Therapists in Redlands, CA

Laura J Hodge
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Redlands, CA 92373
Life can be quite an experience. Sometimes it goes along smoothly. We feel pretty happy and content. Other times it can become uncertain, even overwhelming. Handling all of the pressures and trying to find balance can become daunting. We may not do things as well as we used to and begin to feel that life is a struggle just to get through. Having support which allows you to find new and creative solutions can be just what is needed to help you get back on track.
Life can be quite an experience. Sometimes it goes along smoothly. We feel pretty happy and content. Other times it can become uncertain, even overwhelming. Handling all of the pressures and trying to find balance can become daunting. We may not do things as well as we used to and begin to feel that life is a struggle just to get through. Having support which allows you to find new and creative solutions can be just what is needed to help you get back on track.
(909) 235-9986 View (909) 235-9986
Photo of Daisy Camargo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Redlands, CA
Daisy Camargo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Redlands, CA 92373
I’m a first-generation bilingual and bicultural clinician who is honored to be part of your healing journey.
I’m a first-generation bilingual and bicultural clinician who is honored to be part of your healing journey.
(909) 639-3072 View (909) 639-3072
Photo of Kyle Carter Kasner, Marriage & Family Therapist in Redlands, CA
Kyle Carter Kasner
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Redlands, CA 92373
We all have challenging times in our life where we struggle with issues that can feel overwhelming. Often we can find a solution on our own, but at other times we may need to get support from someone who can be objective, supportive and focused on us. â;' I licensed therapist specializing in helping individuals, couples, and adolescents struggling with challenges related to addiction, attachment, relationships, anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and loss, and eating disorders.
We all have challenging times in our life where we struggle with issues that can feel overwhelming. Often we can find a solution on our own, but at other times we may need to get support from someone who can be objective, supportive and focused on us. â;' I licensed therapist specializing in helping individuals, couples, and adolescents struggling with challenges related to addiction, attachment, relationships, anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and loss, and eating disorders.
(951) 338-9497 View (951) 338-9497
Photo of Dr. Jackie Williams @ Kardia Counseling Center, Marriage & Family Therapist in Redlands, CA
Dr. Jackie Williams @ Kardia Counseling Center
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT, LCPC
Verified Verified
Redlands, CA 92373  (Online Only)
Overwhelmed by the stress and burnout of work and life’s demands? Living with a chronic illness or a medical diagnosis such as cancer? Experiencing grief and loss? These challenges can cause so much suffering and make us feel alone and like no one really understands. Maybe you want more energy, meaning, or hope in your life, but have never tried therapy before. Maybe you've attended therapy, but never talked about your medical conditions or you felt like your grief was overlooked. Maybe you think it would take a long time for you to ever feel better and it feels overwhelming to start talking to a stranger. I can help.
Overwhelmed by the stress and burnout of work and life’s demands? Living with a chronic illness or a medical diagnosis such as cancer? Experiencing grief and loss? These challenges can cause so much suffering and make us feel alone and like no one really understands. Maybe you want more energy, meaning, or hope in your life, but have never tried therapy before. Maybe you've attended therapy, but never talked about your medical conditions or you felt like your grief was overlooked. Maybe you think it would take a long time for you to ever feel better and it feels overwhelming to start talking to a stranger. I can help.
(909) 406-8677 View (909) 406-8677
Photo of Shauntay Casper, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Redlands, CA
Shauntay Casper
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
Redlands, CA 92373
Dealing with life comes with so many different struggles. Do you find yourself wrapped in worry with thoughts that just won’t rest? Unable to communicate when it comes to your relationships? Trauma, low-self-esteem, and so much more can make it hard to live a fun and fulfilling life.
Dealing with life comes with so many different struggles. Do you find yourself wrapped in worry with thoughts that just won’t rest? Unable to communicate when it comes to your relationships? Trauma, low-self-esteem, and so much more can make it hard to live a fun and fulfilling life.
(909) 918-6923 View (909) 918-6923
Photo of Kimberly Thompson, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Redlands, CA
Kimberly Thompson
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
Redlands, CA 92373
Life is full of relationships and those can be difficult. We all want to feel connected and truly known by the ones we love. At times we find that we have tried so hard to show our love to someone, but they just didn't see it or feel it the way we intended it – or they can't or won't reciprocate in the way that we need it. Families form our very foundation where we learn how to love and be loved, even if some of what we learned was less than ideal. Our family is what shapes us and our ideas about love and relationships. Therefore, to have healthy and happy relationships, we can look at your past and move you forward.
Life is full of relationships and those can be difficult. We all want to feel connected and truly known by the ones we love. At times we find that we have tried so hard to show our love to someone, but they just didn't see it or feel it the way we intended it – or they can't or won't reciprocate in the way that we need it. Families form our very foundation where we learn how to love and be loved, even if some of what we learned was less than ideal. Our family is what shapes us and our ideas about love and relationships. Therefore, to have healthy and happy relationships, we can look at your past and move you forward.
(909) 454-6565 View (909) 454-6565
Photo of Roxanna Palacios, Marriage & Family Therapist in Redlands, CA
Roxanna Palacios
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Redlands, CA 92373
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the state of California with a history of working in the mental health industry for approximately 8 years. I am skilled and trained in various therapeutic approaches. I obtained a Master’s Degree focused on marriage, family, and child therapy. I am a down-to-earth, respectful, open-minded person using an empathetic approach to assist an individual with the relief of symptoms and improved daily life functioning.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the state of California with a history of working in the mental health industry for approximately 8 years. I am skilled and trained in various therapeutic approaches. I obtained a Master’s Degree focused on marriage, family, and child therapy. I am a down-to-earth, respectful, open-minded person using an empathetic approach to assist an individual with the relief of symptoms and improved daily life functioning.
(909) 345-8186 View (909) 345-8186
Photo of Divina Family Counseling Services Inc , Counselor in Redlands, CA
Divina Family Counseling Services Inc
Counselor, LPCC, AMFT
Verified Verified
Redlands, CA 92373
I enjoy working with clients who are ready for change and desire to learn and break generations of trauma. My goal is to serve mi gente. We come from a long line of "echale ganas," but don't stir the pot. This can be both confusing and exhausting. I help individuals heal generational trauma and childhood wounds. Healing these traumas and wounds will allow individuals and generations to live authentically. A life rich in confidence, culture, and abundance. I use a Faith-Based Perspective where my beliefs are not forced on anyone. Allowing God to work through me to help fill you with strength, love, and courage.
I enjoy working with clients who are ready for change and desire to learn and break generations of trauma. My goal is to serve mi gente. We come from a long line of "echale ganas," but don't stir the pot. This can be both confusing and exhausting. I help individuals heal generational trauma and childhood wounds. Healing these traumas and wounds will allow individuals and generations to live authentically. A life rich in confidence, culture, and abundance. I use a Faith-Based Perspective where my beliefs are not forced on anyone. Allowing God to work through me to help fill you with strength, love, and courage.
(951) 337-4380 View (951) 337-4380
Photo of Beth Freimuth, Mindfulness Skills Coach in Redlands, CA
Beth Freimuth, Mindfulness Skills Coach
MS
Verified Verified
Redlands, CA 92373
Are you overwhelmed? Do you struggle with negative thoughts and feelings? Relief is possible! I have spent over 20 years teaching clients how to decrease anxiety, irritability, shame and stress using simple, easy to use mindfulness skills. Anyone can do this no matter how busy you are or how much stress you are under. Practicing these skills regularly transforms the brain and re-sets the nervous system for more peace and less emotional pain. I have extensive training over the past 29 years with world-renowned experts in the U.S. and in Asia. Mindfulness coaching is an innovative, research based approach to mental health.
Are you overwhelmed? Do you struggle with negative thoughts and feelings? Relief is possible! I have spent over 20 years teaching clients how to decrease anxiety, irritability, shame and stress using simple, easy to use mindfulness skills. Anyone can do this no matter how busy you are or how much stress you are under. Practicing these skills regularly transforms the brain and re-sets the nervous system for more peace and less emotional pain. I have extensive training over the past 29 years with world-renowned experts in the U.S. and in Asia. Mindfulness coaching is an innovative, research based approach to mental health.
(951) 307-1294 View (951) 307-1294
Photo of Elena Inzunza, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Redlands, CA
Elena Inzunza
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Redlands, CA 92374
Not accepting new clients
***Accepting new client's*** Limited in person/primarily telehealth. Welcome to Moon-Saji Therapy Services! I have been helping parents, adults and children manage their difficult emotions for last 11 years. Whether it is feelings sad, anxious, frustrated or confused, I am here to support you and/or your family through this journey. One of the areas I focus on is reducing parental stress due to difficult behaviors (disruptive/oppositional) for parents with children ages 2-7. I also work with children and adults managing symptoms from trauma.
***Accepting new client's*** Limited in person/primarily telehealth. Welcome to Moon-Saji Therapy Services! I have been helping parents, adults and children manage their difficult emotions for last 11 years. Whether it is feelings sad, anxious, frustrated or confused, I am here to support you and/or your family through this journey. One of the areas I focus on is reducing parental stress due to difficult behaviors (disruptive/oppositional) for parents with children ages 2-7. I also work with children and adults managing symptoms from trauma.
(909) 265-7263 View (909) 265-7263
Photo of Joseph P Revetto, Psychologist in Redlands, CA
Joseph P Revetto
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Redlands, CA 92374
If you are reading this, chances are you are struggling with something. Life is filled with challenges: managing relationships, coping with feelings of hopelessness, insecurity, trying to contend with daily stress or pressure, or picking up the pieces of a life that has just been torn apart. Are you reaching out or looking for a way to make things better? Are you seeking a way to restore your energy, enthusiasm and passion for life? You do not have to work through your problems alone! Psychotherapy works and you are about to take the first step in getting "back on track."
If you are reading this, chances are you are struggling with something. Life is filled with challenges: managing relationships, coping with feelings of hopelessness, insecurity, trying to contend with daily stress or pressure, or picking up the pieces of a life that has just been torn apart. Are you reaching out or looking for a way to make things better? Are you seeking a way to restore your energy, enthusiasm and passion for life? You do not have to work through your problems alone! Psychotherapy works and you are about to take the first step in getting "back on track."
(909) 570-1821 View (909) 570-1821
Photo of Sandra Orozco Loza, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Redlands, CA
Sandra Orozco Loza
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Redlands, CA 92373
Hi there, I'm Sandra! I specialize in working with adolescents and young adults. I have ample experience treating anxiety and depression through CBT and DBT. I have also provided therapy to individuals affected by trauma, substance abuse, domestic violence, and LGBTIQ issues. Throughout my years serving as a social worker and therapist, I have worked with neurodiverse patients. My hope as a clinician is to help you live a fulfilled life. It takes courage to begin therapy and commitment to make permanent changes. I am ready to develop a meaningful therapeutic relationship to support you in your healing journey.
Hi there, I'm Sandra! I specialize in working with adolescents and young adults. I have ample experience treating anxiety and depression through CBT and DBT. I have also provided therapy to individuals affected by trauma, substance abuse, domestic violence, and LGBTIQ issues. Throughout my years serving as a social worker and therapist, I have worked with neurodiverse patients. My hope as a clinician is to help you live a fulfilled life. It takes courage to begin therapy and commitment to make permanent changes. I am ready to develop a meaningful therapeutic relationship to support you in your healing journey.
(909) 296-4535 View (909) 296-4535
Photo of Danielle Joy Scott, Marriage & Family Therapist in Redlands, CA
Danielle Joy Scott
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Redlands, CA 92373  (Online Only)
Life can be hard and sometimes we need time and space to pause, reflect, and grow. I enjoy providing a safe, warm, non-judgmental space for someone at whatever stage of life they are in. I think therapy should be tailored to suit ones individual needs so I enjoy being collaborative with my clients and figuring out how they can get the most out of their experience in therapy. I use a lot of different therapy modalities but some of my favorites are CBT, DBT, Narrative, Gestalt, and NLP.
Life can be hard and sometimes we need time and space to pause, reflect, and grow. I enjoy providing a safe, warm, non-judgmental space for someone at whatever stage of life they are in. I think therapy should be tailored to suit ones individual needs so I enjoy being collaborative with my clients and figuring out how they can get the most out of their experience in therapy. I use a lot of different therapy modalities but some of my favorites are CBT, DBT, Narrative, Gestalt, and NLP.
(909) 359-7860 View (909) 359-7860
Photo of Lauren Enriquez, Marriage & Family Therapist in Redlands, CA
Lauren Enriquez
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Redlands, CA 92373  (Online Only)
Are you having difficulty managing challenges/stressors in your life? Do you have overwhelming thoughts or constant worry? Are you stuck in regret or stress about future? Do you want more balance? Life can have many challenges. I have over 12 years of specialized experience working with individuals with many types of mental health challenges. I use a wide range of modalities based on the individuals needs. If you struggle with anxiety, stress, work-life balance, college life, life transitions, relationship issues, parenting issues or managing emotions, then I can support you, you no longer have to face challenges on your own.
Are you having difficulty managing challenges/stressors in your life? Do you have overwhelming thoughts or constant worry? Are you stuck in regret or stress about future? Do you want more balance? Life can have many challenges. I have over 12 years of specialized experience working with individuals with many types of mental health challenges. I use a wide range of modalities based on the individuals needs. If you struggle with anxiety, stress, work-life balance, college life, life transitions, relationship issues, parenting issues or managing emotions, then I can support you, you no longer have to face challenges on your own.
(909) 244-3143 View (909) 244-3143
Photo of Rebecca S. Chenier, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Redlands, CA
Rebecca S. Chenier
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Redlands, CA 92374
Have you ever wanted to feel a true sense of relief and mental freedom? Have you ever just needed a listening ear or shoulder to share the weight of life? Have you ever desired uplifting, empowerment and acceptance without judgement? Well...you have come to the right place and found the all encompassing clinician! My name is Rebecca S. Chenier, LCSW and I’m here to humbly serve all of your therapeutic needs.
Have you ever wanted to feel a true sense of relief and mental freedom? Have you ever just needed a listening ear or shoulder to share the weight of life? Have you ever desired uplifting, empowerment and acceptance without judgement? Well...you have come to the right place and found the all encompassing clinician! My name is Rebecca S. Chenier, LCSW and I’m here to humbly serve all of your therapeutic needs.
(909) 324-3352 View (909) 324-3352
Photo of Colleen Catania, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Redlands, CA
Colleen Catania
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC, LCPC, CADC, NCC
Verified Verified
Redlands, CA 92373
Welcome to Orange Owl Counseling! You may be wondering Whoo I am! I am a licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, I have been helping individuals, couples, and families overcome various challenges and achieve their personal and professional goals for over 20 years. I am committed to providing a safe, supportive, and non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and develop the skills and strategies necessary to live a fulfilling and meaningful life. My approach to therapy is collaborative, holistic, and evidence-based. I believe that therapy is not a one-size-fits-all approach, and therefore, I
Welcome to Orange Owl Counseling! You may be wondering Whoo I am! I am a licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, I have been helping individuals, couples, and families overcome various challenges and achieve their personal and professional goals for over 20 years. I am committed to providing a safe, supportive, and non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and develop the skills and strategies necessary to live a fulfilling and meaningful life. My approach to therapy is collaborative, holistic, and evidence-based. I believe that therapy is not a one-size-fits-all approach, and therefore, I
(909) 531-5279 View (909) 531-5279
Photo of Amy Thompson, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Redlands, CA
Amy Thompson
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Redlands, CA 92373
Are you having difficulty coping with a recent loss or significant life transition that has left you feeling alone, confused, and overwhelmed? Maybe you’re struggling to deal with the end of a relationship, or you’re a new mom adjusting to the stresses and demands of motherhood, These recent life changes may have caused old traumas to resurface, forcing you back into survival mode and feeling on-edge, making it difficult to find a way forward. Whatever your circumstance, you know you can't keep managing these intense emotions alone.
Are you having difficulty coping with a recent loss or significant life transition that has left you feeling alone, confused, and overwhelmed? Maybe you’re struggling to deal with the end of a relationship, or you’re a new mom adjusting to the stresses and demands of motherhood, These recent life changes may have caused old traumas to resurface, forcing you back into survival mode and feeling on-edge, making it difficult to find a way forward. Whatever your circumstance, you know you can't keep managing these intense emotions alone.
(909) 442-5637 View (909) 442-5637
Photo of Kayla Armstrong, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Redlands, CA
Kayla Armstrong
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Redlands, CA 92373
Using compassionate care, empathy, sensitivity, gentleness, and a strengths-based approach, I strive to create a warm and comfortable environment for clients to engage in their healing, growth, and change processes. I assist clients in exploring the context, history, and life experiences that contribute to their presenting concerns in order for clients to experience self-transformation. I want my clients to know that there are always ways in which to manage, cope, recover, and heal, and that suffering does not have to be permanent or lifelong.
Using compassionate care, empathy, sensitivity, gentleness, and a strengths-based approach, I strive to create a warm and comfortable environment for clients to engage in their healing, growth, and change processes. I assist clients in exploring the context, history, and life experiences that contribute to their presenting concerns in order for clients to experience self-transformation. I want my clients to know that there are always ways in which to manage, cope, recover, and heal, and that suffering does not have to be permanent or lifelong.
(909) 340-3440 View (909) 340-3440
Photo of Dakota Westlake, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Redlands, CA
Dakota Westlake
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Redlands, CA 92374
If you find yourself in a codependent relationship with either a partner, friend, or family member, it’s time to seek help. Codependent relationships are often a result of unresolved trauma. I provide a safe, non-judgmental space to process your experiences. We’ll dig deep and get “real.” My approach is collaborative and depth-oriented – I don’t just sit back and nod and smile. I’ll go deep with you and empower you to create healthy boundaries in relationships that will ultimately increase your confidence and allow you to live the life you want to live, free of people-pleasing.
If you find yourself in a codependent relationship with either a partner, friend, or family member, it’s time to seek help. Codependent relationships are often a result of unresolved trauma. I provide a safe, non-judgmental space to process your experiences. We’ll dig deep and get “real.” My approach is collaborative and depth-oriented – I don’t just sit back and nod and smile. I’ll go deep with you and empower you to create healthy boundaries in relationships that will ultimately increase your confidence and allow you to live the life you want to live, free of people-pleasing.
(909) 372-0456 View (909) 372-0456
Photo of Ashley Phillips, Marriage & Family Therapist in Redlands, CA
Ashley Phillips
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Redlands, CA 92373
I would summarize my professional perception as always seeing the good, seeking to understand, and have an ability to guide clients to reframe their thinking and perceptions to better themselves rather than defeat themselves.
I would summarize my professional perception as always seeing the good, seeking to understand, and have an ability to guide clients to reframe their thinking and perceptions to better themselves rather than defeat themselves.
(909) 543-1974 View (909) 543-1974

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Redlands, CA

200+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Redlands, CA who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
88% Depression
75% Relationship Issues
71% Self Esteem
70% Coping Skills
66% Stress
64% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
63% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
61% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Redlands, CA see their clients

78% In Person and Online
22% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Redlands?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.