Therapists in Columbia, MO

Photo of Emily Paulsen, Licensed Professional Counselor in Columbia, MO
Emily Paulsen
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, SEP, NARM
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbia, MO 65203
Waitlist for new clients
I believe fear of judgment and shame often make us feel like we have to go through things alone. I provide a nonjudgmental and supportive environment for you to be able to process your struggles. We will work together to explore how we can address what is getting in the way of what you truly want for yourself. I have worked with clients with many different types of problems but my specialties are in working with eating disorders, trauma, and anxiety disorders. Regardless of the type of struggle, my hope is to help empower my clients to realize their true inner strength and resiliency.
I believe fear of judgment and shame often make us feel like we have to go through things alone. I provide a nonjudgmental and supportive environment for you to be able to process your struggles. We will work together to explore how we can address what is getting in the way of what you truly want for yourself. I have worked with clients with many different types of problems but my specialties are in working with eating disorders, trauma, and anxiety disorders. Regardless of the type of struggle, my hope is to help empower my clients to realize their true inner strength and resiliency.
(573) 575-4025 View (573) 575-4025
Photo of Sarah Galatta, Licensed Professional Counselor in Columbia, MO
Sarah Galatta
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Columbia, MO 65203
Tried other therapies and not feeling quite satisfied? I like to use different modalities to help a client feel “unstuck”. I am skilled in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and certified in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy. With both therapies I like to take an active approach in setting goals and working towards these goals in an empathic and effective way. We will be a team working towards the same goals of helping you live your best life from here forward!
Tried other therapies and not feeling quite satisfied? I like to use different modalities to help a client feel “unstuck”. I am skilled in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and certified in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy. With both therapies I like to take an active approach in setting goals and working towards these goals in an empathic and effective way. We will be a team working towards the same goals of helping you live your best life from here forward!
(573) 367-4952 View (573) 367-4952
Photo of Aimee George, Pre-Licensed Professional in Columbia, MO
Aimee George
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, PLPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbia, MO 65203
Hi! My name is Aimee (she/her/hers) and I am happy you’re here. In the words of Carl Rogers, “The curious paradox is that when I accept myself just as I am, then I can change.” Acceptance is an essential component of change. I will accept you just as you are and help you learn to fully accept yourself. Together, through a mindfulness approach, we will begin to work towards the life you desire. We will explore your thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations to gain self-awareness. I will assist in helping you track and modify behaviors that you have the desire to change.
Hi! My name is Aimee (she/her/hers) and I am happy you’re here. In the words of Carl Rogers, “The curious paradox is that when I accept myself just as I am, then I can change.” Acceptance is an essential component of change. I will accept you just as you are and help you learn to fully accept yourself. Together, through a mindfulness approach, we will begin to work towards the life you desire. We will explore your thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations to gain self-awareness. I will assist in helping you track and modify behaviors that you have the desire to change.
(573) 531-5138 View (573) 531-5138
Photo of Andrea Wiele, Pre-Licensed Professional in Columbia, MO
Andrea Wiele
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, PLPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Columbia, MO 65203
Do you find yourself struggling through day-to-day life? Whether you’re going through a big life transition such as a divorce or a new baby, or you find yourself anxious or depressed for a reason you can’t seem to figure out, you may need someone to help. I can walk with you through the ups and downs of your life, listening without judgment and helping you get to the root of the issue.
Do you find yourself struggling through day-to-day life? Whether you’re going through a big life transition such as a divorce or a new baby, or you find yourself anxious or depressed for a reason you can’t seem to figure out, you may need someone to help. I can walk with you through the ups and downs of your life, listening without judgment and helping you get to the root of the issue.
(573) 299-0943 View (573) 299-0943
Photo of Bethany Wybert, Licensed Professional Counselor in Columbia, MO
Bethany Wybert
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbia, MO 65201
You’re feeling broken. I can help you pick up the pieces. You want more out of life. Maybe you want a more healthy, vibrant marriage. Maybe you want to let go of anger and resentments from past traumas that are stealing your peace and joy today. Maybe you want to say “no” more-without feeling guilty. You are not your problems. You are full of possibilities that are just waiting to be discovered.
You’re feeling broken. I can help you pick up the pieces. You want more out of life. Maybe you want a more healthy, vibrant marriage. Maybe you want to let go of anger and resentments from past traumas that are stealing your peace and joy today. Maybe you want to say “no” more-without feeling guilty. You are not your problems. You are full of possibilities that are just waiting to be discovered.
(573) 679-3439 View (573) 679-3439
Photo of Xander Kennedy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Columbia, MO
Xander Kennedy
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MEd
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65203
A strong therapeutic relationship is the key to effective counseling and achieving positive change. Whether you are the parent of a child who is struggling in this post-pandemic world, a young adult feeling overwhelmed with various aspects of life, or an older individual striving to put things back in order, I'm here to help and look forward to establishing a positive rapport with you or your child.
A strong therapeutic relationship is the key to effective counseling and achieving positive change. Whether you are the parent of a child who is struggling in this post-pandemic world, a young adult feeling overwhelmed with various aspects of life, or an older individual striving to put things back in order, I'm here to help and look forward to establishing a positive rapport with you or your child.
(573) 261-5715 View (573) 261-5715
Photo of Lauren Ripley, Licensed Professional Counselor in Columbia, MO
Lauren Ripley
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65203  (Online Only)
I provide a genuine and authentic space to validate your feelings, and help you figure out what your strengths are, allowing us to use that to your advantage. Everyone goes through tough times and just because you may think that people have it 'worse' than you, doesn't discount your experiences. Life is complicated and difficult, the last thing anyone needs is any shame or pressure for struggling. You're stronger than you realize and I'll be here along side you to remind you!
I provide a genuine and authentic space to validate your feelings, and help you figure out what your strengths are, allowing us to use that to your advantage. Everyone goes through tough times and just because you may think that people have it 'worse' than you, doesn't discount your experiences. Life is complicated and difficult, the last thing anyone needs is any shame or pressure for struggling. You're stronger than you realize and I'll be here along side you to remind you!
(573) 570-3559 View (573) 570-3559
Photo of Human Dynamics, Inc., Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbia, MO
Human Dynamics, Inc.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65203
Founded in 1984, Human Dynamics, Inc. is an association of independent practioners offering psychological services to individuals, couples, families, and children.  Each individual therapist brings a unique approach to his/her clients and has a diverse professional background.  
Founded in 1984, Human Dynamics, Inc. is an association of independent practioners offering psychological services to individuals, couples, families, and children.  Each individual therapist brings a unique approach to his/her clients and has a diverse professional background.  
(573) 535-5765 View (573) 535-5765
Photo of Jessie Back, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbia, MO
Jessie Back
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbia, MO 65203
I have a true passion for working with older adults and caregivers. I have worked with this population both in residential and community settings. I also have experience working in substance abuse and with individuals living with chronic illness. I enjoy not only individual work, but also working with couples and families to initiate and maintain change within the family system. Some issues I commonly work with include: depression, grief and loss, spirituality, life review, caregiver stress, interpersonal relationship problems, and anxiety.
I have a true passion for working with older adults and caregivers. I have worked with this population both in residential and community settings. I also have experience working in substance abuse and with individuals living with chronic illness. I enjoy not only individual work, but also working with couples and families to initiate and maintain change within the family system. Some issues I commonly work with include: depression, grief and loss, spirituality, life review, caregiver stress, interpersonal relationship problems, and anxiety.
(573) 561-5022 x1015 View (573) 561-5022 x1015
Photo of Kelsey Rosson, LPC Intern in Columbia, MO
Kelsey Rosson
LPC Intern
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbia, MO 65203  (Online Only)
Feelings and emotions, ugh. They can make or break our day sometimes. It’s ok, let’s talk about it. Life is hard, but you do not have to do it alone. Everyday burdens can feel unbearable or too hard to manage on your own. It takes alot of courage to take the first step and ask for help. You are searching for a therapist because you know something has to change, you want to feel better, you need to overcome things in your life that have held you back. There is no better time than today to make yourself a priority, grow, and become your best self. My goal is to meet you wherever you are and help you achieve the life you want.
Feelings and emotions, ugh. They can make or break our day sometimes. It’s ok, let’s talk about it. Life is hard, but you do not have to do it alone. Everyday burdens can feel unbearable or too hard to manage on your own. It takes alot of courage to take the first step and ask for help. You are searching for a therapist because you know something has to change, you want to feel better, you need to overcome things in your life that have held you back. There is no better time than today to make yourself a priority, grow, and become your best self. My goal is to meet you wherever you are and help you achieve the life you want.
(573) 294-2254 View (573) 294-2254
Photo of Columbia Psychology Healing Center LLC, Psychologist in Columbia, MO
Columbia Psychology Healing Center LLC
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65202
You are a unique individual wonderfully created to do amazing things. It is my passion to get to know you through a thorough, collaborative evaluation that facilitates your healing journey to your true identity. A psychological evaluation is the closest thing we have in the mental health field to a full physical health exam. You deserve more than just a surface look at what makes you YOU. Dr. Emily has experience since 2009 doing comprehensive psychological evaluations with teens (ages 16 and up) and adults. Note: NOT in insurance networks.
You are a unique individual wonderfully created to do amazing things. It is my passion to get to know you through a thorough, collaborative evaluation that facilitates your healing journey to your true identity. A psychological evaluation is the closest thing we have in the mental health field to a full physical health exam. You deserve more than just a surface look at what makes you YOU. Dr. Emily has experience since 2009 doing comprehensive psychological evaluations with teens (ages 16 and up) and adults. Note: NOT in insurance networks.
(573) 609-8283 View (573) 609-8283
Photo of Patrick Kane, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbia, MO
Patrick Kane
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, DCSW
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65201
Men, women, individual and relationship therapy. Dr. Pam Mauch and I created True Love Ways Relationship Success tools. We can teach you communication skills that will not only help you prevent destructive arguments, they will also help you enjoy a more safe loving relationship. Safety in relationships keeps people together. We developed these skills over the last thirty years working with couples and individuals. I specialize in working with men, women, couples, and families with adolescents. I have training, skills and experience working with addictions and codependency. The Men’s Support Group I started in 1994 still meets.
Men, women, individual and relationship therapy. Dr. Pam Mauch and I created True Love Ways Relationship Success tools. We can teach you communication skills that will not only help you prevent destructive arguments, they will also help you enjoy a more safe loving relationship. Safety in relationships keeps people together. We developed these skills over the last thirty years working with couples and individuals. I specialize in working with men, women, couples, and families with adolescents. I have training, skills and experience working with addictions and codependency. The Men’s Support Group I started in 1994 still meets.
(573) 245-1352 View (573) 245-1352
Photo of Stacy Zorn, Licensed Professional Counselor in Columbia, MO
Stacy Zorn
Licensed Professional Counselor, CCATP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Columbia, MO 65203
Your past doesn't define you; it informs you. Painful feelings and many of life's experiences can be difficult to work through alone. I work with individuals who want to examine their self-limiting thoughts, understand how to process/regulate their emotions and elevate their self-esteem, self-compassion and confidence. Others need someone who understands how to heal from relational abuse and parent wounds. Maybe it's relief from stress and anxiety that brought you here, or relationship distress. My intention is to support you with curiosity and compassion and help you heal the wounds that have kept you from knowing peace & thriving.
Your past doesn't define you; it informs you. Painful feelings and many of life's experiences can be difficult to work through alone. I work with individuals who want to examine their self-limiting thoughts, understand how to process/regulate their emotions and elevate their self-esteem, self-compassion and confidence. Others need someone who understands how to heal from relational abuse and parent wounds. Maybe it's relief from stress and anxiety that brought you here, or relationship distress. My intention is to support you with curiosity and compassion and help you heal the wounds that have kept you from knowing peace & thriving.
(573) 641-8680 View (573) 641-8680
Photo of Empower Therapeutic Services, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Columbia, MO
Empower Therapeutic Services, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65202
Most of us aren't really sure why we think what we do about ourselves, where our insecurities have come from, and sometimes whether or not anything in our lives, now or previously, really rises to the level of trauma. I've seen many clients who don't understand how they can be so anxious, so critical of themselves, or so depressed. After all, they have a loving family and a good support system, so it "doesn't really make sense to complain". Yet, culture, imperfect parents having imperfect moments, misunderstood messages and so many other things leave us with imperfect views of ourselves.
Most of us aren't really sure why we think what we do about ourselves, where our insecurities have come from, and sometimes whether or not anything in our lives, now or previously, really rises to the level of trauma. I've seen many clients who don't understand how they can be so anxious, so critical of themselves, or so depressed. After all, they have a loving family and a good support system, so it "doesn't really make sense to complain". Yet, culture, imperfect parents having imperfect moments, misunderstood messages and so many other things leave us with imperfect views of ourselves.
(573) 928-2369 View (573) 928-2369
Photo of Anna Cox, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbia, MO
Anna Cox
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbia, MO 65201
If you know something needs to change, but feel lost and unsure of where to begin, you're not alone. Life can be challenging, and most people aren't given all the tools they need to be successful. It can leave you feeling emotionally overwhelmed and exhausted by everything you're trying to manage. I believe in the power of transformation and growth. My approach centers around helping you repair what's within your control and develop resilience against what isn't. Life's unpredictability can test us, but together, we'll work on building your inner strength and navigating all that comes your way.
If you know something needs to change, but feel lost and unsure of where to begin, you're not alone. Life can be challenging, and most people aren't given all the tools they need to be successful. It can leave you feeling emotionally overwhelmed and exhausted by everything you're trying to manage. I believe in the power of transformation and growth. My approach centers around helping you repair what's within your control and develop resilience against what isn't. Life's unpredictability can test us, but together, we'll work on building your inner strength and navigating all that comes your way.
(573) 549-3940 View (573) 549-3940
Photo of Emily Barnes, Pre-Licensed Professional in Columbia, MO
Emily Barnes
Pre-Licensed Professional, PLPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbia, MO 65203
College and entrance into adulthood is hard! You’re still figuring out who you are, what you want to do, and how you want to live. Maybe you find yourself struggling with friendships or dating relationships in ways you haven’t before. Or you might feel lost and confused about your identity and who you want to be. Maybe you’re realizing, potentially for the first time, that the way you grew up isn’t “normal” and isn’t what you actually needed or wanted. So many transitions and challenges are happening and you may feel ill-equipped to deal with them. Let me help you navigate the questions and obstacles you are currently facing.
College and entrance into adulthood is hard! You’re still figuring out who you are, what you want to do, and how you want to live. Maybe you find yourself struggling with friendships or dating relationships in ways you haven’t before. Or you might feel lost and confused about your identity and who you want to be. Maybe you’re realizing, potentially for the first time, that the way you grew up isn’t “normal” and isn’t what you actually needed or wanted. So many transitions and challenges are happening and you may feel ill-equipped to deal with them. Let me help you navigate the questions and obstacles you are currently facing.
(573) 538-3813 View (573) 538-3813
Photo of Shannon Abell, Pre-Licensed Professional in Columbia, MO
Shannon Abell
Pre-Licensed Professional, PLPC, MSCC, NCC, CGP
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65203
Through work with individuals aged teen through adulthood and couples in various differing relationships alike, I have developed expertise in areas like attachment, blended families, and depression and anxiety. I have a strong foundation as a caring and supportive counselor and aim to make a meaningful difference in people’s lives. I welcome the opportunity to have my skills challenged and strengthened through experiences and living life.
Through work with individuals aged teen through adulthood and couples in various differing relationships alike, I have developed expertise in areas like attachment, blended families, and depression and anxiety. I have a strong foundation as a caring and supportive counselor and aim to make a meaningful difference in people’s lives. I welcome the opportunity to have my skills challenged and strengthened through experiences and living life.
(573) 531-3636 View (573) 531-3636
Photo of Jaxon Jaay Kobey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbia, MO
Jaxon Jaay Kobey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbia, MO 65201
Many teens and adults exploring their gender feel uncertain or alone. It might feel like those around you don’t (or won’t) get it, or you may be afraid to talk to them about it. You may still be learning who you are, and how to love yourself. I’ve been through this process personally, and I get it. There’s a lot going on, and a lot to understand. If you’re at this kind of important moment in your life, I’m here to be an accepting person to guide you through this time.
Many teens and adults exploring their gender feel uncertain or alone. It might feel like those around you don’t (or won’t) get it, or you may be afraid to talk to them about it. You may still be learning who you are, and how to love yourself. I’ve been through this process personally, and I get it. There’s a lot going on, and a lot to understand. If you’re at this kind of important moment in your life, I’m here to be an accepting person to guide you through this time.
(573) 269-3437 View (573) 269-3437
Photo of Mikayla Wichern, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbia, MO
Mikayla Wichern
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65202  (Online Only)
It's starting to feel like your day-to-day challenges are taking over your life, and you're looking for a way to make sense of the chaos. It's starting to feel like there's no end in sight. You're seeking some kind of relief from constant anxiety, a break from overwhelming thoughts, and a path to regain control. Your goal is to find balance, rediscover normalcy, and confidently move forward. You desire effective strategies tailored to your personal experience and a therapist who genuinely understands – someone committed to walking this journey with you, offering both understanding and practical, supportive steps.
It's starting to feel like your day-to-day challenges are taking over your life, and you're looking for a way to make sense of the chaos. It's starting to feel like there's no end in sight. You're seeking some kind of relief from constant anxiety, a break from overwhelming thoughts, and a path to regain control. Your goal is to find balance, rediscover normalcy, and confidently move forward. You desire effective strategies tailored to your personal experience and a therapist who genuinely understands – someone committed to walking this journey with you, offering both understanding and practical, supportive steps.
(573) 490-3460 View (573) 490-3460
Photo of David Salazar Counseling PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbia, MO
David Salazar Counseling PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Columbia, MO 65201  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I live in Missouri but only work with clients in Washington State due to being licensed there. A therapy session with me is more of a conversation and a collaborative effort between myself and the client. Each person is the expert of their own life and has the ability to recognize tools that may help improve their situation. In therapy, you will receive support and assistance in gaining insight into the issues you are facing. Whether it’s ongoing issues or a recent event; together we'll work to achieve your goals.
I live in Missouri but only work with clients in Washington State due to being licensed there. A therapy session with me is more of a conversation and a collaborative effort between myself and the client. Each person is the expert of their own life and has the ability to recognize tools that may help improve their situation. In therapy, you will receive support and assistance in gaining insight into the issues you are facing. Whether it’s ongoing issues or a recent event; together we'll work to achieve your goals.
(425) 389-4114 View (425) 389-4114

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Columbia, MO

200+

Average cost per session

$120

Therapists in Columbia, MO who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
84% Depression
74% Relationship Issues
71% Self Esteem
71% Stress
69% Coping Skills
66% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
72% Aetna
69% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Columbia, MO see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
22% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Columbia?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.