Therapists in Monroe, MI

Photo of Heather Hoffer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Monroe, MI
Heather Hoffer
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Monroe, MI 48161
Welcome! My approach in working with clients is holistic and person-centered. My goal is to provide a safe and judgement free space to discuss your concerns, share your experiences, and work towards your goals. You can expect to be met with a compassionate and empathetic listening ear as we work towards finding balance and resolving concerns. As a therapist, it is my goal to empower clients to make the changes necessary to live authentically. It is my hope that through therapy, clients will build resilience, gain insight and identify coping skills to better equip them to handle life’s challenges.
Welcome! My approach in working with clients is holistic and person-centered. My goal is to provide a safe and judgement free space to discuss your concerns, share your experiences, and work towards your goals. You can expect to be met with a compassionate and empathetic listening ear as we work towards finding balance and resolving concerns. As a therapist, it is my goal to empower clients to make the changes necessary to live authentically. It is my hope that through therapy, clients will build resilience, gain insight and identify coping skills to better equip them to handle life’s challenges.
(734) 304-8801 View (734) 304-8801
Photo of Dayna Root, Limited Licensed Psychologist in Monroe, MI
Dayna Root
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP
Verified Verified
Monroe, MI 48161
Sometimes life gets too overwhelming and it seems impossible to deal with. When life has thrown you one to many curveballs and you feel lost, it's okay to ask for help. Life can change in an instant and it can be hard to adjust when dealing with things like death/illness, break ups, financial issues, substance abuse, existential crises, etc. Dealing with life changes, past trauma, and future anxieties can seem like too much to handle and you may feel alone in your struggles. If life circumstances have led to anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation/attempts, psychoticism, PTSD, substance use, or other mental illness I am here to help.
Sometimes life gets too overwhelming and it seems impossible to deal with. When life has thrown you one to many curveballs and you feel lost, it's okay to ask for help. Life can change in an instant and it can be hard to adjust when dealing with things like death/illness, break ups, financial issues, substance abuse, existential crises, etc. Dealing with life changes, past trauma, and future anxieties can seem like too much to handle and you may feel alone in your struggles. If life circumstances have led to anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation/attempts, psychoticism, PTSD, substance use, or other mental illness I am here to help.
(734) 270-6962 View (734) 270-6962
Photo of Lindsay Emerson, Limited Licensed Psychologist in Monroe, MI
Lindsay Emerson
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP
Verified Verified
Monroe, MI 48162  (Online Only)
We all have the answers within and my job is to empower you to remember this truth. Most of my clients see a gradual relief from symptoms within the first month and sustained improvement thereafter. I provide a comfortable environment for you to be your authentic self as you explore your inner and outer worlds. Laying everything out in front of you gives you the ability to take a step back, see things from a different perspective, and decide what is and isn't working for you. Your inner world provides a direct impact on your outer world so when you start making changes within it shifts your reality.
We all have the answers within and my job is to empower you to remember this truth. Most of my clients see a gradual relief from symptoms within the first month and sustained improvement thereafter. I provide a comfortable environment for you to be your authentic self as you explore your inner and outer worlds. Laying everything out in front of you gives you the ability to take a step back, see things from a different perspective, and decide what is and isn't working for you. Your inner world provides a direct impact on your outer world so when you start making changes within it shifts your reality.
(734) 349-3678 View (734) 349-3678
Photo of Neighborhood Counseling Services corp, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Monroe, MI
Neighborhood Counseling Services corp
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, ACSW , CAADC, ICAACD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Monroe, MI 48161
State certified advanced alcohol & drug counselor, State licensed board certified Master social Worker (clinical and macro license), 20 years of experience providing client centered therapeutic care options to enhance mental, emotional, behavioral & physical well-being. Offer a comprehensive behavioral health service array including individual, couple, family, group, mental health (depression, anxiety, bipolar, ADHD, panic disorder) and substance abuse therapies to achieve recovery. Compassionately integrate trauma informed care while serving those overwhelmed with life circumstances. Provide expert SW supervision.
State certified advanced alcohol & drug counselor, State licensed board certified Master social Worker (clinical and macro license), 20 years of experience providing client centered therapeutic care options to enhance mental, emotional, behavioral & physical well-being. Offer a comprehensive behavioral health service array including individual, couple, family, group, mental health (depression, anxiety, bipolar, ADHD, panic disorder) and substance abuse therapies to achieve recovery. Compassionately integrate trauma informed care while serving those overwhelmed with life circumstances. Provide expert SW supervision.
(734) 636-2374 View (734) 636-2374
Photo of Patrick I Gillies, Counselor in Monroe, MI
Patrick I Gillies
Counselor, MA, LLC
Verified Verified
Monroe, MI 48161
The negative effects of anxiety, depression, substance abuse, trauma, and grief are real. Our deepest secrets, self worth issues, or damaging behaviors can weigh us down. Therapy can provide healing, self discovery, and provide a human connection in a nonjudgmental, confidential setting. No one should suffer alone, feel lesser than, or put off getting help due to what others might think. Over all human wellbeing includes our mental health, you deserve inner peace, and an understanding of who you would like to be in your world.
The negative effects of anxiety, depression, substance abuse, trauma, and grief are real. Our deepest secrets, self worth issues, or damaging behaviors can weigh us down. Therapy can provide healing, self discovery, and provide a human connection in a nonjudgmental, confidential setting. No one should suffer alone, feel lesser than, or put off getting help due to what others might think. Over all human wellbeing includes our mental health, you deserve inner peace, and an understanding of who you would like to be in your world.
(734) 808-3892 View (734) 808-3892
Photo of Kristi Wandrie-Biundo, Licensed Professional Counselor in Monroe, MI
Kristi Wandrie-Biundo
Licensed Professional Counselor, L-CMHC, CCATP
Verified Verified
Monroe, MI 48161
I believe in a non-judgmental, person-centered, positive approach in the counseling relationship, where the client feels comfortable enough to express their feelings and thoughts while examining factors which may be causing them pain, anxiety, or unhappiness. I also believe that individuals have the power within themselves to overcome these personal barriers to attain their full potential. My goal is to support you and give you tools to use along the way, and also in your future. There is light at the end of what may seem a dark tunnel, but together we will work to get you there.
I believe in a non-judgmental, person-centered, positive approach in the counseling relationship, where the client feels comfortable enough to express their feelings and thoughts while examining factors which may be causing them pain, anxiety, or unhappiness. I also believe that individuals have the power within themselves to overcome these personal barriers to attain their full potential. My goal is to support you and give you tools to use along the way, and also in your future. There is light at the end of what may seem a dark tunnel, but together we will work to get you there.
(734) 315-2248 View (734) 315-2248
Photo of Mary Beth Wright, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Monroe, MI
Mary Beth Wright
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Monroe, MI 48162
Not accepting new clients
Life is challenging! And yet we are designed to evolve, grow and create our best life. Gaining clarity, peace of mind, and emotional/ relational healing, goes a long way towards enjoying the present. It is important to me that each person I see feels supported, validated, and respectfully challenged during the process of therapy. If you are struggling in certain areas of your life due to mood issues, trauma, unsatisfying patterns or relationship conflicts, it is my privilege to work with you.
Life is challenging! And yet we are designed to evolve, grow and create our best life. Gaining clarity, peace of mind, and emotional/ relational healing, goes a long way towards enjoying the present. It is important to me that each person I see feels supported, validated, and respectfully challenged during the process of therapy. If you are struggling in certain areas of your life due to mood issues, trauma, unsatisfying patterns or relationship conflicts, it is my privilege to work with you.
(734) 256-4546 View (734) 256-4546
Photo of Sarah Winkle Bologna, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Monroe, MI
Sarah Winkle Bologna
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Monroe, MI 48161
Hello! We all experience struggle and difficult situations in life. I approach all who come into my office with acceptance, support and individually tailored sessions. We will work together to gain better understanding, set goals and work toward them. Therapy is a safe, judgement-free space for you and/or your family unit to work through hard times. It is a privilege and an honor for me to walk with you through such difficult and vulnerable moments. Please know that you are not alone and, together, we can move toward a better tomorrow.
Hello! We all experience struggle and difficult situations in life. I approach all who come into my office with acceptance, support and individually tailored sessions. We will work together to gain better understanding, set goals and work toward them. Therapy is a safe, judgement-free space for you and/or your family unit to work through hard times. It is a privilege and an honor for me to walk with you through such difficult and vulnerable moments. Please know that you are not alone and, together, we can move toward a better tomorrow.
(734) 672-3442 View (734) 672-3442
Photo of Kelly Cartwright-Anderson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Monroe, MI
Kelly Cartwright-Anderson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LLPC
Not Verified Not Verified
Monroe, MI 48161
Counseling is a process by which we work together to identify and work on any issues you bring to your session. My approach to counseling involves helping you to identify strengths within yourself and develop self-awareness. Counseling is a joint effort which cannot be successful without hard work, energy and courage. Counseling provides a safe place to explore reactions, thoughts and feelings about people in your life as well as yourself.
Counseling is a process by which we work together to identify and work on any issues you bring to your session. My approach to counseling involves helping you to identify strengths within yourself and develop self-awareness. Counseling is a joint effort which cannot be successful without hard work, energy and courage. Counseling provides a safe place to explore reactions, thoughts and feelings about people in your life as well as yourself.
(734) 349-3132 View (734) 349-3132
Photo of Natalie Colley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Monroe, MI
Natalie Colley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Monroe, MI 48162
“In a society that says, ‘Put yourself last,’ self-love and self-acceptance are revolutionary.” – Brene Brown. Managing life with mental health can feel quite difficult, overwhelming, and sometimes feel impossible. These are common feelings when dealing with significant life stress. Therapy is a great way to regain your love for life again as well as learn how to make self-love a priority in your life. You are not alone in your journey through life, and I want you to know that I can help. I have worked with a diverse group of people throughout my career, and I hope to help everyone learn that their happiness in life is important.
“In a society that says, ‘Put yourself last,’ self-love and self-acceptance are revolutionary.” – Brene Brown. Managing life with mental health can feel quite difficult, overwhelming, and sometimes feel impossible. These are common feelings when dealing with significant life stress. Therapy is a great way to regain your love for life again as well as learn how to make self-love a priority in your life. You are not alone in your journey through life, and I want you to know that I can help. I have worked with a diverse group of people throughout my career, and I hope to help everyone learn that their happiness in life is important.
(734) 821-7051 View (734) 821-7051
Photo of Talia Ingham, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Monroe, MI
Talia Ingham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW
Verified Verified
Monroe, MI 48161  (Online Only)
In our busy world it can be challenging to remain grounded in ourselves and in relationships with others. Sometimes we need time to take a step back in order to identify/realign with our values, emotions, and thoughts. My therapeutic approach is directed at understanding, realignment, and continued growth. I provide online counseling for adolescents, teens, and adults.
In our busy world it can be challenging to remain grounded in ourselves and in relationships with others. Sometimes we need time to take a step back in order to identify/realign with our values, emotions, and thoughts. My therapeutic approach is directed at understanding, realignment, and continued growth. I provide online counseling for adolescents, teens, and adults.
(810) 673-5807 View (810) 673-5807
Photo of Rain Glynn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Monroe, MI
Rain Glynn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW, LLMSW
Verified Verified
Monroe, MI 48162
-Immediate Openings!- "Be not afraid of going slowly, be only afraid of standing still." -Chinese Proverb. Beginning therapy can be an intimidating process for many. I strive to make your therapeutic journey as manageable as possible by working with my clients at the pace that makes them the most comfortable. An extra pillar of support during tough times can make a world of difference. LGBTQ+ and Neurodivergence affirming practitioner. I specialize in the treatment of adult women with Anxiety and/or ADHD, but I see clients with various areas of concern and walk alongside them while they work toward becoming their happiest selves.
-Immediate Openings!- "Be not afraid of going slowly, be only afraid of standing still." -Chinese Proverb. Beginning therapy can be an intimidating process for many. I strive to make your therapeutic journey as manageable as possible by working with my clients at the pace that makes them the most comfortable. An extra pillar of support during tough times can make a world of difference. LGBTQ+ and Neurodivergence affirming practitioner. I specialize in the treatment of adult women with Anxiety and/or ADHD, but I see clients with various areas of concern and walk alongside them while they work toward becoming their happiest selves.
(734) 789-3856 View (734) 789-3856
Photo of Nicholas Russeau, Licensed Professional Counselor in Monroe, MI
Nicholas Russeau
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CAADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Monroe, MI 48162
Accepting New Clients! Welcome. My practice focus is helping people with any issue that they present with a desire to make changes in their life for the better. Together we can determine the source of your current concerns and develop a plan that we can work to understand the cause behind what you are dealing with and start building a working foundation and improve your life. Solving the problem together and develop the skills necessary for the emotional control you want to achieve.
Accepting New Clients! Welcome. My practice focus is helping people with any issue that they present with a desire to make changes in their life for the better. Together we can determine the source of your current concerns and develop a plan that we can work to understand the cause behind what you are dealing with and start building a working foundation and improve your life. Solving the problem together and develop the skills necessary for the emotional control you want to achieve.
(734) 688-8101 View (734) 688-8101
Photo of Lemontree Counseling Services, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Monroe, MI
Lemontree Counseling Services, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Monroe, MI 48161
We offer counseling, support and guidance for children and adults of all ages. If you feel unhappy, overwhelmed, lost, and/or dissatisfied in life you may need someone to talk to and share your concerns with. By tapping into the strengths that they already possess, I help clients work through life experiences that are keeping them from living the life they want to live. This is done in a low-stress, creative and nurturing environment.
We offer counseling, support and guidance for children and adults of all ages. If you feel unhappy, overwhelmed, lost, and/or dissatisfied in life you may need someone to talk to and share your concerns with. By tapping into the strengths that they already possess, I help clients work through life experiences that are keeping them from living the life they want to live. This is done in a low-stress, creative and nurturing environment.
(734) 530-1021 View (734) 530-1021
Photo of Lainey Billock-Thompson, Counselor in Monroe, MI
Lainey Billock-Thompson
Counselor, MA LLPC
Verified Verified
Monroe, MI 48161
Hello and welcome! I am so glad you’ve taken this important step in your journey. Much of my experience includes trauma work stemming from events such as domestic violence, sexual assault, unexpected deaths, and chaotic childhood experiences. My passion is to help my clients regain a sense of self, a sense of empowerment, and discover new ways to experience their lives. My goal is to help you find a space in which you are heard, seen, and safe. My ideal client is anyone who has a desire to feel better and takes the important step of researching options and reaching out. It looks like this could be you!
Hello and welcome! I am so glad you’ve taken this important step in your journey. Much of my experience includes trauma work stemming from events such as domestic violence, sexual assault, unexpected deaths, and chaotic childhood experiences. My passion is to help my clients regain a sense of self, a sense of empowerment, and discover new ways to experience their lives. My goal is to help you find a space in which you are heard, seen, and safe. My ideal client is anyone who has a desire to feel better and takes the important step of researching options and reaching out. It looks like this could be you!
(734) 875-9050 View (734) 875-9050
Photo of John A Brooks, Counselor in Monroe, MI
John A Brooks
Counselor, PsyD, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Monroe, MI 48161
I strive to create a comfortable non-judgemental space for clients to explore the issues in which they are struggling with. Providing counseling and psychotherapy for anxiety, depression, chemical use/dependence, and relationship issues to individuals, families, couples, children, and adolescents. I specializes in humanistic and existential therapeutic modalities, employing a person-centered holistic approach My goal for all therapy is for the person to lead a more fulfilling life, whatever that means to them.
I strive to create a comfortable non-judgemental space for clients to explore the issues in which they are struggling with. Providing counseling and psychotherapy for anxiety, depression, chemical use/dependence, and relationship issues to individuals, families, couples, children, and adolescents. I specializes in humanistic and existential therapeutic modalities, employing a person-centered holistic approach My goal for all therapy is for the person to lead a more fulfilling life, whatever that means to them.
(734) 956-0968 View (734) 956-0968
Photo of Erin Husting, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Monroe, MI
Erin Husting
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, LISW
Verified Verified
Monroe, MI 48162
Author J.K. Rowling once said, through the words of her famous character Albus Dumbledore, “Happiness can be found in the darkest of times if one only remembers to turn on the light.” Everyone experiences dark times in our lives; sometimes, we just need help to turn the light back on. If you feel like life is really overwhelming and hard right now, I want you to know that you’re not alone and I can help. I enjoy working with a diverse array of people and base my therapeutic style on your needs. Although my practice is based in Michigan, I am licensed both in Michigan and Ohio.
Author J.K. Rowling once said, through the words of her famous character Albus Dumbledore, “Happiness can be found in the darkest of times if one only remembers to turn on the light.” Everyone experiences dark times in our lives; sometimes, we just need help to turn the light back on. If you feel like life is really overwhelming and hard right now, I want you to know that you’re not alone and I can help. I enjoy working with a diverse array of people and base my therapeutic style on your needs. Although my practice is based in Michigan, I am licensed both in Michigan and Ohio.
(734) 336-1200 View (734) 336-1200
Photo of Jill Frederick, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Monroe, MI
Jill Frederick
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW
Verified Verified
Monroe, MI 48161
I have experience working with children and families in unique family situations. I can provide educational support and offer interventions through nurturing parenting techniques. I also have experience in the mental heath field with children and adults.
I have experience working with children and families in unique family situations. I can provide educational support and offer interventions through nurturing parenting techniques. I also have experience in the mental heath field with children and adults.
(734) 396-4325 View (734) 396-4325
Photo of Jinave Turner, Counselor in Monroe, MI
Jinave Turner
Counselor, BS , MS , LLPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Monroe, MI 48162
Waitlist for new clients
Life can be stressful especially when it starts to throw you curveballs like depression, anxiety, PTSD, family stress, or self-esteem issues. The thing that we as humans often forget is, we don’t have to do hard things alone. I strive to bridge the gaps in communication between generations surrounding mental health and self care practices. There is no one size fits all approach to therapy and there doesn’t have to be. I am not here to “fix” you, because you aren’t broken. I am here to help you uncover and embrace the parts of yourself that you may forget to honor.
Life can be stressful especially when it starts to throw you curveballs like depression, anxiety, PTSD, family stress, or self-esteem issues. The thing that we as humans often forget is, we don’t have to do hard things alone. I strive to bridge the gaps in communication between generations surrounding mental health and self care practices. There is no one size fits all approach to therapy and there doesn’t have to be. I am not here to “fix” you, because you aren’t broken. I am here to help you uncover and embrace the parts of yourself that you may forget to honor.
(734) 215-9202 View (734) 215-9202
Photo of Rebecca Lewis, Counselor in Monroe, MI
Rebecca Lewis
Counselor, MA, LPC, CAADC, SST
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Monroe, MI 48162
Straight N Arrow Counseling Service, LLC was established so individuals may explore their thoughts, feelings, worries, hopes, and dreams in a supportive and nurturing environment. I will work with you to develop coping skills to help you tap into your inner strength and motivation and I will help to guide you on the path to your full potential.
Straight N Arrow Counseling Service, LLC was established so individuals may explore their thoughts, feelings, worries, hopes, and dreams in a supportive and nurturing environment. I will work with you to develop coping skills to help you tap into your inner strength and motivation and I will help to guide you on the path to your full potential.
(734) 890-5316 View (734) 890-5316

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Monroe, MI

60+

Average cost per session

$122

Therapists in Monroe, MI who prioritize treating:

97% Anxiety
94% Depression
88% Self Esteem
79% Coping Skills
78% Grief
76% Trauma and PTSD
72% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% BlueCross and BlueShield
71% Aetna
63% Blue Care Network

How Therapists in Monroe, MI see their clients

78% In Person and Online
22% Online Only

Gender breakdown

87% Female
13% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Monroe?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.