Therapists in New York, NY

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Photo of Lauren Dobbs, Psychologist in New York, NY
Lauren Dobbs
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024
Dr. Dobbs is an accomplished clinical psychologist with over fifteen years of experience between teaching and clinical work. She specializes in working with children, teens, and adults and has worked across various settings, including private practice, school, residential, and community mental health. Her therapeutic approach is rooted in the gold standard of treatment, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, which provides faster, more effective results. With children and teens, she goes beyond the traditional confines of therapy by harnessing their natural creativity, integrating art, music, games, journaling, and other creative outlets.
Dr. Dobbs is an accomplished clinical psychologist with over fifteen years of experience between teaching and clinical work. She specializes in working with children, teens, and adults and has worked across various settings, including private practice, school, residential, and community mental health. Her therapeutic approach is rooted in the gold standard of treatment, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, which provides faster, more effective results. With children and teens, she goes beyond the traditional confines of therapy by harnessing their natural creativity, integrating art, music, games, journaling, and other creative outlets.
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Photo of Mim Walden, Licensed Psychoanalyst in New York, NY
Mim Walden
Licensed Psychoanalyst, MS
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10003  (Online Only)
I feel I am authentic, sensitive, warm, friendly, down-to-earth and, funny when appropriate. My inquisitive nature allows me to be a good listener. I take an approach of offering authority without being authoritarian. Psychotherapy can be an opportunity to learn how to get more from life. By joining with a competent professional you can process those areas of your life that seem "stuck", overwhelming, or just bugging you. Part of our work involves learning to solve problems. We will stay focused on your goal(s) to make sure you achieve them.
I feel I am authentic, sensitive, warm, friendly, down-to-earth and, funny when appropriate. My inquisitive nature allows me to be a good listener. I take an approach of offering authority without being authoritarian. Psychotherapy can be an opportunity to learn how to get more from life. By joining with a competent professional you can process those areas of your life that seem "stuck", overwhelming, or just bugging you. Part of our work involves learning to solve problems. We will stay focused on your goal(s) to make sure you achieve them.
(646) 351-1952 View (646) 351-1952
Photo of Martin H Rock, Psychologist in New York, NY
Martin H Rock
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10023  (Online Only)
I am a licensed clinical psychologist. I offer individual psychotherapy, couples therapy and psychotherapy supervision and consultation.. I am grounded in psychodynamic relational theory and I also use a broad range of methods and theories to tailor therapy to the goals and needs of each individual or couple. I am also an Emeritus Associate Professor at the Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University. And I supervise therapists in training and in practice and have taught supervision seminars at several New York postgraduate training institutes.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist. I offer individual psychotherapy, couples therapy and psychotherapy supervision and consultation.. I am grounded in psychodynamic relational theory and I also use a broad range of methods and theories to tailor therapy to the goals and needs of each individual or couple. I am also an Emeritus Associate Professor at the Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University. And I supervise therapists in training and in practice and have taught supervision seminars at several New York postgraduate training institutes.
(917) 905-9759 View (917) 905-9759
Photo of Michael Kestenbaum, Psychologist in New York, NY
Michael Kestenbaum
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10024
Integration and balance. These are the two guiding principles of my therapeutic approach. Sometimes people find themselves lost, astray, or simply curious about their current state in life. When we hit our lowest point, however, we may access the greatest change within ourselves. At some point in time, we may have lost our sense of self, while in other cases we may have struggled to form a coherent identity no matter how successful or secure we may appear. Nevertheless, we all have the potential to cultivate our resiliency and better understand who we are and who we wish to be.
Integration and balance. These are the two guiding principles of my therapeutic approach. Sometimes people find themselves lost, astray, or simply curious about their current state in life. When we hit our lowest point, however, we may access the greatest change within ourselves. At some point in time, we may have lost our sense of self, while in other cases we may have struggled to form a coherent identity no matter how successful or secure we may appear. Nevertheless, we all have the potential to cultivate our resiliency and better understand who we are and who we wish to be.
(516) 289-9246 View (516) 289-9246
Photo of Anamiika Rahman in New York, NY
Anamiika Rahman
MHC-LP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
It can be a daunting process to recognize your need for therapy and reach out for your first appointment. But if you're here, I commend you for taking this significant first step to begin your journey of healing. Our bodies may carry the scars of verbal, emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, as well as lingering grief or resentment from our past. My goal is to guide you patiently, allowing you to access your unconscious mind at your own pace. Together, we'll work towards revisiting those painful inner monologues and achieving inner healing and growth.
It can be a daunting process to recognize your need for therapy and reach out for your first appointment. But if you're here, I commend you for taking this significant first step to begin your journey of healing. Our bodies may carry the scars of verbal, emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, as well as lingering grief or resentment from our past. My goal is to guide you patiently, allowing you to access your unconscious mind at your own pace. Together, we'll work towards revisiting those painful inner monologues and achieving inner healing and growth.
(929) 357-2174 View (929) 357-2174
Photo of Bill O'Brien, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Bill O'Brien
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
Are you depressed? Anxious? Sad? Do you feel that life is not as satisfying as it should be? You are not alone! Or if you are, you don't have to be. There is help to be had. Both immediate symptom relief and lasting change can be achieved through psychotherapy. I can help you find your place in the world: in work, in relationships, and in love. I look forward to getting to know you and helping you achieve your goals. Visit billobrientherapy.com for more information.
Are you depressed? Anxious? Sad? Do you feel that life is not as satisfying as it should be? You are not alone! Or if you are, you don't have to be. There is help to be had. Both immediate symptom relief and lasting change can be achieved through psychotherapy. I can help you find your place in the world: in work, in relationships, and in love. I look forward to getting to know you and helping you achieve your goals. Visit billobrientherapy.com for more information.
(917) 809-5814 View (917) 809-5814
Photo of Monica Bilboul, Psychologist in New York, NY
Monica Bilboul
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
I incorporate a "team" approach in which patient and therapist actively engage in treatment. A professional, warm, and genuine type atmosphere is provided with the goal of maintaining a healthy lifestyle with enhanced coping skills. A cognitive behavioral approach is emphasized, which is problem-focused and direct. Problematic belief systems and behaviors, which are negatively impacting emotional well-being, are targeted.
I incorporate a "team" approach in which patient and therapist actively engage in treatment. A professional, warm, and genuine type atmosphere is provided with the goal of maintaining a healthy lifestyle with enhanced coping skills. A cognitive behavioral approach is emphasized, which is problem-focused and direct. Problematic belief systems and behaviors, which are negatively impacting emotional well-being, are targeted.
(917) 243-9106 View (917) 243-9106
Photo of Crystal Lillo, Counselor in New York, NY
Crystal Lillo
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10022
Crystal Lillo is a NYS Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Credentialed Alcohol and Substance Abuse Counselor (CASAC), who has been working in the mental health filed since 2017. Crystal graduated from Hunter College with a Masters of Education in Mental Health Counseling with honors. Crystal practices therapy primarily using a humanistic approach. A humanistic approach focuses on free will, human potential, and self-discovery. It aims to help you develop a strong and healthy sense of self, explore your feelings, find meaning, and focus on your strengths.
Crystal Lillo is a NYS Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Credentialed Alcohol and Substance Abuse Counselor (CASAC), who has been working in the mental health filed since 2017. Crystal graduated from Hunter College with a Masters of Education in Mental Health Counseling with honors. Crystal practices therapy primarily using a humanistic approach. A humanistic approach focuses on free will, human potential, and self-discovery. It aims to help you develop a strong and healthy sense of self, explore your feelings, find meaning, and focus on your strengths.
(929) 209-8896 View (929) 209-8896
Photo of Bryant West Psychology, Psychologist in New York, NY
Bryant West Psychology
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10018
I am Stephen G. Schneider, Ph.D., a Clinical Psychologist for over 30 years and the Clinical Director of Bryant West Psychology, a group psychotherapy practice in Midtown Manhattan (near Bryant Park) and online. We have over 35 Mental Health Professionals, mostly psychologists, providing Individual, Couples and Group Psychotherapy, and we are in-network with Aetna. Please contact me or go to our website to at www.bryantwestpsychology.com for a full listing of all of our clinicians, and their contact information. I am not accepting new patient personally, but if you contact me, I may be able to refer you to one of our clinicians.
I am Stephen G. Schneider, Ph.D., a Clinical Psychologist for over 30 years and the Clinical Director of Bryant West Psychology, a group psychotherapy practice in Midtown Manhattan (near Bryant Park) and online. We have over 35 Mental Health Professionals, mostly psychologists, providing Individual, Couples and Group Psychotherapy, and we are in-network with Aetna. Please contact me or go to our website to at www.bryantwestpsychology.com for a full listing of all of our clinicians, and their contact information. I am not accepting new patient personally, but if you contact me, I may be able to refer you to one of our clinicians.
(646) 351-1884 View (646) 351-1884
Photo of Erika Vidales, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Erika Vidales
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
New York, NY 10003  (Online Only)
My practice is a nurturing space to unpack your feelings, attitudes, and stressors. As you embark on your journey of self discovery, we’ll explore your identity, understand intergenerational patterns, and deconstruct mental health stigma together. I identify as first-generation, child of immigrants, mixed race, and Latina. As a therapist, I’m here to support clients with different and similar experiences, including first generation BIPOC/LGBTQ+ adults, children of immigrant parents, and migrants. I also work with clients to improve self esteem or address symptoms of ADHD.
My practice is a nurturing space to unpack your feelings, attitudes, and stressors. As you embark on your journey of self discovery, we’ll explore your identity, understand intergenerational patterns, and deconstruct mental health stigma together. I identify as first-generation, child of immigrants, mixed race, and Latina. As a therapist, I’m here to support clients with different and similar experiences, including first generation BIPOC/LGBTQ+ adults, children of immigrant parents, and migrants. I also work with clients to improve self esteem or address symptoms of ADHD.
(646) 849-1975 View (646) 849-1975
Photo of Richard J Karpe, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Richard J Karpe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, BCD-P, PC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10017
Experience has taught me that each person is unique and must be listened to, in an open nonjudgmental manner focusing on the singularity of their own life. No matter how traumatic an event could be, there are always important reasons that maintain a person trapped in her/his own life. Discovering and understanding these reasons is central to unlock a traumatic situation. Anxiety, depression, panic attacks, eating disorders, difficulties to connect or relate to others as well as the different types of addictions are all symptoms connected with a particular way that someone has to deal with suffering.
Experience has taught me that each person is unique and must be listened to, in an open nonjudgmental manner focusing on the singularity of their own life. No matter how traumatic an event could be, there are always important reasons that maintain a person trapped in her/his own life. Discovering and understanding these reasons is central to unlock a traumatic situation. Anxiety, depression, panic attacks, eating disorders, difficulties to connect or relate to others as well as the different types of addictions are all symptoms connected with a particular way that someone has to deal with suffering.
(646) 846-9593 View (646) 846-9593
Photo of Natalie Eichhorn- EMDR Therapy , Counselor in New York, NY
Natalie Eichhorn- EMDR Therapy
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10012  (Online Only)
Therapy that’s more than just talking - Have you tried talk therapy before but didn’t get the results you were hoping for? Maybe you’ve made some improvement, but you’re still feeling stuck in certain areas. EMDR therapy is a powerful mind-body approach to healing that targets symptoms at the root. Living with trauma is exhausting and takes a toll on every aspect of your life. You want to move on. You want to not think about it anymore. You want to feel better emotionally and physically so you can finally move onto the important things in your life. You’re tired of feeling trapped by your feelings and at the whim of your reactions.
Therapy that’s more than just talking - Have you tried talk therapy before but didn’t get the results you were hoping for? Maybe you’ve made some improvement, but you’re still feeling stuck in certain areas. EMDR therapy is a powerful mind-body approach to healing that targets symptoms at the root. Living with trauma is exhausting and takes a toll on every aspect of your life. You want to move on. You want to not think about it anymore. You want to feel better emotionally and physically so you can finally move onto the important things in your life. You’re tired of feeling trapped by your feelings and at the whim of your reactions.
(646) 736-6528 View (646) 736-6528
Photo of Sam Greenleaf Miller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Sam Greenleaf Miller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10007
Sam (they/them) works with individuals and couples in relational and collaborative ways. They specialize in treating trauma, depression, and anxiety and its impact on patients' relationships, capacity for intimacy, careers, and self-concept. Sam finds working with artists, academics and intellectuals, innovators working in Tech, leaders in the public service sector (politics, nonprofits) and the entertainment industry, LGBTQAI folks, non-monogamous individuals/couples, and people with alternative spiritual practices deeply fulfilling and offers all of their patients a judgment-free environment within which to connect.
Sam (they/them) works with individuals and couples in relational and collaborative ways. They specialize in treating trauma, depression, and anxiety and its impact on patients' relationships, capacity for intimacy, careers, and self-concept. Sam finds working with artists, academics and intellectuals, innovators working in Tech, leaders in the public service sector (politics, nonprofits) and the entertainment industry, LGBTQAI folks, non-monogamous individuals/couples, and people with alternative spiritual practices deeply fulfilling and offers all of their patients a judgment-free environment within which to connect.
(347) 801-2541 View (347) 801-2541
Photo of Meaghan Brosnan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Meaghan Brosnan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10007
With 9 years of dedicated experience as a social worker, I have had the privilege of supporting individuals through various life challenges. My commitment to helping others has led me to specialize in areas such as oncology, caregiver support, end-of-life care, bereavement and grief, anxiety, depression, and trauma.
With 9 years of dedicated experience as a social worker, I have had the privilege of supporting individuals through various life challenges. My commitment to helping others has led me to specialize in areas such as oncology, caregiver support, end-of-life care, bereavement and grief, anxiety, depression, and trauma.
(646) 992-3460 View (646) 992-3460
Photo of Jennifer Schultz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Jennifer Schultz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10040  (Online Only)
Thank you for stopping by! I specialize in working with adults in different phases of life as well as couple's counseling. I work best with people who are seeking relief from: • Anxiety • Relationship Issues • Bereavement and Loss • Depression •Obsessive Compulsive Disorder • ADD and ADHD I also work with individuals to improve their self-esteem and self-worth . Text Me for a Consolation
Thank you for stopping by! I specialize in working with adults in different phases of life as well as couple's counseling. I work best with people who are seeking relief from: • Anxiety • Relationship Issues • Bereavement and Loss • Depression •Obsessive Compulsive Disorder • ADD and ADHD I also work with individuals to improve their self-esteem and self-worth . Text Me for a Consolation
(914) 353-3097 View (914) 353-3097
Photo of Kenton J Curtis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Kenton J Curtis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10040  (Online Only)
I have over thirty years of clinical experience and I strongly believe in the resiliency of the human spirit; the ability for a person to heal and grow given the right kind of nurturing and support. I have witnessed this countless times in many different settings in my professional life. My experience has largely been, though not exclusively, working with men as I have worked in the field of HIV/AIDS for a number of years. I focused on men’s' issues in my graduate work and that, in combination with years of practice, have allowed me a particular insight with regard to working with men and their presenting issues in therapy.
I have over thirty years of clinical experience and I strongly believe in the resiliency of the human spirit; the ability for a person to heal and grow given the right kind of nurturing and support. I have witnessed this countless times in many different settings in my professional life. My experience has largely been, though not exclusively, working with men as I have worked in the field of HIV/AIDS for a number of years. I focused on men’s' issues in my graduate work and that, in combination with years of practice, have allowed me a particular insight with regard to working with men and their presenting issues in therapy.
(646) 934-5798 View (646) 934-5798
Photo of Silvia Orellana, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Silvia Orellana
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011  (Online Only)
Life becoming overwhelming? Dealing with anxiety or depression? Dealing with the loss of a loved one, or transitions in your life? Let me help bring clarity.
Life becoming overwhelming? Dealing with anxiety or depression? Dealing with the loss of a loved one, or transitions in your life? Let me help bring clarity.
(332) 529-8224 View (332) 529-8224
Photo of Jasmin Kwok, Psychologist in New York, NY
Jasmin Kwok
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10011  (Online Only)
There are times when we feel blocked and feel unsatisfied with ourselves or with our relationships. I am a licensed clinical psychologist providing individual therapy to young adults and adults. I work with clients with various concerns, including anxiety, depression, life transitions, family conflict, relationship issues, and navigating identity. I aim to create a therapeutic relationship and space that is built on openness, authenticity, and empathy. Together then, we work to bridge the past and present, and we develop intentional choices and behaviors that allow you to be the best version of yourself.
There are times when we feel blocked and feel unsatisfied with ourselves or with our relationships. I am a licensed clinical psychologist providing individual therapy to young adults and adults. I work with clients with various concerns, including anxiety, depression, life transitions, family conflict, relationship issues, and navigating identity. I aim to create a therapeutic relationship and space that is built on openness, authenticity, and empathy. Together then, we work to bridge the past and present, and we develop intentional choices and behaviors that allow you to be the best version of yourself.
(332) 242-2428 View (332) 242-2428
Photo of Antoinette Bonafede, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Antoinette Bonafede
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, CBT, DBT, REBT
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
New York, NY 10006
Antoinette Bonafede, LMSW, DBT, CBT, REBT is an experienced clinician that treats people of all ages. A client usually is struggling but feels connected enough with me as their therapist to speak openly and freely about their experience. They can accept feedback with an understanding that we are both on the same team. When we touch on something out of their comfort zone, I hope they recognize they are safe and can stay engaged in the process. Together, we push past the barriers preventing them from feeling better, and they gain a better understanding of themselves to meet their potential.
Antoinette Bonafede, LMSW, DBT, CBT, REBT is an experienced clinician that treats people of all ages. A client usually is struggling but feels connected enough with me as their therapist to speak openly and freely about their experience. They can accept feedback with an understanding that we are both on the same team. When we touch on something out of their comfort zone, I hope they recognize they are safe and can stay engaged in the process. Together, we push past the barriers preventing them from feeling better, and they gain a better understanding of themselves to meet their potential.
(917) 746-3628 View (917) 746-3628
Photo of Jessica Gulmi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Jessica Gulmi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
Choosing a therapist for yourself or your family in NYC can be a daunting task. I specialize in work with children, teens, and adults and am here to help you with this process as all individuals can benefit from talking with someone who is honest, direct, and compassionate.
Choosing a therapist for yourself or your family in NYC can be a daunting task. I specialize in work with children, teens, and adults and am here to help you with this process as all individuals can benefit from talking with someone who is honest, direct, and compassionate.
(631) 709-1037 View (631) 709-1037

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.