Therapists in Oakland, CA

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Photo of Steven Karwoski, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Oakland, CA
Steven Karwoski
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611  (Online Only)
I love helping people with all that life throws at us. Transitions such as moving to a new city, state or country or changing careers are not easy. Relationships, personal, family or work related often present struggles. As neurodivergent, I identify as jazz handsy, and enjoy working with the neurospicy. While teaching in the US and Europe I developed a high competency in providing psycho-education and psycho-social interventions. I am supervised by Natalie Webster MA. LMFT 126065, at Axis Mundi Center for Mental Health.
I love helping people with all that life throws at us. Transitions such as moving to a new city, state or country or changing careers are not easy. Relationships, personal, family or work related often present struggles. As neurodivergent, I identify as jazz handsy, and enjoy working with the neurospicy. While teaching in the US and Europe I developed a high competency in providing psycho-education and psycho-social interventions. I am supervised by Natalie Webster MA. LMFT 126065, at Axis Mundi Center for Mental Health.
(510) 726-0474 View (510) 726-0474
Photo of Dylan Christopher Johnson, Pre-Licensed Professional in Oakland, CA
Dylan Christopher Johnson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, APCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
My clients are people who are curious about exploring the relationship between body and psyche, and how the forming of each, influences and shapes the other. I am practicing through the auspices of Grateful Heart Holistic Therapy Center, a nonprofit organization providing affordable psychotherapy to children, teens, adults, couples, families and groups throughout San Francisco, the East Bay and Contra Costa County.
My clients are people who are curious about exploring the relationship between body and psyche, and how the forming of each, influences and shapes the other. I am practicing through the auspices of Grateful Heart Holistic Therapy Center, a nonprofit organization providing affordable psychotherapy to children, teens, adults, couples, families and groups throughout San Francisco, the East Bay and Contra Costa County.
(415) 991-7185 View (415) 991-7185
Photo of Rachel Cooke, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Rachel Cooke
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
Waitlist for new clients
Starting therapy is not easy, and I hope you'll soon feel comfortable with me because of how I listen and become interested in the details you bring, helping you start to feel safe and at ease. I'll listen to the layers of what you say, and do my best to notice patterns which you may be unaware of. Together we'll think about the present moment of your life, your history, your needs and desires, and what gets in the way of your greater happiness and satisfaction.
Starting therapy is not easy, and I hope you'll soon feel comfortable with me because of how I listen and become interested in the details you bring, helping you start to feel safe and at ease. I'll listen to the layers of what you say, and do my best to notice patterns which you may be unaware of. Together we'll think about the present moment of your life, your history, your needs and desires, and what gets in the way of your greater happiness and satisfaction.
(510) 374-4394 View (510) 374-4394
Photo of Mischa Freeman, Associate Clinical Social Worker in Oakland, CA
Mischa Freeman
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ACSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
Hi there, I’m glad you’re here. I know that looking for a therapist can be hard, especially when you’re hurting or feeling low. I may be able to help. You might feel lonely, anxious, or full of guilt…or you might not know what you feel. You may be confused about the choices you make in life, or you may feel frustrated with the unjust world you live in. Many critical thought patterns, painful feelings, and unwanted behaviors started out as survival strategies to protect us during difficult life experiences. These strategies helped us cope in the past, but can lead to conflict and suffering in the present.
Hi there, I’m glad you’re here. I know that looking for a therapist can be hard, especially when you’re hurting or feeling low. I may be able to help. You might feel lonely, anxious, or full of guilt…or you might not know what you feel. You may be confused about the choices you make in life, or you may feel frustrated with the unjust world you live in. Many critical thought patterns, painful feelings, and unwanted behaviors started out as survival strategies to protect us during difficult life experiences. These strategies helped us cope in the past, but can lead to conflict and suffering in the present.
(510) 949-3808 View (510) 949-3808
Photo of Alaina Kaufman, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Alaina Kaufman
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, CMT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Sometimes life feels overwhelming. It can feel like we are fighting against unmovable forces or desperately treading water to stay afloat. Whether we zone out and lose energy, or become hyper anxious in response to our troubles, our nervous system takes over to protect us. When this happens we may find ourselves engaging in behaviors or thought patterns that aren't actually serving us, but keeping us stuck in a loop. Whether you are dealing with issues around anxiety, perfectionism, control, self-esteem, body image, relationships, co-dependency, boundary setting, trauma, stress, depression, or grief, somatic therapy can help.
Sometimes life feels overwhelming. It can feel like we are fighting against unmovable forces or desperately treading water to stay afloat. Whether we zone out and lose energy, or become hyper anxious in response to our troubles, our nervous system takes over to protect us. When this happens we may find ourselves engaging in behaviors or thought patterns that aren't actually serving us, but keeping us stuck in a loop. Whether you are dealing with issues around anxiety, perfectionism, control, self-esteem, body image, relationships, co-dependency, boundary setting, trauma, stress, depression, or grief, somatic therapy can help.
(415) 914-9648 View (415) 914-9648
Photo of Shanna Sea Dew, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Shanna Sea Dew
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, 500-RYT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
As a complex trauma therapist, I specialize in a variety of modalities including: brainspotting, accelerated resolution therapy (ART), somatic experiencing, mindfulness meditation, and expressive arts. I work with teens and adults who have experienced childhood trauma.
As a complex trauma therapist, I specialize in a variety of modalities including: brainspotting, accelerated resolution therapy (ART), somatic experiencing, mindfulness meditation, and expressive arts. I work with teens and adults who have experienced childhood trauma.
(510) 288-5035 View (510) 288-5035
Photo of Theo Reynolds in Oakland, CA
Theo Reynolds
MA
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611  (Online Only)
I help you overcome your struggles in all your relationships and deepen your relationship with yourself. I guide people working with issues including relationship struggles, depression, trauma, anxiety, addiction, sexuality, loss and cultural disconnections. Using advanced modern therapy techniques, I can help support you with a wide array of problems. Couples and individuals have great success in finding more contentment in their lives by experiencing ways together to alleviate their suffering. Anger, sadness, fear and confusion will diminish and feelings of lightness, joy, peace of mind, stability and self-love will grow.
I help you overcome your struggles in all your relationships and deepen your relationship with yourself. I guide people working with issues including relationship struggles, depression, trauma, anxiety, addiction, sexuality, loss and cultural disconnections. Using advanced modern therapy techniques, I can help support you with a wide array of problems. Couples and individuals have great success in finding more contentment in their lives by experiencing ways together to alleviate their suffering. Anger, sadness, fear and confusion will diminish and feelings of lightness, joy, peace of mind, stability and self-love will grow.
(510) 681-0820 View (510) 681-0820
Photo of Akilah V. Vazquez, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Akilah V. Vazquez
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94605  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
There are things that happen in life that we try to overcome on our own but realize it has become too much to handle alone. You may be experiencing work related stress, conflict in your relationships, shame, grief, anxiety, depression, or a trauma. As a Therapist I want to support you heal those parts of yourself that hold you back. My goal is to support you in navigating, refining or developing skills to improve and enhance your life. I want to help restore, renew and heal yourself, relationships, life or work. Psychotherapy can be a difficult process; It is important to feel comfortable and safe as you go on this journey.
There are things that happen in life that we try to overcome on our own but realize it has become too much to handle alone. You may be experiencing work related stress, conflict in your relationships, shame, grief, anxiety, depression, or a trauma. As a Therapist I want to support you heal those parts of yourself that hold you back. My goal is to support you in navigating, refining or developing skills to improve and enhance your life. I want to help restore, renew and heal yourself, relationships, life or work. Psychotherapy can be a difficult process; It is important to feel comfortable and safe as you go on this journey.
(510) 466-1874 View (510) 466-1874
Photo of Naomi Drexler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Naomi Drexler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618  (Online Only)
Hello there, I am Naomi. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in private practice in the San Francisco Bay Area. I believe a caring, non-judgmental, and trusting relationship between a therapist and client can support meaningful self-exploration, create the safety needed to process painful emotions and experiences, and helps people experience deeper connection with themselves and others in their lives. My approach is warm, empathic, authentic, and collaborative. I strive to create trusting partnerships with clients that foster healing and growth.
Hello there, I am Naomi. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in private practice in the San Francisco Bay Area. I believe a caring, non-judgmental, and trusting relationship between a therapist and client can support meaningful self-exploration, create the safety needed to process painful emotions and experiences, and helps people experience deeper connection with themselves and others in their lives. My approach is warm, empathic, authentic, and collaborative. I strive to create trusting partnerships with clients that foster healing and growth.
(510) 880-4086 View (510) 880-4086
Photo of Cathy A Thompson, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Cathy A Thompson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
I enjoy working with folks who need support in managing a wide variety of issues from self-esteem and identity concerns to the stress of dealing with multiple roles, relationships, and life demands (as students, partners, friends, parents, new professionals, family members, community activists, etc.) My clinical interests include multicultural and women's issues, racial/ethnic identity development (especially among biracial/multi-racial/ethnic/cultural individuals), sexual and gender identity development, adjustment and transition issues, and building healthy relationships through assertive communication and positive self-esteem.
I enjoy working with folks who need support in managing a wide variety of issues from self-esteem and identity concerns to the stress of dealing with multiple roles, relationships, and life demands (as students, partners, friends, parents, new professionals, family members, community activists, etc.) My clinical interests include multicultural and women's issues, racial/ethnic identity development (especially among biracial/multi-racial/ethnic/cultural individuals), sexual and gender identity development, adjustment and transition issues, and building healthy relationships through assertive communication and positive self-esteem.
(858) 925-5901 View (858) 925-5901
Photo of Barbara Moura, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Barbara Moura
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
Sometimes the coping strategies that we use no longer work for us. And the usual support systems we turn to, are at times just not enough. Therapy can be an added support to help us figure out new strategies to cope with the challenges and times of transition in our lives. I provide a calm and reflective space, where together we will reach a deeper understanding of what holds you back and what changes you need to make to live your life more fully. Some areas of specialization include women's issues, perinatal and postnatal disorders, early parenting and cancer.
Sometimes the coping strategies that we use no longer work for us. And the usual support systems we turn to, are at times just not enough. Therapy can be an added support to help us figure out new strategies to cope with the challenges and times of transition in our lives. I provide a calm and reflective space, where together we will reach a deeper understanding of what holds you back and what changes you need to make to live your life more fully. Some areas of specialization include women's issues, perinatal and postnatal disorders, early parenting and cancer.
(510) 257-9374 View (510) 257-9374
Photo of Emmanuelle Martin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Emmanuelle Martin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
All things motherhood and fertility. Stress related to infertility and IVF, planning to conceive and unpartnered, single mothers by choice, single fathers by choice, childless not by choice, postpartum depression, recurrent pregnancy loss, relationship discord, and all the difficult feelings that tag along. My goal is to help you navigate the path you're on and with a solution focused approach, help you find clarity, resolution and empowerment.
All things motherhood and fertility. Stress related to infertility and IVF, planning to conceive and unpartnered, single mothers by choice, single fathers by choice, childless not by choice, postpartum depression, recurrent pregnancy loss, relationship discord, and all the difficult feelings that tag along. My goal is to help you navigate the path you're on and with a solution focused approach, help you find clarity, resolution and empowerment.
(510) 880-1266 View (510) 880-1266
Photo of Michael Y. Simon, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Michael Y. Simon, LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94602
Therapy should not and cannot be "one size fits all." It should be rooted in a consistent, deep effort to understand who you are and what you need, in relation to the resources you have near you. Therapy should also be practical and offer some fairly immediate results, even though bigger change takes time. It's ultimately about collaboration, and the formation of a helpful relationship. Although I have 25 years of clinical experience to bring to our work, it is more important that you feel we have a good match as we enter this work together. I trust that after we talk, you'll know whether it seems like the right match.
Therapy should not and cannot be "one size fits all." It should be rooted in a consistent, deep effort to understand who you are and what you need, in relation to the resources you have near you. Therapy should also be practical and offer some fairly immediate results, even though bigger change takes time. It's ultimately about collaboration, and the formation of a helpful relationship. Although I have 25 years of clinical experience to bring to our work, it is more important that you feel we have a good match as we enter this work together. I trust that after we talk, you'll know whether it seems like the right match.
(510) 343-7369 View (510) 343-7369
Photo of April Jourdan, Licensed Educational Psychologist in Oakland, CA
April Jourdan
Licensed Educational Psychologist, PhD, LEP, ABSNP, BCBA-D
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611
I have worked in education for over 20 years. I obtained a Ph.D. in Counseling and Human Development. I am also a Licensed Educational Psychologist (LEP#3002), Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA-D#1-11-9745), and a Diplomat from the American Board of School Neuropsychology (ABSNP#10246). In addition, I hold a Pupil Personnel Services (PPS) Credential in the areas of: Counseling, Child Welfare and Attendance, and School Psychology. My areas of special training and expertise include school neuropsychological evaluations, functional behavioral assessments, and treatment planning for a range of neurodevelopmental disorders that affect learning and behavior.
I have worked in education for over 20 years. I obtained a Ph.D. in Counseling and Human Development. I am also a Licensed Educational Psychologist (LEP#3002), Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA-D#1-11-9745), and a Diplomat from the American Board of School Neuropsychology (ABSNP#10246). In addition, I hold a Pupil Personnel Services (PPS) Credential in the areas of: Counseling, Child Welfare and Attendance, and School Psychology. My areas of special training and expertise include school neuropsychological evaluations, functional behavioral assessments, and treatment planning for a range of neurodevelopmental disorders that affect learning and behavior.
(628) 400-0469 View (628) 400-0469
Photo of Liz M Fitzgerald, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Liz M Fitzgerald
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, PPS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
Not accepting new clients
I create a trusting and safe space for your child to express their thoughts and feelings, without judgment, and I will normalize their experiences and help you have a deeper understanding of what your child is going through. We will work together collaboratively. You as parents are the expert on your child and family. I am there as a support and facilitator- making the first step in asking for help is the most crucial step in the journey of repairing.
I create a trusting and safe space for your child to express their thoughts and feelings, without judgment, and I will normalize their experiences and help you have a deeper understanding of what your child is going through. We will work together collaboratively. You as parents are the expert on your child and family. I am there as a support and facilitator- making the first step in asking for help is the most crucial step in the journey of repairing.
(510) 930-1771 View (510) 930-1771
Photo of Jessee Lovegood, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Jessee Lovegood
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
Folks come to therapy for a variety of reasons that all boil down to change, whether they're struggling to handle it or make it. Many of my clients' lives don't align with societal norms, either intentionally coloring outside the lines or struggling to fit in. Folks may find themselves overwhelmed, dealing with big emotions, the effects of complex or single-event trauma, complex medical issues, or chronic pain. I am passionate about working with the LGBTQ+ - including trans kids and their families, disabled, and neurodiverse populations. I like to work with individuals, couples, polycules, and families of all shapes and sizes.
Folks come to therapy for a variety of reasons that all boil down to change, whether they're struggling to handle it or make it. Many of my clients' lives don't align with societal norms, either intentionally coloring outside the lines or struggling to fit in. Folks may find themselves overwhelmed, dealing with big emotions, the effects of complex or single-event trauma, complex medical issues, or chronic pain. I am passionate about working with the LGBTQ+ - including trans kids and their families, disabled, and neurodiverse populations. I like to work with individuals, couples, polycules, and families of all shapes and sizes.
(510) 240-8070 View (510) 240-8070
Photo of Jenna Smith-Soper, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Jenna Smith-Soper
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94603
My name is Jenna Smith and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist based out of San Diego, California. I have experience working with adolescents and young adults and specialize in anger management, depression, anxiety, stress management, and post-traumatic stress disorder. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, and Emotionally-Focused Individual Therapy to support my clients in understanding their thoughts, emotions, and attachment wounds in order to heal and grow.
My name is Jenna Smith and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist based out of San Diego, California. I have experience working with adolescents and young adults and specialize in anger management, depression, anxiety, stress management, and post-traumatic stress disorder. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, and Emotionally-Focused Individual Therapy to support my clients in understanding their thoughts, emotions, and attachment wounds in order to heal and grow.
(341) 888-7404 View (341) 888-7404
Photo of Alisa Jacobo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Alisa Jacobo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
Alisa is a bilingual (English/Spanish)/bi-cultural licensed clinical social worker with experience working with children, adolescents, adults, couples, and their families. Alisa centers her work on building a strong therapeutic relationship; providing a safe, non-judgmental space for clients to explore themselves, past experiences, and their relationships with others.
Alisa is a bilingual (English/Spanish)/bi-cultural licensed clinical social worker with experience working with children, adolescents, adults, couples, and their families. Alisa centers her work on building a strong therapeutic relationship; providing a safe, non-judgmental space for clients to explore themselves, past experiences, and their relationships with others.
(510) 327-3145 View (510) 327-3145
Photo of Sharon Jones, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Sharon Jones
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Not accepting new clients
My goal is to promote and encourage good mental health with a person-centered approach. To help clients acquire coping skills that will raise self esteem, and overall well being. To support and encourage clients not only in therapy, but outside as well. To assist in accessing community resources as well as family support if appropriate, and friends.
My goal is to promote and encourage good mental health with a person-centered approach. To help clients acquire coping skills that will raise self esteem, and overall well being. To support and encourage clients not only in therapy, but outside as well. To assist in accessing community resources as well as family support if appropriate, and friends.
(510) 345-0367 View (510) 345-0367
Photo of Erik Vincent Kahn, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Erik Vincent Kahn
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94608
I bring forth a comprehensive and compassionate approach to psychotherapy. My practice is rooted in embodiment and practicality, aiming to foster profound insights and sustainable growth. Through a collaborative journey marked by playfulness and genuine curiosity, you will embark on a transformative exploration of your inner world. Together, we will uncover the intricacies of your psyche, guiding you towards a deeper connection with your core self and a heightened sense of resilience.
I bring forth a comprehensive and compassionate approach to psychotherapy. My practice is rooted in embodiment and practicality, aiming to foster profound insights and sustainable growth. Through a collaborative journey marked by playfulness and genuine curiosity, you will embark on a transformative exploration of your inner world. Together, we will uncover the intricacies of your psyche, guiding you towards a deeper connection with your core self and a heightened sense of resilience.
(510) 916-2529 View (510) 916-2529

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oakland, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Oakland, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
69% Grief
66% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

59% Aetna
48% Cigna and Evernorth
44% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Oakland, CA see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oakland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.