Therapists in Tallahassee, FL

Photo of Donna Kitch, Psychologist in Tallahassee, FL
Donna Kitch
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32303
I am a psychologist with over 30 years of experience doing therapy and psychological assessment with a wide variety of clients. I especially enjoy working with couples who are seeking to improve communication and intimacy in their relationship, and with adult women who are struggling with anxiety, depression, and relationship issues.
I am a psychologist with over 30 years of experience doing therapy and psychological assessment with a wide variety of clients. I especially enjoy working with couples who are seeking to improve communication and intimacy in their relationship, and with adult women who are struggling with anxiety, depression, and relationship issues.
(850) 905-3042 View (850) 905-3042
Photo of Jamie Greene, Counselor in Tallahassee, FL
Jamie Greene
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Tallahassee, FL 32301  (Online Only)
From incarcerated populations, to foster children and their families, to military service members and their children, to the general population of my local community and surrounding areas, I have had the honor of serving many who are seeking to better themselves, their relationships, and their families, etc. If you are looking for coping mechanisms or need help processing the stressors of life I would love to join you on your journey. You are not a burden. You do not have to go through your struggle alone.
From incarcerated populations, to foster children and their families, to military service members and their children, to the general population of my local community and surrounding areas, I have had the honor of serving many who are seeking to better themselves, their relationships, and their families, etc. If you are looking for coping mechanisms or need help processing the stressors of life I would love to join you on your journey. You are not a burden. You do not have to go through your struggle alone.
(850) 493-7558 View (850) 493-7558
Photo of Mike Drury, PsyD, LLC, Psychologist in Tallahassee, FL
Mike Drury, PsyD, LLC
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32309  (Online Only)
Welcome! As a licensed psychologist, I provide evidence-based, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) using telepsychology, which is as effective as in-person meetings for anxiety and depressive disorders. Most of the clients I treat have struggled with anxiety, panic, OCD (e.g., intrusive thoughts and health anxiety-related obsessions), and depression. During treatment, clients learn what makes these difficulties continue to occur, learn new ways to respond to them, and feel more empowered and confident to navigate emotions moving forward.
Welcome! As a licensed psychologist, I provide evidence-based, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) using telepsychology, which is as effective as in-person meetings for anxiety and depressive disorders. Most of the clients I treat have struggled with anxiety, panic, OCD (e.g., intrusive thoughts and health anxiety-related obsessions), and depression. During treatment, clients learn what makes these difficulties continue to occur, learn new ways to respond to them, and feel more empowered and confident to navigate emotions moving forward.
(850) 820-2508 View (850) 820-2508
Photo of A’Laina Newbold, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tallahassee, FL
A’Laina Newbold
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32301  (Online Only)
Are you ready to feel seen, understood and validated?! As a Minority Woman and Black Female Therapist, I understand the complexities of life that my clients face. As such, I am passionate about creating safe spaces which allows clients to unpack life in a nonjudgmental space. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the State of Florida. In addition to providing Mental Health Therapy, and Mental Wellness Coaching, I am a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional. I am dedicated to destigmatizing the myth of mental illnesses and seeking therapy in communities of color, while creating the opportunity for open dialogue.
Are you ready to feel seen, understood and validated?! As a Minority Woman and Black Female Therapist, I understand the complexities of life that my clients face. As such, I am passionate about creating safe spaces which allows clients to unpack life in a nonjudgmental space. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the State of Florida. In addition to providing Mental Health Therapy, and Mental Wellness Coaching, I am a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional. I am dedicated to destigmatizing the myth of mental illnesses and seeking therapy in communities of color, while creating the opportunity for open dialogue.
(850) 601-9184 View (850) 601-9184
Sheree Collins
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Tallahassee, FL 32303
I believe it is important to provide a relaxed and supportive environment for clients to discuss their concerns, with tele-health psychotherapy and evaluations being available online through Thera-link. I strive to provide psychotherapy, psychological consultations, and clinical assessment that promote well-being, personal growth, increase in skills/knowledge base, and effectiveness for clients.
I believe it is important to provide a relaxed and supportive environment for clients to discuss their concerns, with tele-health psychotherapy and evaluations being available online through Thera-link. I strive to provide psychotherapy, psychological consultations, and clinical assessment that promote well-being, personal growth, increase in skills/knowledge base, and effectiveness for clients.
(850) 366-8990 View (850) 366-8990
Photo of Angelica Baeza, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tallahassee, FL
Angelica Baeza
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32301
Tired of struggling with unhappiness, loneliness, or hopelessness? Exhausted from dealing with conflict or with trying to make a change? Overwhelmed by anger, fear, frustration, regret, or worry? I can help you learn to love and accept yourself, find the path to a fulfilling life, feel more connected in your relationships, and create a more calm and peaceful home.
Tired of struggling with unhappiness, loneliness, or hopelessness? Exhausted from dealing with conflict or with trying to make a change? Overwhelmed by anger, fear, frustration, regret, or worry? I can help you learn to love and accept yourself, find the path to a fulfilling life, feel more connected in your relationships, and create a more calm and peaceful home.
(850) 374-6567 View (850) 374-6567
Photo of Dr. Kenya Rich; Rich Psychological Services, Psychologist in Tallahassee, FL
Dr. Kenya Rich; Rich Psychological Services
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32308
Are you struggling with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, or relationship concerns? Do you question who you are and why you make certain choices? Are you looking to move beyond a painful, traumatic past? If you answered yes to any of these questions, I can help. I am a bilingual (Spanish) licensed psychologist with more than 15 years of clinical experience and expertise in EMDR therapy, an effective treatment for resolving traumatic experiences such as sexual, physical, and emotional abuse. With empathy and non-judgment, we can work together to increase self-understanding, facilitate change, and promote healing and growth.
Are you struggling with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, or relationship concerns? Do you question who you are and why you make certain choices? Are you looking to move beyond a painful, traumatic past? If you answered yes to any of these questions, I can help. I am a bilingual (Spanish) licensed psychologist with more than 15 years of clinical experience and expertise in EMDR therapy, an effective treatment for resolving traumatic experiences such as sexual, physical, and emotional abuse. With empathy and non-judgment, we can work together to increase self-understanding, facilitate change, and promote healing and growth.
(850) 665-3496 View (850) 665-3496
Photo of Tracy L Bane, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tallahassee, FL
Tracy L Bane
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32309
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, and have extensive experience working with adolescents, adults and families. My specialties are stress, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, parent/child issues, trauma, abuse, blended families, behavior problems, self esteem and parenting. I use a variety of modalities including cognitive-behavioral therapy, client- centered therapy, Solution focused therapy, and Christian counseling. I have a special love for teens, and love to see them blossom and grow as they discover their true potential. You will find our office to be a warm, friendly, relaxed place to seek wholeness.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, and have extensive experience working with adolescents, adults and families. My specialties are stress, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, parent/child issues, trauma, abuse, blended families, behavior problems, self esteem and parenting. I use a variety of modalities including cognitive-behavioral therapy, client- centered therapy, Solution focused therapy, and Christian counseling. I have a special love for teens, and love to see them blossom and grow as they discover their true potential. You will find our office to be a warm, friendly, relaxed place to seek wholeness.
(850) 665-2482 View (850) 665-2482
Photo of Kariana Matias, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tallahassee, FL
Kariana Matias
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tallahassee, FL 32301
Ms. Yulfo is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. She speaks English and Spanish. She received her BSW in Puerto Rico. She received her Master’s degree in Clinical Social Work at Interamerican University in Puerto Rico. She is currently working towards receiving her PHD in Healthcare Administration. She has more than 8 years in clinical experience working with individuals, couples, teens and families. She works with a variety of mental health disorders including, but not limited to Depression, Anxiety, PTSD, Anger Management, Grief and substance use disorder.
Ms. Yulfo is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. She speaks English and Spanish. She received her BSW in Puerto Rico. She received her Master’s degree in Clinical Social Work at Interamerican University in Puerto Rico. She is currently working towards receiving her PHD in Healthcare Administration. She has more than 8 years in clinical experience working with individuals, couples, teens and families. She works with a variety of mental health disorders including, but not limited to Depression, Anxiety, PTSD, Anger Management, Grief and substance use disorder.
(850) 601-8643 View (850) 601-8643
Photo of Sarah Farmer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tallahassee, FL
Sarah Farmer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tallahassee, FL 32308
I believe in a strength based approach which means every client has a natural strength that can be used to improve upon any situation. My goal is to help clients identify and utilize the skills they already possess. Therapy approaches I often use to achieve this goal are EMDR, CBT, motivational interviewing, etc. I enjoy working with clients who are seeking to process through trauma. We have all experienced it at least once in our lives, and I love working with clients seeking to process and overcome these experiences. I practice a judgement free environment and enjoy learning as much from my clients as they learn from me.
I believe in a strength based approach which means every client has a natural strength that can be used to improve upon any situation. My goal is to help clients identify and utilize the skills they already possess. Therapy approaches I often use to achieve this goal are EMDR, CBT, motivational interviewing, etc. I enjoy working with clients who are seeking to process through trauma. We have all experienced it at least once in our lives, and I love working with clients seeking to process and overcome these experiences. I practice a judgement free environment and enjoy learning as much from my clients as they learn from me.
(850) 446-7853 View (850) 446-7853
Photo of Maya Williams, Pre-Licensed Professional in Tallahassee, FL
Maya Williams
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, EdS, RMHCI
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32301
Mental health is not a destination, it is a journey” While life can be filled with challenges and stressors you do not have to navigate it alone. As a mental health therapist I value collaborating (co-piloting) with my clients on reaching their therapy goals by providing a space to process their emotions and form healthier coping strategies to overcome life’s turbulence.
Mental health is not a destination, it is a journey” While life can be filled with challenges and stressors you do not have to navigate it alone. As a mental health therapist I value collaborating (co-piloting) with my clients on reaching their therapy goals by providing a space to process their emotions and form healthier coping strategies to overcome life’s turbulence.
(850) 655-2349 View (850) 655-2349
Photo of Danielle Brannock Foster, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tallahassee, FL
Danielle Brannock Foster
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32312
My goal in therapy is to provide women with compassionate therapy services, working in collaboration with you to help you meet your goals and guide you through the healing process. I specialize in helping those experiencing grief and loss, as well as pregnant and postpartum women. Additionally, I provide support for women who experienced a traumatic birth, infant loss, NICU admission, postpartum depression and anxiety, and motherhood transitions.
My goal in therapy is to provide women with compassionate therapy services, working in collaboration with you to help you meet your goals and guide you through the healing process. I specialize in helping those experiencing grief and loss, as well as pregnant and postpartum women. Additionally, I provide support for women who experienced a traumatic birth, infant loss, NICU admission, postpartum depression and anxiety, and motherhood transitions.
(850) 601-8576 View (850) 601-8576
Photo of Rachel Greene, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tallahassee, FL
Rachel Greene
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32301
Reaching out and asking for help can be one of the most challenging aspects of starting the therapy process. If you have made it this far, you are ready to start. The majority of the clients I work with are aware of the issues they would like to focus on for treatment. With that, my approach tends to be both relational in style and goal oriented in terms of treatment planning and working towards the best way to assist you in your personal growth and success.
Reaching out and asking for help can be one of the most challenging aspects of starting the therapy process. If you have made it this far, you are ready to start. The majority of the clients I work with are aware of the issues they would like to focus on for treatment. With that, my approach tends to be both relational in style and goal oriented in terms of treatment planning and working towards the best way to assist you in your personal growth and success.
(850) 739-2448 View (850) 739-2448
Photo of Maris Young, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tallahassee, FL
Maris Young
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32301
Not accepting new clients
I'm glad you're here. When looking for a therapist, it can feel overwhelming and difficult to navigate so many options, which is how life often feels too. Thank you for taking the time to look at my profile. You are making a huge step towards healing, and sometimes that step feels the hardest. My clients have a general idea of what they are wanting to work through, and we do so together at a pace that feels safe and manageable. I provide a non-judgmental and validating space to help you explore the areas of your life you would like to see change.
I'm glad you're here. When looking for a therapist, it can feel overwhelming and difficult to navigate so many options, which is how life often feels too. Thank you for taking the time to look at my profile. You are making a huge step towards healing, and sometimes that step feels the hardest. My clients have a general idea of what they are wanting to work through, and we do so together at a pace that feels safe and manageable. I provide a non-judgmental and validating space to help you explore the areas of your life you would like to see change.
(850) 583-1305 View (850) 583-1305
Photo of Lisa Fifer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tallahassee, FL
Lisa Fifer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32301
I am honored to listen to people's stories and help guide them to a deeper understanding of who they are, what they need and how to get there. Every person has the ability to develop into their future best self. I get the privilege of helping them find a new, positive perspective filled with possibilities.
I am honored to listen to people's stories and help guide them to a deeper understanding of who they are, what they need and how to get there. Every person has the ability to develop into their future best self. I get the privilege of helping them find a new, positive perspective filled with possibilities.
(850) 880-4943 View (850) 880-4943
Photo of Keonia Abrams, Pre-Licensed Professional in Tallahassee, FL
Keonia Abrams
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, RMHCI
Verified Verified
Tallahassee, FL 32303
"Everything gets greater later!" My name is Keonia, I am a Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern who will help you through those tough times of feeling unheard, sad and alone. You may be experiencing something in your life at this current moment and feel as though you can't catch a break. You may need someone to talk to so that you feel heard and someone that can empathize with you. Sometimes we feel like our back is against the wall and we have no one but ourselves. We will unpack those feelings you struggle with on a daily basis to help you to live a happy healthy life.
"Everything gets greater later!" My name is Keonia, I am a Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern who will help you through those tough times of feeling unheard, sad and alone. You may be experiencing something in your life at this current moment and feel as though you can't catch a break. You may need someone to talk to so that you feel heard and someone that can empathize with you. Sometimes we feel like our back is against the wall and we have no one but ourselves. We will unpack those feelings you struggle with on a daily basis to help you to live a happy healthy life.
(850) 809-0051 View (850) 809-0051
Photo of Amanda Gregory - North Florida Dbt Center, Registered Clinical Social Worker Intern in Tallahassee, FL
Amanda Gregory - North Florida Dbt Center
Registered Clinical Social Worker Intern, RCSW-I
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32303
Waitlist for new clients
Do you sometimes feel like you are drowning in your emotions? Does anger, sadness, and fear keep impacting your life in ways you don't want it to? Do you struggle with thoughts of self-harm, of not being good enough, or feeling like you are empty inside? Do you struggle with feelings of extreme anger and do you sometimes "erupt"? Or does your child struggle with intense "temper tantrums", self-harming behavior, or suicidal behaviors? Or does your loved one struggle with these things and it's negatively impacted YOUR life and you just don't know how to cope anymore?
Do you sometimes feel like you are drowning in your emotions? Does anger, sadness, and fear keep impacting your life in ways you don't want it to? Do you struggle with thoughts of self-harm, of not being good enough, or feeling like you are empty inside? Do you struggle with feelings of extreme anger and do you sometimes "erupt"? Or does your child struggle with intense "temper tantrums", self-harming behavior, or suicidal behaviors? Or does your loved one struggle with these things and it's negatively impacted YOUR life and you just don't know how to cope anymore?
(850) 876-5313 View (850) 876-5313
Photo of Kimberly Christian - Wilder Wellness, Counselor in Tallahassee, FL
Kimberly Christian - Wilder Wellness
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32301
How does trauma impact systems? This is the question that guides my practice as a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. Trauma is like an invasive plant, weaving its way throughout multiple parts of our lives. Untreated trauma can feel like it’s blocking all light. I’ve been working in the field of trauma since 2012. My work has taken me to Haiti, where I volunteered with an orphanage, helping staff become more trauma-informed. I’ve worked with clients of all ages and backgrounds, including children and adults who are survivors of sexual abuse.
How does trauma impact systems? This is the question that guides my practice as a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. Trauma is like an invasive plant, weaving its way throughout multiple parts of our lives. Untreated trauma can feel like it’s blocking all light. I’ve been working in the field of trauma since 2012. My work has taken me to Haiti, where I volunteered with an orphanage, helping staff become more trauma-informed. I’ve worked with clients of all ages and backgrounds, including children and adults who are survivors of sexual abuse.
(850) 203-5488 View (850) 203-5488
Photo of Victoria Wilder, Pre-Licensed Professional in Tallahassee, FL
Victoria Wilder
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32301
Life comes with challenges and changes that can be complex to navigate. My passion is empowering clients to navigate these challenges through warm, empathetic care in a safe environment. By working alongside clients and viewing them holistically, I believe it is possible to help them enact real change and personal growth.
Life comes with challenges and changes that can be complex to navigate. My passion is empowering clients to navigate these challenges through warm, empathetic care in a safe environment. By working alongside clients and viewing them holistically, I believe it is possible to help them enact real change and personal growth.
(850) 771-2584 View (850) 771-2584
Photo of Alternative Directions Counseling & Consulting, Counselor in Tallahassee, FL
Alternative Directions Counseling & Consulting
Counselor, MS, LMHC, QCS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Tallahassee, FL 32309  (Online Only)
Hello, I’m Alyssa Milton and thank you for taking time to choose you and your families’ needs. At Alternative Directions Counseling & Consulting, we enjoy helping with teenagers and young adults focus on alternative paths in which they choose to go. Whether you are dealing with depression, anxiety, life changing events, or even just feeling “stuck”, we're here to assist you in making choices that will bring positivity back in your life. Struggling with different emotions that has made it challenging in a variety of areas in your life? Let's work together to ensure those maladaptive behaviors and thoughts no longer impact your life.
Hello, I’m Alyssa Milton and thank you for taking time to choose you and your families’ needs. At Alternative Directions Counseling & Consulting, we enjoy helping with teenagers and young adults focus on alternative paths in which they choose to go. Whether you are dealing with depression, anxiety, life changing events, or even just feeling “stuck”, we're here to assist you in making choices that will bring positivity back in your life. Struggling with different emotions that has made it challenging in a variety of areas in your life? Let's work together to ensure those maladaptive behaviors and thoughts no longer impact your life.
(407) 759-7014 View (407) 759-7014

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Tallahassee, FL

500+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Tallahassee, FL who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
85% Depression
77% Self Esteem
74% Coping Skills
68% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress
65% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
80% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
74% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Tallahassee, FL see their clients

51% Online Only
49% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Tallahassee?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.