I offer professional and experienced support to make enduring changes. If you are looking at this, you may be having a time of suffering or you may be looking for ways to thrive in your life. Psychotherapy is based on solid research and the world’s wisdom traditions, and is an experience between us that is unique to you. I believe it is the most important journey you can take to move towards healing and living a rich, meaningful life.
I also have teaching and clinical supervision experience in the Counseling Psychology program at UBC.
I offer professional and experienced support to make enduring changes. If you are looking at this, you may be having a time of suffering or you may be looking for ways to thrive in your life. Psychotherapy is based on solid research and the world’s wisdom traditions, and is an experience between us that is unique to you. I believe it is the most important journey you can take to move towards healing and living a rich, meaningful life.
(510) 592-6835 View (510) 592-6835
Photo of Christina Chick, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Christina Chick
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
I am a licensed clinical psychologist. My guiding principle is that every one of my clients deserves to experience joy, meaning, connection and fulfillment. Depression, anxiety, trauma and challenging interpersonal dynamics can obscure and frustrate this pursuit. As a therapist, I partner with each of my clients to manage these obstacles and help them experience the fulfilling lives that they deserve. I am also a clinical supervisor of new therapists, so I have lots of experience and training to draw on.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist. My guiding principle is that every one of my clients deserves to experience joy, meaning, connection and fulfillment. Depression, anxiety, trauma and challenging interpersonal dynamics can obscure and frustrate this pursuit. As a therapist, I partner with each of my clients to manage these obstacles and help them experience the fulfilling lives that they deserve. I am also a clinical supervisor of new therapists, so I have lots of experience and training to draw on.
(650) 203-2376 View (650) 203-2376
Photo of Zena Vevaina, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Zena Vevaina
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104  (Online Only)
Hello and a warm welcome! While I bring a diverse background to my role, my current focus involves pursuing certification in Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT). My dedication lies in offering assistance to individuals and couples grappling with attachment issues within their present relationships. EFT centers around fostering transformative emotional experiences through the therapeutic relationship. I look forward to supporting you on your journey to emotional well-being. Additionally, I proudly serve as a Clinical Supervisor for associates on the journey to becoming licensed therapists.
Hello and a warm welcome! While I bring a diverse background to my role, my current focus involves pursuing certification in Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT). My dedication lies in offering assistance to individuals and couples grappling with attachment issues within their present relationships. EFT centers around fostering transformative emotional experiences through the therapeutic relationship. I look forward to supporting you on your journey to emotional well-being. Additionally, I proudly serve as a Clinical Supervisor for associates on the journey to becoming licensed therapists.
(415) 843-6640 View (415) 843-6640
Photo of Peter Bradley, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Peter Bradley
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I have been a practicing psychologist since 1989 helping individuals and couples in emotional distress due to the common sources of adult unhappiness: divorce or romantic disappointment, family strife, alcohol or substance addiction, job stress, life transitions, chronic or life-threatening illness, and difficulties with aging. For couples I employ the Gottman approach to counseling, which is most useful for couples seeking to de-escalate arguments and/or recover from an affair. I also offer consulting and supervision services to psychotherapists and psychology students on a reduced fee basis.
I have been a practicing psychologist since 1989 helping individuals and couples in emotional distress due to the common sources of adult unhappiness: divorce or romantic disappointment, family strife, alcohol or substance addiction, job stress, life transitions, chronic or life-threatening illness, and difficulties with aging. For couples I employ the Gottman approach to counseling, which is most useful for couples seeking to de-escalate arguments and/or recover from an affair. I also offer consulting and supervision services to psychotherapists and psychology students on a reduced fee basis.
(415) 324-4254 View (415) 324-4254
Photo of Janine Darwin, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Janine Darwin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
I am also a professional trainer and supervisor of therapists in training.
Are you anxious, emotionally overwhelmed, struggling with feelings of inadequacy, not able to make decisions, engaging in self destructive behaviors or just plain confused about why things (or people) are so difficult? Contact me. If you are struggling with poor relationships at work, with your partner, with your kids; contact me. If you just want a better understanding of how you think, feel and behave; contact me. Together we will uncover your internal healing abilities to achieve freedom and relief.
I am also a professional trainer and supervisor of therapists in training.
Are you anxious, emotionally overwhelmed, struggling with feelings of inadequacy, not able to make decisions, engaging in self destructive behaviors or just plain confused about why things (or people) are so difficult? Contact me. If you are struggling with poor relationships at work, with your partner, with your kids; contact me. If you just want a better understanding of how you think, feel and behave; contact me. Together we will uncover your internal healing abilities to achieve freedom and relief.
(415) 578-3944 View (415) 578-3944
Photo of Time for Change, Psychotherapy Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Time for Change, Psychotherapy Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102
I am a clinical supervisor in the UCSF Department of Psychiatry, Division of Substance Abuse.
One thing that we have in common is that we all experience suffering. A lost relationship, disappointment at work, substance use that has taken control and chronic self-doubt are a few of the common forms. I have found that we can lessen our suffering with acceptance, self-compassion, mindfulness and the help and support of a therapist who seeks to understand your experience. I I am particularly interested in the process of change. Why, when we know that making a change would be good for us, do we not act?
I am a clinical supervisor in the UCSF Department of Psychiatry, Division of Substance Abuse.
One thing that we have in common is that we all experience suffering. A lost relationship, disappointment at work, substance use that has taken control and chronic self-doubt are a few of the common forms. I have found that we can lessen our suffering with acceptance, self-compassion, mindfulness and the help and support of a therapist who seeks to understand your experience. I I am particularly interested in the process of change. Why, when we know that making a change would be good for us, do we not act?
(415) 625-1673 View (415) 625-1673
Photo of Helen Chuong Brody, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Helen Chuong Brody
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
I also really enjoy mentoring associate therapists via clinical supervision.
I bring compassion, curiosity and extensive experience to help clients who may be stuck in repetitive patterns or struggles, or facing unexpected challenges. If you are at a loss for what to do or how to feel better, we can work together to understand what brings you to therapy, relieve distress and develop resilience to help you move forward. My style is warm, collaborative, and grounded in effective practices that calm anxiety, strengthen relationships and foster communication, connection and empathy. I create a safe and nonjudgmental space to attune and meet clients where they are every step of the way.
I also really enjoy mentoring associate therapists via clinical supervision.
I bring compassion, curiosity and extensive experience to help clients who may be stuck in repetitive patterns or struggles, or facing unexpected challenges. If you are at a loss for what to do or how to feel better, we can work together to understand what brings you to therapy, relieve distress and develop resilience to help you move forward. My style is warm, collaborative, and grounded in effective practices that calm anxiety, strengthen relationships and foster communication, connection and empathy. I create a safe and nonjudgmental space to attune and meet clients where they are every step of the way.
(415) 304-8799 View (415) 304-8799
Photo of Marvin Berkowitz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Marvin Berkowitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110
I have been working with adults and couples for 40+ years. In my practice, teaching and supervision, I encourage others to become more curious about themselves. For me, therapy is a way of understanding, with you, your present and past experiences, and figuring out, what might make for more pleasure in relationships, greater satisfaction in work and interests, more acceptance of challenges and of our limitations. My style is warm and active. My clients have diverse backgrounds, and orientations. I avoid psychological jargon and giving advice. I give homework to try out changes. An extensive consultation is free.
I have been working with adults and couples for 40+ years. In my practice, teaching and supervision, I encourage others to become more curious about themselves. For me, therapy is a way of understanding, with you, your present and past experiences, and figuring out, what might make for more pleasure in relationships, greater satisfaction in work and interests, more acceptance of challenges and of our limitations. My style is warm and active. My clients have diverse backgrounds, and orientations. I avoid psychological jargon and giving advice. I give homework to try out changes. An extensive consultation is free.
(415) 849-4932 View (415) 849-4932
Photo of Sandrah Susan Henry, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Sandrah Susan Henry
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118
I am a CAMFT Certified Supervisor and provide consultation.
I am empathic and warm yet direct and challenging in our collaborative relationship. I provide a safe harbor from which to work and together we will identify ways in which your past is preventing you from living the life you want. Some of my hopes are that your tendency to be self-critical will soften and that you will become compassionate towards yourself; that you will gain positive coping skills to deal with stress and anxiety and to decrease perfectionistic tendencies and that you accomplish the goals that you have set for yourself. I will be your guide in this process.
I am a CAMFT Certified Supervisor and provide consultation.
I am empathic and warm yet direct and challenging in our collaborative relationship. I provide a safe harbor from which to work and together we will identify ways in which your past is preventing you from living the life you want. Some of my hopes are that your tendency to be self-critical will soften and that you will become compassionate towards yourself; that you will gain positive coping skills to deal with stress and anxiety and to decrease perfectionistic tendencies and that you accomplish the goals that you have set for yourself. I will be your guide in this process.
(415) 965-8637 View (415) 965-8637
Photo of Robyn L Stukalin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Robyn L Stukalin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
I provide clinical supervision and consultation for families and professionals.
I view psychotherapy as a joint venture in which we work collaboratively to reach your goals. My style is direct, transparent and positive, warm, interactive and nonjudgemental. I create the safety needed within our relationship to allow us to explore the issues that underlie depression, anxiety, loneliness, lack of fulfillment and other concerns. As a therapist I follow your lead. With over two decades of experience I work diligently to understand each individual, employing elements of psychoanalytic, mindfulness and cognitive behavioral theories to create an approach that best suits the unique individual with whom I am working.
I provide clinical supervision and consultation for families and professionals.
I view psychotherapy as a joint venture in which we work collaboratively to reach your goals. My style is direct, transparent and positive, warm, interactive and nonjudgemental. I create the safety needed within our relationship to allow us to explore the issues that underlie depression, anxiety, loneliness, lack of fulfillment and other concerns. As a therapist I follow your lead. With over two decades of experience I work diligently to understand each individual, employing elements of psychoanalytic, mindfulness and cognitive behavioral theories to create an approach that best suits the unique individual with whom I am working.
(415) 360-2471 View (415) 360-2471
Photo of Dr. Josie Valderrama, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Dr. Josie Valderrama
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94110
Also available as Clinical Supervisor.
Life is a cycle of learning, healing, growth. Feeling stymied or creatively blocked? I am a psychologist & creative coach who may be able to help. Do you know what you want & can't seem to get there? I know what it feels like to be frustrated, bogged down or confused. Take that courageous and momentum-building first step! Support greater insight, fulfillment & peace of mind via expert counseling for your heroic journey. An energized collaboration involving compassionate psychoeducation, talk therapy & experiential processes. Say yes to mindfulness, transcending self-limiting beliefs, and transforming challenges into breakthroughs.
Also available as Clinical Supervisor.
Life is a cycle of learning, healing, growth. Feeling stymied or creatively blocked? I am a psychologist & creative coach who may be able to help. Do you know what you want & can't seem to get there? I know what it feels like to be frustrated, bogged down or confused. Take that courageous and momentum-building first step! Support greater insight, fulfillment & peace of mind via expert counseling for your heroic journey. An energized collaboration involving compassionate psychoeducation, talk therapy & experiential processes. Say yes to mindfulness, transcending self-limiting beliefs, and transforming challenges into breakthroughs.
(415) 549-1773 View (415) 549-1773
Photo of Jessica E Groberio, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Jessica E Groberio
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
Four years of graduate school has provided me with more direct supervision, coursework, and become a research-practitioner.
I initially specialized in treating PTSD, and trauma therapy continues to be one of my main passions. I have a diverse experience with a wide range of mental health/neurological disorders but more importantly, an ideal patient would be one who is open and willing to process difficult topics and memories as opposed to continuing to engage in avoidance (a short term bandage for a long term injury). I describe my style as collaborative, directive, and solution oriented, but also find power in allowing clients to process deep rooted issues in a non-judgmental way. **Please note I do not accept insurance***
Four years of graduate school has provided me with more direct supervision, coursework, and become a research-practitioner.
I initially specialized in treating PTSD, and trauma therapy continues to be one of my main passions. I have a diverse experience with a wide range of mental health/neurological disorders but more importantly, an ideal patient would be one who is open and willing to process difficult topics and memories as opposed to continuing to engage in avoidance (a short term bandage for a long term injury). I describe my style as collaborative, directive, and solution oriented, but also find power in allowing clients to process deep rooted issues in a non-judgmental way. **Please note I do not accept insurance***
(650) 830-9004 View (650) 830-9004
Photo of Lee M Schuster, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Lee M Schuster
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94109
Love therapy with the therapist and Clinical Supervision and consultation services towards liscensure and hours completion.
Are you at a turning point in your life? Struggling with life's daily complexities? I focus on: Trauma and PTSD, Substance Abuse and Dual Diagnosis, Grief and Loss and much more. I use an eclectic model of healing from a person-centered, strengths-based perspective that is Anti-Racist and Anti- Systems of Oppression in its foundation. To allow oneself to show up as our best selves in and out of the therapy room. Each person brings a multi-faceted expression of their true selves to therapy that can be unlocked with strength, courage, and the acknowledgment of one's right to self-determination and self-efficacy.
Love therapy with the therapist and Clinical Supervision and consultation services towards liscensure and hours completion.
Are you at a turning point in your life? Struggling with life's daily complexities? I focus on: Trauma and PTSD, Substance Abuse and Dual Diagnosis, Grief and Loss and much more. I use an eclectic model of healing from a person-centered, strengths-based perspective that is Anti-Racist and Anti- Systems of Oppression in its foundation. To allow oneself to show up as our best selves in and out of the therapy room. Each person brings a multi-faceted expression of their true selves to therapy that can be unlocked with strength, courage, and the acknowledgment of one's right to self-determination and self-efficacy.
(415) 323-3910 View (415) 323-3910
Photo of Maite Andrea Imaz, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Maite Andrea Imaz
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94104  (Online Only)
As both a therapist and clinical supervisor for therapists, each session is unique.
With genuine positive regard and a creative approach, my practice is committed to fostering awareness, healing and empowerment. The therapeutic relationship ultimately deepens the relationship with oneself and how we navigate challenges in the art of living. I facilitate with getting to the heart of the matter, gleaning meaningful insight, and building upon internal and external strengths. I have worked professionally for over 20 years, supporting a diverse population of hundreds of adults, youth, children, couples and families through and beyond, trauma, grief, depression, anxiety, life transitions and relationship difficulties.
As both a therapist and clinical supervisor for therapists, each session is unique.
With genuine positive regard and a creative approach, my practice is committed to fostering awareness, healing and empowerment. The therapeutic relationship ultimately deepens the relationship with oneself and how we navigate challenges in the art of living. I facilitate with getting to the heart of the matter, gleaning meaningful insight, and building upon internal and external strengths. I have worked professionally for over 20 years, supporting a diverse population of hundreds of adults, youth, children, couples and families through and beyond, trauma, grief, depression, anxiety, life transitions and relationship difficulties.
(206) 207-8798 View (206) 207-8798
Photo of Lauren Gogarty, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Lauren Gogarty
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
Additionally, I am a professor of psychology as well as a clinical supervisor, so I have lots of experience and training to draw on.
It takes courage to look for a therapist, so I try to make it as painless as possible! I help people who might feel anxious, overwhelmed, or depressed or who are just stuck in patterns, jobs or relationships that are making them unhappy. If you feel like you are struggling in some way, whether it is related to your mood, relationships, or just with where you are in life right now, contact me, we can work together to sort things out. Send a quick email through here, then I will follow up with a call. If we are a good fit then we get started.
Additionally, I am a professor of psychology as well as a clinical supervisor, so I have lots of experience and training to draw on.
It takes courage to look for a therapist, so I try to make it as painless as possible! I help people who might feel anxious, overwhelmed, or depressed or who are just stuck in patterns, jobs or relationships that are making them unhappy. If you feel like you are struggling in some way, whether it is related to your mood, relationships, or just with where you are in life right now, contact me, we can work together to sort things out. Send a quick email through here, then I will follow up with a call. If we are a good fit then we get started.
(831) 508-3617 View (831) 508-3617
Photo of Art Raisman, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Art Raisman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118
In my clinical work, as in my teaching and supervision at UCSF and other institutions, I try to foster an attitude of curiosity about oneself and others, and deep respect and empathy for life's challenges and the efforts we make to face them.
In 40 years of clinical practice I have come to think of what I do as a unique form of education. Psychotherapists "teach" not so much by telling people what to do (although good advice is often useful), but by helping clients to find the strength within themselves, and the needed support from those around them, to address the difficulties in their current lives in new and more effective ways. A therapeutic environment enables clients to develop a new way of understanding their life experiences that promotes higher self-esteem, increased capacity for intimacy, and greater effectiveness in work.
In my clinical work, as in my teaching and supervision at UCSF and other institutions, I try to foster an attitude of curiosity about oneself and others, and deep respect and empathy for life's challenges and the efforts we make to face them.
In 40 years of clinical practice I have come to think of what I do as a unique form of education. Psychotherapists "teach" not so much by telling people what to do (although good advice is often useful), but by helping clients to find the strength within themselves, and the needed support from those around them, to address the difficulties in their current lives in new and more effective ways. A therapeutic environment enables clients to develop a new way of understanding their life experiences that promotes higher self-esteem, increased capacity for intimacy, and greater effectiveness in work.
(415) 686-3342 View (415) 686-3342
Photo of Marni Levy, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Marni Levy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114
I am a licensed marriage and family therapist and registered MFT Supervisor, specializing in depression, anxiety, and trauma. I offer Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy. I use a Somatic and Mindfulness based therapy approach to help clients discover what beliefs they are holding that may be narrowing their experience in the world. Together we will use our connection and relationship to support your longings, grow your passions, and heal old wounds. Going inward we clean out that which is old and no longer serving us, and moving outward to connect and create with people and pursuits which can support and nourish our True Self.
I am a licensed marriage and family therapist and registered MFT Supervisor, specializing in depression, anxiety, and trauma. I offer Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy. I use a Somatic and Mindfulness based therapy approach to help clients discover what beliefs they are holding that may be narrowing their experience in the world. Together we will use our connection and relationship to support your longings, grow your passions, and heal old wounds. Going inward we clean out that which is old and no longer serving us, and moving outward to connect and create with people and pursuits which can support and nourish our True Self.
(510) 756-2060 View (510) 756-2060

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Clinical Supervision and Licensed Supervisors Therapists
Clinical supervisors provide formal supervision, guidance and expertise for pre-qualified professionals and those seeking supervision for their everyday practices. While each membership organization has its own unique requirements, professionals offering clinical supervision help new practitioners advance their clinical knowledge, and satisfy requirements leading to full qualification.