Therapists in Oakland, CA

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Photo of Dong Bui, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Dong Bui
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
COVID and 2020 shifted many of your values and priorities. Adjustment to this change may be impacting your relationships to your career, your communities and even yourself. I strive to create a judgment free therapeutic partnership that supports alignment of your values and actions.
COVID and 2020 shifted many of your values and priorities. Adjustment to this change may be impacting your relationships to your career, your communities and even yourself. I strive to create a judgment free therapeutic partnership that supports alignment of your values and actions.
(415) 223-1959 View (415) 223-1959
Photo of Tessa Vita Levine, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Tessa Vita Levine
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94606
Not accepting new clients
If you are here, something is probably not-quite-right. Maybe you have realized that you are ready to do a big chunk of healing work that has been in the back of your mind and nervous system for a while. Maybe you are noticing that you are, in some ways, not being totally honest with yourself, or with your partner(s), or with your family. Maybe you have found that there are parts of you that you've never taken the time to get to know that are asking — loudly or quietly— for attention. Or maybe you just know that you need to carve out a time for yourself every week where you don't have to take care of anyone but yourself.
If you are here, something is probably not-quite-right. Maybe you have realized that you are ready to do a big chunk of healing work that has been in the back of your mind and nervous system for a while. Maybe you are noticing that you are, in some ways, not being totally honest with yourself, or with your partner(s), or with your family. Maybe you have found that there are parts of you that you've never taken the time to get to know that are asking — loudly or quietly— for attention. Or maybe you just know that you need to carve out a time for yourself every week where you don't have to take care of anyone but yourself.
(341) 444-2290 View (341) 444-2290
Photo of Konjit V Page, Registered Psychological Assistant in Oakland, CA
Konjit V Page
Registered Psychological Assistant, PhD
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94612
Deciding to engage in therapy is an important step in one’s life and I am honored by the opportunity to join in this journey with you. My work with clients begins from a place of genuine curiosity and authenticity. As a relational-cultural narrative therapist I believe that the person is not the problem. The problem is the problem and we work together to develop and implement effective tools aimed to address the problem. People are also defined by stories. When these stories become problematic, people can become stuck. Together we will examine these stories and help you develop new and healthy stories for your life.
Deciding to engage in therapy is an important step in one’s life and I am honored by the opportunity to join in this journey with you. My work with clients begins from a place of genuine curiosity and authenticity. As a relational-cultural narrative therapist I believe that the person is not the problem. The problem is the problem and we work together to develop and implement effective tools aimed to address the problem. People are also defined by stories. When these stories become problematic, people can become stuck. Together we will examine these stories and help you develop new and healthy stories for your life.
(415) 687-2329 View (415) 687-2329
Photo of Suzette Yap Brillantes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Suzette Yap Brillantes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
Are you grappling with heightened feelings of anxiety and depression as a parent or caregiver? Recognize that unresolved issues such, as generational trauma; and relational challenges may be impacting your ability to be fully present for your family.
Are you grappling with heightened feelings of anxiety and depression as a parent or caregiver? Recognize that unresolved issues such, as generational trauma; and relational challenges may be impacting your ability to be fully present for your family.
(510) 949-5510 View (510) 949-5510
Photo of Sye Gratz in Oakland, CA
Sye Gratz
RDT, MA, 200 RYT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
I am a nonbinary, queer, neuroqueer, white, ashkenazi jewish healer. I support queer creatives and nonconformists honor authenticity beyond harmful binaries. My practice offers a somatic, creative, relational, and liberatory justice approach to caregiver recovery/codependencey, developmental trauma, post traumatic stress, and anxiety. I hold an anti-opressive stance, encouraging a sense of agency, QT joy, and alignment in healing. I have a passion for supporting LGBTQQIP2SAA+ community with life transitions, resisting systems, attachment/relationship challenges, & all who had to "grow up too quickly" in childhood.
I am a nonbinary, queer, neuroqueer, white, ashkenazi jewish healer. I support queer creatives and nonconformists honor authenticity beyond harmful binaries. My practice offers a somatic, creative, relational, and liberatory justice approach to caregiver recovery/codependencey, developmental trauma, post traumatic stress, and anxiety. I hold an anti-opressive stance, encouraging a sense of agency, QT joy, and alignment in healing. I have a passion for supporting LGBTQQIP2SAA+ community with life transitions, resisting systems, attachment/relationship challenges, & all who had to "grow up too quickly" in childhood.
(510) 901-4904 View (510) 901-4904
Photo of Dave Kalloor, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Dave Kalloor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
Hi, I'm Dave :) I want to help you feel more connected with yourself and those around you. I'm an Indian-American therapist skilled in helping people move through trauma, anxiety, depression, grief, relationship/family concerns, and school/career issues.
Hi, I'm Dave :) I want to help you feel more connected with yourself and those around you. I'm an Indian-American therapist skilled in helping people move through trauma, anxiety, depression, grief, relationship/family concerns, and school/career issues.
(510) 726-6748 View (510) 726-6748
Photo of John A Lundin, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
John A Lundin
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
If you hold yourself back in life, work and relationships, worry too much about things you've done or things you're about to do, are often bummed out, or would like your relationships to be more satisfying, then these are good indications that you may benefit from the type of psychotherapy I offer. I have helped many people through all of these issues, and others. Give me a call, and if I'm not the right fit for you, I promise to help you find the therapist who is. You don't have to keep suffering alone.
If you hold yourself back in life, work and relationships, worry too much about things you've done or things you're about to do, are often bummed out, or would like your relationships to be more satisfying, then these are good indications that you may benefit from the type of psychotherapy I offer. I have helped many people through all of these issues, and others. Give me a call, and if I'm not the right fit for you, I promise to help you find the therapist who is. You don't have to keep suffering alone.
(510) 996-5544 View (510) 996-5544
Photo of Kathlynn Gates, Associate Clinical Social Worker in Oakland, CA
Kathlynn Gates
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ASW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Are you experiencing challenges dealing with anxiety, depression, relationship/family issues, and trauma/PTSD? Due to these symptoms, we can be in too much emotional pain and feel too stuck to reframe our perceptions or to find solutions to our problems. Childhood or recent trauma can cause emotional distress that can be difficult to process. I am here to support you in working through unresolved trauma and guide you toward healing. Therefore, you can feel empowered, rejuvenated, and enthusiastic about life again.
Are you experiencing challenges dealing with anxiety, depression, relationship/family issues, and trauma/PTSD? Due to these symptoms, we can be in too much emotional pain and feel too stuck to reframe our perceptions or to find solutions to our problems. Childhood or recent trauma can cause emotional distress that can be difficult to process. I am here to support you in working through unresolved trauma and guide you toward healing. Therefore, you can feel empowered, rejuvenated, and enthusiastic about life again.
(415) 915-0236 View (415) 915-0236
Photo of Michael Fitzpatrick, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Michael Fitzpatrick
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
I greatly enjoy working with the process of self-discovery and meaning making. This involves a passion for helping those who feel stuck to identify and remove the barriers toward change so that they can live a more fulfilling life. I take a relational approach to psychotherapy in which I believe it is the therapeutic relationship that heals. Through an exploration of your life, I enjoy learning about the relationship you have with your struggles, the purpose to be had within them, and the agency you have in the process.
I greatly enjoy working with the process of self-discovery and meaning making. This involves a passion for helping those who feel stuck to identify and remove the barriers toward change so that they can live a more fulfilling life. I take a relational approach to psychotherapy in which I believe it is the therapeutic relationship that heals. Through an exploration of your life, I enjoy learning about the relationship you have with your struggles, the purpose to be had within them, and the agency you have in the process.
(510) 746-8124 View (510) 746-8124
Photo of Mark Abelson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Mark Abelson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
Whether it's managing a short-term challenge or dealing with a chronic struggle, fear, worry, and feelings of shame can hold an outsized presence in our lives. I work with clients who experience overwhelming anxiety, anger, and depression to build more resilient, rewarding, and value-driven lives. My areas of practice include preteens and high school students, individuals with Borderline Personality and Bipolar Disorder, people on the autism spectrum, and mood disorders that impact anxiety, depression, and sleep.
Whether it's managing a short-term challenge or dealing with a chronic struggle, fear, worry, and feelings of shame can hold an outsized presence in our lives. I work with clients who experience overwhelming anxiety, anger, and depression to build more resilient, rewarding, and value-driven lives. My areas of practice include preteens and high school students, individuals with Borderline Personality and Bipolar Disorder, people on the autism spectrum, and mood disorders that impact anxiety, depression, and sleep.
(510) 779-9902 View (510) 779-9902
Photo of Aki Rosenberg, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Aki Rosenberg
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609
I am a psychotherapist based in the SF Bay Area and offering services in person and online. I support my clients in healing past wounds and traumas and cultivating a deeper sense of meaning in their lives. I work from a relational framework, meaning that I believe the authentic connection between a client and a therapist is a profound catalyst for change. While a lot of the work I do requires delving into the murky stuff, I like to make room for laughter, connection, and joy in the process.
I am a psychotherapist based in the SF Bay Area and offering services in person and online. I support my clients in healing past wounds and traumas and cultivating a deeper sense of meaning in their lives. I work from a relational framework, meaning that I believe the authentic connection between a client and a therapist is a profound catalyst for change. While a lot of the work I do requires delving into the murky stuff, I like to make room for laughter, connection, and joy in the process.
(628) 212-6638 View (628) 212-6638
Photo of Ariel Escobedo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Ariel Escobedo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
As a dedicated bilingual (English/Spanish) speaking mental health practitioner, I am deeply committed to facilitating the emotional healing journey for adults. My approach is inherently collaborative, emphasizing a partnership with individuals, families, and couples who entrust their care to me. By combining these diverse psychotherapy techniques, I aim to foster a nurturing and empathetic space that supports clients in navigating their emotional landscapes.
As a dedicated bilingual (English/Spanish) speaking mental health practitioner, I am deeply committed to facilitating the emotional healing journey for adults. My approach is inherently collaborative, emphasizing a partnership with individuals, families, and couples who entrust their care to me. By combining these diverse psychotherapy techniques, I aim to foster a nurturing and empathetic space that supports clients in navigating their emotional landscapes.
(510) 880-1338 View (510) 880-1338
Photo of Eric Mill, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Eric Mill
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
Couples want to feel better. Couples often find themselves caught in patterns of conflict that they would love to get out of. Most couples dream of living with better communication and less conflict. Fortunately, couples counseling was made for this. Whether you're looking for couples counseling to increasing the level of commitment in your relationship, wanting to deepen your connection, or really struggling to keep the connection alive - you're not alone and there is help.
Couples want to feel better. Couples often find themselves caught in patterns of conflict that they would love to get out of. Most couples dream of living with better communication and less conflict. Fortunately, couples counseling was made for this. Whether you're looking for couples counseling to increasing the level of commitment in your relationship, wanting to deepen your connection, or really struggling to keep the connection alive - you're not alone and there is help.
(415) 798-9930 View (415) 798-9930
Photo of Aaron Wilson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Aaron Wilson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618  (Online Only)
AUTHENTICITY, ALIVENESS, and CONNECTION are vital ingredients to living a healthy and meaningful life. Unfortunately these qualities do not always receive the proper attention needed to thrive. As a result, we develop coping strategies that often lead us to not getting what we want in life, leaving us feeling stuck, anxious, depressed, and hopeless. Therapy provides a unique opportunity to explore the unconscious patterns that keep us stuck. Therapy can help you make meaningful change to live the life you wish and to create the relationships you long for.
AUTHENTICITY, ALIVENESS, and CONNECTION are vital ingredients to living a healthy and meaningful life. Unfortunately these qualities do not always receive the proper attention needed to thrive. As a result, we develop coping strategies that often lead us to not getting what we want in life, leaving us feeling stuck, anxious, depressed, and hopeless. Therapy provides a unique opportunity to explore the unconscious patterns that keep us stuck. Therapy can help you make meaningful change to live the life you wish and to create the relationships you long for.
(415) 592-6652 View (415) 592-6652
Photo of Bay Area Somatics, a LCSW Corporation, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Bay Area Somatics, a LCSW Corporation
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
I aim to respect your autonomy as we journey together, creating a space for introspection. Therapy is tailored to your individual needs, drawing from psychodynamic, Somatic Experiencing, rational emotive behavioral therapies (REBT). Psychodynamic therapy addresses past experiences shaping negative cycles, while REBT targets limiting beliefs hindering growth. Somatic Experiencing is a method of rebalancing the nervous system aiding in trauma recovery by restoring balance. It utilizes the body’s innate healing systems to release stored trauma and return to a more desirable way of living. Your autonomy and ethics are top priority.
I aim to respect your autonomy as we journey together, creating a space for introspection. Therapy is tailored to your individual needs, drawing from psychodynamic, Somatic Experiencing, rational emotive behavioral therapies (REBT). Psychodynamic therapy addresses past experiences shaping negative cycles, while REBT targets limiting beliefs hindering growth. Somatic Experiencing is a method of rebalancing the nervous system aiding in trauma recovery by restoring balance. It utilizes the body’s innate healing systems to release stored trauma and return to a more desirable way of living. Your autonomy and ethics are top priority.
(510) 956-6233 View (510) 956-6233
Photo of Tim Tisdell, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Tim Tisdell
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
I am well trained as a licensed Clinical Psychologist with more than 20 years of experience providing individual therapy to children, adolescents and adults. I strive to create a genuine relationship with my clients to allow for collaborative exploration of the areas in their lives that interfere with personal fulfillment. My approach also involves listening actively, building trust, being curious, providing empathy, and making direct comments to help my clients develop greater awareness about themselves and the patterns in their lives that cause emotional distress or relationship difficulties. This allows my clients to grow and to live more meaningful lives.
I am well trained as a licensed Clinical Psychologist with more than 20 years of experience providing individual therapy to children, adolescents and adults. I strive to create a genuine relationship with my clients to allow for collaborative exploration of the areas in their lives that interfere with personal fulfillment. My approach also involves listening actively, building trust, being curious, providing empathy, and making direct comments to help my clients develop greater awareness about themselves and the patterns in their lives that cause emotional distress or relationship difficulties. This allows my clients to grow and to live more meaningful lives.
(510) 358-4819 View (510) 358-4819
Photo of Lara Weyland, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Lara Weyland
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611
I bring to my work understanding, compassion and extensive training as a psychotherapist and psychoanalyst. I have years of experience working with issues related to addiction; depression and anxiety; trauma; relationship, parenting, and family issues; life transition and questions like "What do I really want?" and "What is important to me?" I believe psychotherapy is a process that offers a way to understand troubling experiences and relationships that result in unhappiness, disappointments, and dissatisfaction, which build up over the course of life. Working with me offers new ways of thinking, feeling and relating.
I bring to my work understanding, compassion and extensive training as a psychotherapist and psychoanalyst. I have years of experience working with issues related to addiction; depression and anxiety; trauma; relationship, parenting, and family issues; life transition and questions like "What do I really want?" and "What is important to me?" I believe psychotherapy is a process that offers a way to understand troubling experiences and relationships that result in unhappiness, disappointments, and dissatisfaction, which build up over the course of life. Working with me offers new ways of thinking, feeling and relating.
(510) 878-4400 View (510) 878-4400
Photo of Morrighan MacGillivray, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Morrighan MacGillivray
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
I work with adults and youth navigating the oftentimes overwhelming and lonely experience of healing from complex relational trauma. Early trauma, whether from unmet needs or overt abuse, can warp our sense of self and imprison us in frozen fear, shame, or reactivity, impacting every aspect of our lives. Therapy can help us to find more freedom and connection - to all the lost and disowned parts of our psyches; to our amazingly resilient bodies, fiercely compassionate hearts and creative spirits; to other beings, community, and nature; to the present moment; to meaning and purpose; and to a felt sense of safety and possibility.
I work with adults and youth navigating the oftentimes overwhelming and lonely experience of healing from complex relational trauma. Early trauma, whether from unmet needs or overt abuse, can warp our sense of self and imprison us in frozen fear, shame, or reactivity, impacting every aspect of our lives. Therapy can help us to find more freedom and connection - to all the lost and disowned parts of our psyches; to our amazingly resilient bodies, fiercely compassionate hearts and creative spirits; to other beings, community, and nature; to the present moment; to meaning and purpose; and to a felt sense of safety and possibility.
View
Photo of Dallas Mark, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Dallas Mark
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
Difficulties in life limit one’s capacity to experience joy, to move through painful experiences with flexibility and strength, and to live fully. The difficulty might manifest as depression, anxiety, and perhaps just a feeling that more is possible. Is a persistent feeling of lethargy or being down keeping you from taking the steps you feel you need to take? Do you worry excessively about the future, or about what others think? Do you feel that you are missing something? Are you trying to come to terms with existential realities?
Difficulties in life limit one’s capacity to experience joy, to move through painful experiences with flexibility and strength, and to live fully. The difficulty might manifest as depression, anxiety, and perhaps just a feeling that more is possible. Is a persistent feeling of lethargy or being down keeping you from taking the steps you feel you need to take? Do you worry excessively about the future, or about what others think? Do you feel that you are missing something? Are you trying to come to terms with existential realities?
(510) 892-5765 View (510) 892-5765
Photo of Roy Bettencourt, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Roy Bettencourt
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94619
The only thing scarier than change, is thinking things will never change. We love our partner, yet we fear love may not be enough. The relationship seems stuck. We constantly miscommunicate. We fight even when there’s nothing wrong. It doesn’t have to be like this and we don't have to find a new partner to have a new relationship. I honor the courage and strength it takes to ask for help. Together we will slow down the process, identify harmful relational patterns, and replace those dysfunctional patterns with new more satisfying interactions.
The only thing scarier than change, is thinking things will never change. We love our partner, yet we fear love may not be enough. The relationship seems stuck. We constantly miscommunicate. We fight even when there’s nothing wrong. It doesn’t have to be like this and we don't have to find a new partner to have a new relationship. I honor the courage and strength it takes to ask for help. Together we will slow down the process, identify harmful relational patterns, and replace those dysfunctional patterns with new more satisfying interactions.
(925) 478-4934 View (925) 478-4934

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oakland, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Oakland, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
69% Grief
66% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

59% Aetna
48% Cigna and Evernorth
44% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Oakland, CA see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
22% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oakland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.