Therapists in Newton, MA

Photo of Asraa Alfatlawi, Counselor in Newton, MA
Asraa Alfatlawi
Counselor, Asraa A, LMHC
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02466  (Online Only)
Covid-19 NOTICE: All appointments are telehealth (Online) sessions) In times of stress and uncertainty we all need someone that can help us focus on our mental health and well-being in the best way possible. Sometimes that comes in the form of therapy. I specialize in working with women who have been through trauma or difficult life experiences and are suffering as a result. As a psychotherapist, I have experience working with clients struggling with depression, anxiety disorders, PTSD, family relationships and trauma.
Covid-19 NOTICE: All appointments are telehealth (Online) sessions) In times of stress and uncertainty we all need someone that can help us focus on our mental health and well-being in the best way possible. Sometimes that comes in the form of therapy. I specialize in working with women who have been through trauma or difficult life experiences and are suffering as a result. As a psychotherapist, I have experience working with clients struggling with depression, anxiety disorders, PTSD, family relationships and trauma.
(781) 524-7066 View (781) 524-7066
Rhoda Sue Grill
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02459
I work actively and collaboratively with my clients, addressing the obstacles that may be preventing them from achieving their goals in life, in the arenas of both work and relationship. I am experienced with a range of issues, including such challenges as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, self-esteem problems, grief and loss. I work with individuals, couples and families.
I work actively and collaboratively with my clients, addressing the obstacles that may be preventing them from achieving their goals in life, in the arenas of both work and relationship. I am experienced with a range of issues, including such challenges as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, self-esteem problems, grief and loss. I work with individuals, couples and families.
(617) 299-7313 View (617) 299-7313
Photo of Michael Jablon, Psychologist in Newton, MA
Michael Jablon
Psychologist, EdD
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02460  (Online Only)
At work, are you so overwhelmed by stress that it inhibits clear thinking and decreases concentration. Is it difficult to remain focused? Is your anxiety so intense that your heart races, making it difficult to breathe? Do you sometimes experience panic attacks? Have you recently observed your high school or college student experiencing high levels of anxiety, stress, or sadness? Are there clear signs that they are not functioning at their usual level? Have their grades dropped, are they socializing less, are they complaining that they are sad or having trouble sleeping?
At work, are you so overwhelmed by stress that it inhibits clear thinking and decreases concentration. Is it difficult to remain focused? Is your anxiety so intense that your heart races, making it difficult to breathe? Do you sometimes experience panic attacks? Have you recently observed your high school or college student experiencing high levels of anxiety, stress, or sadness? Are there clear signs that they are not functioning at their usual level? Have their grades dropped, are they socializing less, are they complaining that they are sad or having trouble sleeping?
(857) 240-9652 View (857) 240-9652
Photo of Jesse D Kosiba, Psychologist in Newton, MA
Jesse D Kosiba
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02459
I am a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in the assessment and treatment of addictions, substance use problems, anxiety and mood disorders, and persistent pain conditions. My therapeutic approach is built on thoughtful collaboration as a foundation for meaningful and lasting change. I believe that therapy is most effective when approached in a supportive and flexible manner and grounded in the most up-to-date evidence-based treatments. In terms of substance use/addictions, I work with clients to carefully identify and work toward their goals regardless of moderation or abstinence.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in the assessment and treatment of addictions, substance use problems, anxiety and mood disorders, and persistent pain conditions. My therapeutic approach is built on thoughtful collaboration as a foundation for meaningful and lasting change. I believe that therapy is most effective when approached in a supportive and flexible manner and grounded in the most up-to-date evidence-based treatments. In terms of substance use/addictions, I work with clients to carefully identify and work toward their goals regardless of moderation or abstinence.
(857) 340-5579 View (857) 340-5579
Photo of Center for Cognitive Testing, Psychologist in Newton, MA
Center for Cognitive Testing
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02468
If you're struggling to keep up, feeling scattered, or just always sensed you were different, you might be right. Dr. Patt specializes in assessments that help you understand how your brain works. Whether you suspect ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), or something else, these evaluations provide insight. It's about more than getting a diagnosis; Dr. Patt's goal is to empower you with a clear picture of your unique strengths, pinpoint any challenges, and develop targeted strategies for success. She also has extensive experience working in memory research and diagnosing functioning while providing insights.
If you're struggling to keep up, feeling scattered, or just always sensed you were different, you might be right. Dr. Patt specializes in assessments that help you understand how your brain works. Whether you suspect ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), or something else, these evaluations provide insight. It's about more than getting a diagnosis; Dr. Patt's goal is to empower you with a clear picture of your unique strengths, pinpoint any challenges, and develop targeted strategies for success. She also has extensive experience working in memory research and diagnosing functioning while providing insights.
(617) 766-1805 View (617) 766-1805
Photo of Sam Langstein - BaMidbar Therapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newton, MA
Sam Langstein - BaMidbar Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02459
I believe that we are all in a constant process of transformation and change. Sometimes, this process feels slow and almost unnoticeable. But sometimes this process of change can feel sudden, intense, or overwhelming. Wherever my clients are in their process of transformation, my goal is to steward them safely towards the changes they most want to have in their lives. These might be changes in thought patterns and deeply-held beliefs, or changes to the tangible routine of their daily life, or changes in the direction of their life's path.
I believe that we are all in a constant process of transformation and change. Sometimes, this process feels slow and almost unnoticeable. But sometimes this process of change can feel sudden, intense, or overwhelming. Wherever my clients are in their process of transformation, my goal is to steward them safely towards the changes they most want to have in their lives. These might be changes in thought patterns and deeply-held beliefs, or changes to the tangible routine of their daily life, or changes in the direction of their life's path.
(781) 556-6718 View (781) 556-6718
Photo of Mark Medina, Counselor in Newton, MA
Mark Medina
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02459  (Online Only)
Mark Medina is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) has over 6 years of experience in providing clinical and evidence-based treatment to children, teenagers, adults, and families seeking assistance with a variety of presentations including but not limited to depression, anxiety, trauma, substance use disorders, relationships, adjustments, grief, and overall stress. Mark's professional history includes working in a psychiatric hospital treating substance use and co-occurring disorders, in an outpatient setting working with individuals, and in the community setting working with children and their families.
Mark Medina is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) has over 6 years of experience in providing clinical and evidence-based treatment to children, teenagers, adults, and families seeking assistance with a variety of presentations including but not limited to depression, anxiety, trauma, substance use disorders, relationships, adjustments, grief, and overall stress. Mark's professional history includes working in a psychiatric hospital treating substance use and co-occurring disorders, in an outpatient setting working with individuals, and in the community setting working with children and their families.
(339) 244-7023 View (339) 244-7023
Photo of Milana Mazurkevich, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newton, MA
Milana Mazurkevich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02459
We all lose our way sometimes and I believe that seeking help when we are facing life's many challenges, is an act of courage. It is very important to feel a connection with the therapist that you choose. My approach is warm, caring and interactive. I create a non-judgmental and supportive environment for you to explore and heal while also challenging and engaging you to help you achieve your goals.
We all lose our way sometimes and I believe that seeking help when we are facing life's many challenges, is an act of courage. It is very important to feel a connection with the therapist that you choose. My approach is warm, caring and interactive. I create a non-judgmental and supportive environment for you to explore and heal while also challenging and engaging you to help you achieve your goals.
(617) 616-8606 View (617) 616-8606
Photo of Nikki Huijun Li, Pre-Licensed Professional in Newton, MA
Nikki Huijun Li
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, R-DMT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Newton, MA 02464
Nikki works with children and adults of all backgrounds, specializing in children with special needs, parenting/co-parenting, couples' therapy and polyamory, international students, and Asian mental health. She has experience with a wide range of issues including anxiety, communication, self-image, personal growth, relational issues, boundary setting, neurodivergent and queer experiences, racial trauma, etc. Her therapeutic approach is creative and relational, and she provides language-specific care in both English and Mandarin Chinese.
Nikki works with children and adults of all backgrounds, specializing in children with special needs, parenting/co-parenting, couples' therapy and polyamory, international students, and Asian mental health. She has experience with a wide range of issues including anxiety, communication, self-image, personal growth, relational issues, boundary setting, neurodivergent and queer experiences, racial trauma, etc. Her therapeutic approach is creative and relational, and she provides language-specific care in both English and Mandarin Chinese.
(617) 765-9820 View (617) 765-9820
Photo of Marquise Laforest, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newton, MA
Marquise Laforest
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02462  (Online Only)
Marquise uses a holistic and humanistic perspective with everyone that sits across from her to understand the various aspects of one's identity that make them unique. Young adults, women of color, and caregivers with a sense of humor benefit from counseling with Marquise. She supports her clients on their journey of diving deeper within to discover new ways to navigate through life challenges.
Marquise uses a holistic and humanistic perspective with everyone that sits across from her to understand the various aspects of one's identity that make them unique. Young adults, women of color, and caregivers with a sense of humor benefit from counseling with Marquise. She supports her clients on their journey of diving deeper within to discover new ways to navigate through life challenges.
(857) 847-3862 View (857) 847-3862
Photo of Julie Leavitt, Counselor in Newton, MA
Julie Leavitt
Counselor, DMin, LMCH, BC-DMT, MA
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02464
Not accepting new clients
We begin from where you are, knowing that healing happens from the inside out. It helps to have help with this! It takes guts to trust a new person with intimate issues. Comfort with your therapist is necessary. Thank you for considering me as that ally. I create a safe environment to explore important and often uncomfortable life issues. This can help unburden you to move forward into a more satisfying, fulfilling, and happy life.
We begin from where you are, knowing that healing happens from the inside out. It helps to have help with this! It takes guts to trust a new person with intimate issues. Comfort with your therapist is necessary. Thank you for considering me as that ally. I create a safe environment to explore important and often uncomfortable life issues. This can help unburden you to move forward into a more satisfying, fulfilling, and happy life.
(617) 500-2587 View (617) 500-2587
Photo of Caroline Karalias, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newton, MA
Caroline Karalias
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton, MA 02464
Waitlist for new clients
I have experience working with a wide range of diagnoses including Anxiety, Depression, Bi-polar, PTSD/BPD and Schizophrenia as well as ADHD and other neurodivergent presentations. Using a strengths-based approach, I ensure that each client’s treatment plan is created collaboratively with clients’ goals at the forefront. I work well with a wide range of clients, and prefer to get to know you and your goals before deciding on a specific intervention. I appreciate that therapy is an imperfect process, and bring a sense of humor and acceptance to wherever the journey may take us.
I have experience working with a wide range of diagnoses including Anxiety, Depression, Bi-polar, PTSD/BPD and Schizophrenia as well as ADHD and other neurodivergent presentations. Using a strengths-based approach, I ensure that each client’s treatment plan is created collaboratively with clients’ goals at the forefront. I work well with a wide range of clients, and prefer to get to know you and your goals before deciding on a specific intervention. I appreciate that therapy is an imperfect process, and bring a sense of humor and acceptance to wherever the journey may take us.
(617) 657-2849 View (617) 657-2849
Photo of Aj Guerrero, Counselor in Newton, MA
Aj Guerrero
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02461
Currently accepting private pay/out of network clients. I provide one on one psychotherapy based on clients’ strengths and growth points at a collaborated pace. I support clients who need support navigating life transitions, anxiety, relationships/dating, identity-related challenges, imposter syndrome work/life balance and neurodiversity. My clinical training focused on providing trauma-informed culturally conscious therapy to clients who come from many walks of life and intersecting identities, while utilizing kindness, metaphors and a bit of humor in my therapy sessions.
Currently accepting private pay/out of network clients. I provide one on one psychotherapy based on clients’ strengths and growth points at a collaborated pace. I support clients who need support navigating life transitions, anxiety, relationships/dating, identity-related challenges, imposter syndrome work/life balance and neurodiversity. My clinical training focused on providing trauma-informed culturally conscious therapy to clients who come from many walks of life and intersecting identities, while utilizing kindness, metaphors and a bit of humor in my therapy sessions.
(617) 397-3168 View (617) 397-3168
Photo of Jennifer R Wallach, Psychologist in Newton, MA
Jennifer R Wallach
Psychologist, PhD, MPH
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02459
As a clinical psychologist, I assist clients to address issues that are difficult to confront alone. I encourage self-reflection, help clients gain a clearer understanding of their life experiences and bring awareness to patterns of relating that are interfering with living a satisfying life.
As a clinical psychologist, I assist clients to address issues that are difficult to confront alone. I encourage self-reflection, help clients gain a clearer understanding of their life experiences and bring awareness to patterns of relating that are interfering with living a satisfying life.
(617) 855-1199 View (617) 855-1199
Photo of Sara Coen Dash, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newton, MA
Sara Coen Dash
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton, MA 02461  (Online Only)
I am a warm and compassionate therapist with training in a range of techniques to support diverse client needs. I aim to create a safe, accepting space for growth, healing, curiosity, and problem-solving. In my work, I place a high value on helping clients build self-awareness with attention to balance and wellness. I take a strengths-based approach and encourage exploration of both the past and the present. Treatment is individualized, depending on a client's goals and priorities.
I am a warm and compassionate therapist with training in a range of techniques to support diverse client needs. I aim to create a safe, accepting space for growth, healing, curiosity, and problem-solving. In my work, I place a high value on helping clients build self-awareness with attention to balance and wellness. I take a strengths-based approach and encourage exploration of both the past and the present. Treatment is individualized, depending on a client's goals and priorities.
(617) 674-0473 View (617) 674-0473
Photo of Christopher Michael Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newton, MA
Christopher Michael Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02466
For the past 15 years I have worked with children, adolescents and adults with ASD, depression, anxiety and trauma. These individuals are often impacted by emotional dysregulation, which limits their potential and reduces their ability to participate and succeed in specific environments. My clients often internalize their perceived deficits and have identified themselves as being “less than” or “not good enough”. My work focuses on supporting abilities, recognizing strengths, honoring differences and valuing uniqueness while providing opportunities to observe their patterns of behavior that inhibit them from taking action.
For the past 15 years I have worked with children, adolescents and adults with ASD, depression, anxiety and trauma. These individuals are often impacted by emotional dysregulation, which limits their potential and reduces their ability to participate and succeed in specific environments. My clients often internalize their perceived deficits and have identified themselves as being “less than” or “not good enough”. My work focuses on supporting abilities, recognizing strengths, honoring differences and valuing uniqueness while providing opportunities to observe their patterns of behavior that inhibit them from taking action.
(781) 386-2959 View (781) 386-2959
Photo of Kelly M Wawrzyniak, Psychologist in Newton, MA
Kelly M Wawrzyniak
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02461  (Online Only)
I take an active approach to working with you in therapy. I typically begin working with you by gathering and implementing some small strategies at the start that can help you regain some feeling of control in your life. Then we take time to explore the larger pieces that might be contributing to your struggles. Common issues I work on with my clients include feelings of depression (hopelessness), anxiety (helpless/overwhelmed), difficulty with sleep/insomnia, adjusting to a new medical diagnosis or treatment regimen, coping with chronic physical illness, coping with stress, or feeling stuck in an important aspect of life.
I take an active approach to working with you in therapy. I typically begin working with you by gathering and implementing some small strategies at the start that can help you regain some feeling of control in your life. Then we take time to explore the larger pieces that might be contributing to your struggles. Common issues I work on with my clients include feelings of depression (hopelessness), anxiety (helpless/overwhelmed), difficulty with sleep/insomnia, adjusting to a new medical diagnosis or treatment regimen, coping with chronic physical illness, coping with stress, or feeling stuck in an important aspect of life.
(617) 272-7427 View (617) 272-7427
Photo of P Ellen Rice, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newton, MA
P Ellen Rice
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02459
My ideal client is a person dedicated to making positive changes in her/his life. These adjustments may be as simple as a new hair style or as complex as brain surgery. I invite the client to tell me about himself, including hobbies and interests. What is he most proud of? What might he like to improve? What was the nicest thing anyone ever said about him? What really hurt? I encourage the client to comment on the paintings in the room and what they might have in common. They all have something to do with going somewhere. I tell them that my favorite professor at Boston College, William Meissner. S. J. said of therapy, "It's all
My ideal client is a person dedicated to making positive changes in her/his life. These adjustments may be as simple as a new hair style or as complex as brain surgery. I invite the client to tell me about himself, including hobbies and interests. What is he most proud of? What might he like to improve? What was the nicest thing anyone ever said about him? What really hurt? I encourage the client to comment on the paintings in the room and what they might have in common. They all have something to do with going somewhere. I tell them that my favorite professor at Boston College, William Meissner. S. J. said of therapy, "It's all
(617) 616-8955 View (617) 616-8955
Photo of Katya Kalogeropoulos, Counselor in Newton, MA
Katya Kalogeropoulos
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02459  (Online Only)
In her role as a Licensed Mental Health Counselor, Katya helps individuals of all ages achieve their goals in functional and productive ways. Her deep understanding of mental health is demonstrated by her consistent empathy coupled with a no-nonsense approach to identifying obstacles and dealing with interfering behaviors. Katya is passionate about empowering her clients using psychoeducation and helping them develop a powerful toolbox of coping skills that foster self-reliance as they move through life’s challenges. Katya earned her Master’s degree from Boston University.
In her role as a Licensed Mental Health Counselor, Katya helps individuals of all ages achieve their goals in functional and productive ways. Her deep understanding of mental health is demonstrated by her consistent empathy coupled with a no-nonsense approach to identifying obstacles and dealing with interfering behaviors. Katya is passionate about empowering her clients using psychoeducation and helping them develop a powerful toolbox of coping skills that foster self-reliance as they move through life’s challenges. Katya earned her Master’s degree from Boston University.
(857) 575-3122 View (857) 575-3122
Photo of Julia Horvitz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newton, MA
Julia Horvitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02466  (Online Only)
Life can be stressful, chaotic and overwhelming. Transitions such as starting college, graduating college, a new job, separation or divorce, a significant loss, or becoming a new parent can add to our already complicated and stressful lives. Acknowledging that you need help and taking the step of finding a therapist is not easy. It takes both strength and courage. I believe the power of the therapeutic relationship is what can ignite understanding, accepting, healing, changing and growing. My approach is a solution focused, strength-based perspective.
Life can be stressful, chaotic and overwhelming. Transitions such as starting college, graduating college, a new job, separation or divorce, a significant loss, or becoming a new parent can add to our already complicated and stressful lives. Acknowledging that you need help and taking the step of finding a therapist is not easy. It takes both strength and courage. I believe the power of the therapeutic relationship is what can ignite understanding, accepting, healing, changing and growing. My approach is a solution focused, strength-based perspective.
(781) 325-8910 View (781) 325-8910

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Newton, MA

700+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Newton, MA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
66% Coping Skills
62% Stress
59% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% BlueCross and BlueShield
42% Optum
41% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Newton, MA see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Newton?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.