Therapists in Bloomington, IN

Photo of Hoosier Counseling LLC Ross Manning, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bloomington, IN
Hoosier Counseling LLC Ross Manning
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCAC, MAC, CAMS II
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47403  (Online Only)
Accepting New Clients. Are you experiencing Anxiety, Depression, Addiction, Anger Management Problems, Family/Work/School Stress, Trauma, or a Significant Life Adjustment? It is my goal to partner with each individual, couple, family, and group member and to support each person in becoming the best version of themselves!
Accepting New Clients. Are you experiencing Anxiety, Depression, Addiction, Anger Management Problems, Family/Work/School Stress, Trauma, or a Significant Life Adjustment? It is my goal to partner with each individual, couple, family, and group member and to support each person in becoming the best version of themselves!
(812) 414-5396 View (812) 414-5396
Photo of Laura Lininger, LCSW Counseling Services, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bloomington, IN
Laura Lininger, LCSW Counseling Services, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bloomington, IN 47404
Making the decision to begin therapy is a courageous one. You may feel excited and perhaps nervous at the same time. I have over 30 years of experience and I provide a safe, comfortable and confidential environment for you to talk about your concerns and therapy goals. I use a blend of cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness to help you reach your goals, feel more connected, and have a more meaningful life. I also provide a free weekly newsletter covering a mental health topic, coping skill or mindfulness practice.
Making the decision to begin therapy is a courageous one. You may feel excited and perhaps nervous at the same time. I have over 30 years of experience and I provide a safe, comfortable and confidential environment for you to talk about your concerns and therapy goals. I use a blend of cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness to help you reach your goals, feel more connected, and have a more meaningful life. I also provide a free weekly newsletter covering a mental health topic, coping skill or mindfulness practice.
(812) 472-2407 View (812) 472-2407
Photo of Christy Duffy, PhD, HSPP/ Under the Umbrella, LLC, Psychologist in Bloomington, IN
Christy Duffy, PhD, HSPP/ Under the Umbrella, LLC
Psychologist, PhD, HSPP
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47407
I have been specializing in the treatment of individuals with eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and other eating related concerns since 2009 and am passionate about what I do. I work from an integrative approach and often use methods from cognitive behavioral, acceptance and commitment, and interpersonal theories. While I specialize in eating disorders as the focus of my work, therapy will also address related issues such as anxiety, depression, and family concerns, as these are often deeply intertwined with the eating disorder.
I have been specializing in the treatment of individuals with eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and other eating related concerns since 2009 and am passionate about what I do. I work from an integrative approach and often use methods from cognitive behavioral, acceptance and commitment, and interpersonal theories. While I specialize in eating disorders as the focus of my work, therapy will also address related issues such as anxiety, depression, and family concerns, as these are often deeply intertwined with the eating disorder.
(812) 750-4225 View (812) 750-4225
Photo of Brittany Sperka, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bloomington, IN
Brittany Sperka
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47405
I appreciate someone with an open heart and a willingness to explore their inner self. I value individuals who are ready to engage and connect in meaningful conversations. I know it can be hard to take the first step for help, and look for someone who is committed to their own growth and willing to collaborate in their goals. Trust, honesty, and a desire to change create a supportive connecting environment where healing and transformation can take place.
I appreciate someone with an open heart and a willingness to explore their inner self. I value individuals who are ready to engage and connect in meaningful conversations. I know it can be hard to take the first step for help, and look for someone who is committed to their own growth and willing to collaborate in their goals. Trust, honesty, and a desire to change create a supportive connecting environment where healing and transformation can take place.
(463) 241-6650 View (463) 241-6650
Photo of Kate Minelli, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bloomington, IN
Kate Minelli
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47408  (Online Only)
I help clients build insight about the barriers keeping them from the life and connection they desire while also developing the tools necessary to make empowered and lasting change. My supportive yet direct style is authentic and compassionate while also being appropriately challenging — creating space for the self-exploration that allows clients to build positive internal & external relationships and experience foundational healing. This collaborative process deepens clients' self-understanding in order to connect them with their own wisdom and ability to navigate life's many challenges and maintain meaningful connections.
I help clients build insight about the barriers keeping them from the life and connection they desire while also developing the tools necessary to make empowered and lasting change. My supportive yet direct style is authentic and compassionate while also being appropriately challenging — creating space for the self-exploration that allows clients to build positive internal & external relationships and experience foundational healing. This collaborative process deepens clients' self-understanding in order to connect them with their own wisdom and ability to navigate life's many challenges and maintain meaningful connections.
(812) 347-4620 View (812) 347-4620
Photo of Melissa Anderson, Counselor in Bloomington, IN
Melissa Anderson
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bloomington, IN 47401  (Online Only)
To the outside world it may appear that you have it all together, yet no matter how hard you try you suffer from anxiety, self doubt, burn out, imposter syndrome and guilt when putting your own needs first and something needs to change. I believe all humans already have within themselves everything they need to heal and make these changes. My role as a therapist is to help you illuminate those parts of yourself which have been blocking you from making changes and step into a life of wholeness and authenticity.
To the outside world it may appear that you have it all together, yet no matter how hard you try you suffer from anxiety, self doubt, burn out, imposter syndrome and guilt when putting your own needs first and something needs to change. I believe all humans already have within themselves everything they need to heal and make these changes. My role as a therapist is to help you illuminate those parts of yourself which have been blocking you from making changes and step into a life of wholeness and authenticity.
(812) 362-5431 View (812) 362-5431
Photo of Dauntless Counseling and Consulting, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bloomington, IN
Dauntless Counseling and Consulting
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47401  (Online Only)
When you have suffered trauma, you learn early on that you can not say "no". As a result, maybe you struggle with people pleasing, saying "yes" to whatever comes up to avoid conflict, and hopefully, demonstrate your value. Maybe you feel like you can't trust yourself, can't trust others, and are destined to live a life of powerlessness and shame. When was the last time you remember having good sleep? The last you felt good enough? Safe? Whole? Or maybe you are concerned about ailing relationships in your life; be they with family, friends, or your partner? Maybe you want to feel closer to others but don't know how? We can help.
When you have suffered trauma, you learn early on that you can not say "no". As a result, maybe you struggle with people pleasing, saying "yes" to whatever comes up to avoid conflict, and hopefully, demonstrate your value. Maybe you feel like you can't trust yourself, can't trust others, and are destined to live a life of powerlessness and shame. When was the last time you remember having good sleep? The last you felt good enough? Safe? Whole? Or maybe you are concerned about ailing relationships in your life; be they with family, friends, or your partner? Maybe you want to feel closer to others but don't know how? We can help.
(812) 393-2359 View (812) 393-2359
Photo of Brandt Badger, Counselor in Bloomington, IN
Brandt Badger
Counselor, LMHCA, NCC, MSEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bloomington, IN 47403
With individuals, couples, and especially parents, my passion is helping you heal from pain and find the bravest parts of yourself.
With individuals, couples, and especially parents, my passion is helping you heal from pain and find the bravest parts of yourself.
(812) 370-4988 View (812) 370-4988
Photo of Heather E Beery, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bloomington, IN
Heather E Beery
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47403
Not accepting new clients
My passions include working with mid to late life adults who have experienced trauma and adverse childhood experiences. Traumatic events and early childhood attachment wounds impact our lives psychologically, emotionally, and physically and often lead to substance use, dissociation, disordered eating/negative body image, chronic anxiety, depression, and other life challenges. I am also keenly aware of the personal impact of systemic oppression and work to support people who are in marginalized groups while also continuing my own education.
My passions include working with mid to late life adults who have experienced trauma and adverse childhood experiences. Traumatic events and early childhood attachment wounds impact our lives psychologically, emotionally, and physically and often lead to substance use, dissociation, disordered eating/negative body image, chronic anxiety, depression, and other life challenges. I am also keenly aware of the personal impact of systemic oppression and work to support people who are in marginalized groups while also continuing my own education.
(812) 203-4713 View (812) 203-4713
Photo of Julie d'Argent, Psychologist in Bloomington, IN
Julie d'Argent
Psychologist, PhD, HSPP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Bloomington, IN 47404
Not accepting new clients
My approach to therapy focuses on the therapeutic relationship which I perceive as the most important factor for change to happen. I use interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in my work. My primary area of interest is working with college aged students and young professionals in their early 20s to late 40s who may be experiencing difficulties dealing with the various roles, responsibilities, stressors, and life transitions that come with this particular age group and various life stages.
My approach to therapy focuses on the therapeutic relationship which I perceive as the most important factor for change to happen. I use interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in my work. My primary area of interest is working with college aged students and young professionals in their early 20s to late 40s who may be experiencing difficulties dealing with the various roles, responsibilities, stressors, and life transitions that come with this particular age group and various life stages.
(812) 359-1121 View (812) 359-1121
Photo of Constance M. Johnson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bloomington, IN
Constance M. Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47403
Not accepting new clients
I provide a lived experience within the therapeutic relationship of complex developmental trauma in addition to relational traumas as an adult. I understand firsthand how our experiences from childhood can shape our outlook, behaviors, and access to resources into adulthood. I view the “symptoms” that can arise from these experiences as strengths that allow us to survive, including those we may wish to unlearn or shift when we no longer need them.
I provide a lived experience within the therapeutic relationship of complex developmental trauma in addition to relational traumas as an adult. I understand firsthand how our experiences from childhood can shape our outlook, behaviors, and access to resources into adulthood. I view the “symptoms” that can arise from these experiences as strengths that allow us to survive, including those we may wish to unlearn or shift when we no longer need them.
(812) 616-5847 View (812) 616-5847
Photo of Linda F Brown, Psychologist in Bloomington, IN
Linda F Brown
Psychologist, PhD, HSPP
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47404
Waitlist for new clients
My clinical practice is devoted to working exclusively with people looking for support with the stress of chronic illness or cancer. Nearly everyone facing chronic illness or cancer can use extra support at times to navigate the challenges. Seeing this to be so, I have been inspired to devote my practice of psychotherapy to providing that support in a compassionate manner to adults throughout Indiana. I have experience and special training to help with illnesses such as cancer, Long COVID, epilepsy, fibromyalgia, ME/CFS, lupus, functional neurological disorder (conversion disorder), and epilepsy (both neurologic and psychogenic).
My clinical practice is devoted to working exclusively with people looking for support with the stress of chronic illness or cancer. Nearly everyone facing chronic illness or cancer can use extra support at times to navigate the challenges. Seeing this to be so, I have been inspired to devote my practice of psychotherapy to providing that support in a compassionate manner to adults throughout Indiana. I have experience and special training to help with illnesses such as cancer, Long COVID, epilepsy, fibromyalgia, ME/CFS, lupus, functional neurological disorder (conversion disorder), and epilepsy (both neurologic and psychogenic).
(812) 302-0561 View (812) 302-0561
Photo of Daniel Patrick Versweyveld, Counselor in Bloomington, IN
Daniel Patrick Versweyveld
Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47403
I am an existential-humanistic counselor, meaning that I am here to support my clients as they navigate a world that for lots of people can be alienating, isolating and dehumanizing. It is my hope that through meaningful connection is it possible to gain resilience and experience liberation from patterns that no longer serve us.
I am an existential-humanistic counselor, meaning that I am here to support my clients as they navigate a world that for lots of people can be alienating, isolating and dehumanizing. It is my hope that through meaningful connection is it possible to gain resilience and experience liberation from patterns that no longer serve us.
(812) 505-3145 View (812) 505-3145
Photo of Robert Quinby, Psychologist in Bloomington, IN
Robert Quinby
Psychologist, PhD, HSPP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bloomington, IN 47404
My primary area of interest is working with adults in their mid-20s through early-40s who feel as if their fears and anxieties are holding them back in their lives, those who feel stuck in place, alone with their struggle, and unable to move forward. I enjoy helping clients to move through these fears to create the life that they want for themselves, by helping them to see themselves and their world in a more balanced and accepting way, and to respond in ways that fit with who they truly are.
My primary area of interest is working with adults in their mid-20s through early-40s who feel as if their fears and anxieties are holding them back in their lives, those who feel stuck in place, alone with their struggle, and unable to move forward. I enjoy helping clients to move through these fears to create the life that they want for themselves, by helping them to see themselves and their world in a more balanced and accepting way, and to respond in ways that fit with who they truly are.
(812) 496-5623 View (812) 496-5623
Photo of Nicole Mannia, Counselor in Bloomington, IN
Nicole Mannia
Counselor, LMHC, MS, EdS
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47408
I provide short and long term therapy for adults and adolescents while providing a warm, safe, and compassionate environment where my main focus is helping you create and maintain a meaningful and healthy outlook on your own life. I fully believe you are the expert at your own experience, and I am here to help put pieces together, encourage personal growth, and help with coping or adapting to whatever issues are present. I utilize an integrative and strengths based approach with a belief that understanding where our problems and patterns have resonated can help with changing our behaviors and outlook on life.
I provide short and long term therapy for adults and adolescents while providing a warm, safe, and compassionate environment where my main focus is helping you create and maintain a meaningful and healthy outlook on your own life. I fully believe you are the expert at your own experience, and I am here to help put pieces together, encourage personal growth, and help with coping or adapting to whatever issues are present. I utilize an integrative and strengths based approach with a belief that understanding where our problems and patterns have resonated can help with changing our behaviors and outlook on life.
(812) 324-0283 View (812) 324-0283
Photo of Phil Librizzi, Counselor in Bloomington, IN
Phil Librizzi
Counselor, LMHC, LCAC
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47401
My speciality is building close rapport with my clients who have told me throughout my years of counseling they feel able to talk with me openly. I believe this is due to the fact that I adhere to the Rogerian Principle of unconditional positive regard and a non-judgemental stance. Treating others with respect and dignity facilitates true self-examination and an opportunity for personal growth. Close rapport is the foundation that will maximize the effectiveness of my cognitive behavioral, solution-focused, treatment that will allow you to quickly reclaim your sense of well-being and optimal level of functioning.
My speciality is building close rapport with my clients who have told me throughout my years of counseling they feel able to talk with me openly. I believe this is due to the fact that I adhere to the Rogerian Principle of unconditional positive regard and a non-judgemental stance. Treating others with respect and dignity facilitates true self-examination and an opportunity for personal growth. Close rapport is the foundation that will maximize the effectiveness of my cognitive behavioral, solution-focused, treatment that will allow you to quickly reclaim your sense of well-being and optimal level of functioning.
(812) 270-4749 View (812) 270-4749
Photo of Bret Eartheart, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bloomington, IN
Bret Eartheart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bloomington, IN 47401
I specialize in couples and marriage counseling and will get you on the fast track to having the relationship you've always wanted! Whether you are on the edge of divorce, hungry to reclaim passion, eager to break through the challenges that create disconnection, conflict, and pain, or simply want to experience your relationship's greatest potential, I will teach you the tools, information, and practices it takes to have a thriving relationship! Visit: www.CenterForThrivingRelationships.com. Click on "Coaching and Counseling" to learn about private sessions, and visit the "Retreats" page to learn about our upcoming couples retreats. Let's make your life great!
I specialize in couples and marriage counseling and will get you on the fast track to having the relationship you've always wanted! Whether you are on the edge of divorce, hungry to reclaim passion, eager to break through the challenges that create disconnection, conflict, and pain, or simply want to experience your relationship's greatest potential, I will teach you the tools, information, and practices it takes to have a thriving relationship! Visit: www.CenterForThrivingRelationships.com. Click on "Coaching and Counseling" to learn about private sessions, and visit the "Retreats" page to learn about our upcoming couples retreats. Let's make your life great!
(812) 496-0452 View (812) 496-0452
Photo of Katy Kelly, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bloomington, IN
Katy Kelly
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47404
Not accepting new clients
My goal is to create an environment where you are safe to explore yourself and the circumstances of your life in a compassionate, non-judgemental manner. I will help you to identify your therapeutic goals and use strategies best suited to your specific needs; always looking for and developing your inherent strengths that will enable you to achieve your goals. Mine is an eclectic approach to therapy that addresses, among other issues, anxiety, depression, trauma and PTSD, grief, life transitions, relationships, gender, and sexuality.
My goal is to create an environment where you are safe to explore yourself and the circumstances of your life in a compassionate, non-judgemental manner. I will help you to identify your therapeutic goals and use strategies best suited to your specific needs; always looking for and developing your inherent strengths that will enable you to achieve your goals. Mine is an eclectic approach to therapy that addresses, among other issues, anxiety, depression, trauma and PTSD, grief, life transitions, relationships, gender, and sexuality.
(812) 864-4728 View (812) 864-4728
Photo of Julie Renee LaFollette, Psychologist in Bloomington, IN
Julie Renee LaFollette
Psychologist, PhD, HSPP
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47404
**I am currently full and unable to accept new clients. Hope to have more availability soon**I have a warm, collaborative working style that integrates a systemic theoretical orientation (understanding people's lives in the context of biology, relationships, work, and larger social/cultural systems) with highly individualized, evidence-based treatment. I enjoy working with people across the lifespan, from adolescence through older adulthood. I have extensive training/experience in the areas of family therapy (e.g., Functional Family Therapy), parenting, co-parenting through divorce/family disruption, trauma, and developmental challenges through adolescence and emerging adulthood.
**I am currently full and unable to accept new clients. Hope to have more availability soon**I have a warm, collaborative working style that integrates a systemic theoretical orientation (understanding people's lives in the context of biology, relationships, work, and larger social/cultural systems) with highly individualized, evidence-based treatment. I enjoy working with people across the lifespan, from adolescence through older adulthood. I have extensive training/experience in the areas of family therapy (e.g., Functional Family Therapy), parenting, co-parenting through divorce/family disruption, trauma, and developmental challenges through adolescence and emerging adulthood.
(812) 577-9041 View (812) 577-9041
Photo of Jennifer Steinmetz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bloomington, IN
Jennifer Steinmetz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LLC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bloomington, IN 47404
Not accepting new clients
There are times when we all need some additional support and guidance to help us get to where we want to be mentally and emotionally. Counseling can help us take this journey and get to that healthier place. I believe that these journeys require a good connection and balance between the therapist and client. Both must be willing to give and take within the therapeutic process to make it a success.
There are times when we all need some additional support and guidance to help us get to where we want to be mentally and emotionally. Counseling can help us take this journey and get to that healthier place. I believe that these journeys require a good connection and balance between the therapist and client. Both must be willing to give and take within the therapeutic process to make it a success.
(812) 731-4736 View (812) 731-4736

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Bloomington, IN

200+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Bloomington, IN who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
87% Depression
76% Trauma and PTSD
75% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
73% Coping Skills
72% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Anthem | Elevance
80% BlueCross and BlueShield
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Bloomington, IN see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
15% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Bloomington?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.