Therapists in Chicago, IL

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Photo of José Arroyo, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
José Arroyo
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60661
I work best with BIPOC and/or queer individuals who are coping with mood, trauma, and sociopolitical struggles. My primary approach focuses on empowering individuals of marginalized communities to externalize systemic and oppressive factors so that we can focus on treating any personal difficulties that are causing you pain and suffering. Whether we focus on the past or the present, healing one part of yourself can heal many other parts because you have a story to tell. And no matter how many times or how many ways that you tell it, it is your own personal story. Let's change your story to help you become the person you want to be.
I work best with BIPOC and/or queer individuals who are coping with mood, trauma, and sociopolitical struggles. My primary approach focuses on empowering individuals of marginalized communities to externalize systemic and oppressive factors so that we can focus on treating any personal difficulties that are causing you pain and suffering. Whether we focus on the past or the present, healing one part of yourself can heal many other parts because you have a story to tell. And no matter how many times or how many ways that you tell it, it is your own personal story. Let's change your story to help you become the person you want to be.
(312) 872-8871 View (312) 872-8871
Photo of Dr. Carolyn Alter, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Dr. Carolyn Alter
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60607  (Online Only)
I believe one of the bravest things you can do is begin to understand yourself and your unique story. Obstacles to self-awareness can continue unhelpful patterns, leading you to feel stuck, joyless, and disconnected from yourself and others. Sometimes what we need most is a non-judgmental, validating space to courageously share our stories, hopes, and fears out loud. This space can be a powerful catalyst for change and a path to your most authentic self.
I believe one of the bravest things you can do is begin to understand yourself and your unique story. Obstacles to self-awareness can continue unhelpful patterns, leading you to feel stuck, joyless, and disconnected from yourself and others. Sometimes what we need most is a non-judgmental, validating space to courageously share our stories, hopes, and fears out loud. This space can be a powerful catalyst for change and a path to your most authentic self.
(708) 726-0577 View (708) 726-0577
Photo of Korie Poe, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Korie Poe
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC, CADC, NCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60657
Speaking to someone about your most intimate struggles can be daunting, and I appreciate the vulnerability that goes along with opening up about yourself and your experiences. With this in mind, my goal is to create a safe and non-judgmental space for you to explore what is no longer serving you. Working with a counselor can be empowering, as it will allow you to increase self-awareness and make meaningful life changes. Together, we can explore patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that may be preventing you from reaching your full potential.
Speaking to someone about your most intimate struggles can be daunting, and I appreciate the vulnerability that goes along with opening up about yourself and your experiences. With this in mind, my goal is to create a safe and non-judgmental space for you to explore what is no longer serving you. Working with a counselor can be empowering, as it will allow you to increase self-awareness and make meaningful life changes. Together, we can explore patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that may be preventing you from reaching your full potential.
(872) 278-3771 View (872) 278-3771
Photo of David deBoer, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
David deBoer
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60602
Life is difficult even under the best of circumstances. You may be seeking therapy in order to overcome some blocks to important goals in your relationships or career. Oftentimes these blocks are the result of using ways of coping that once were essential in dealing with important figures and problems from earlier in life, but which now get in the way of positive and healthy emotional and interpersonal functioning. Therapy is an excellent way of using a helping relationship to identify these coping styles, and ultimately to develop more effective ways of relating to yourself and to others.
Life is difficult even under the best of circumstances. You may be seeking therapy in order to overcome some blocks to important goals in your relationships or career. Oftentimes these blocks are the result of using ways of coping that once were essential in dealing with important figures and problems from earlier in life, but which now get in the way of positive and healthy emotional and interpersonal functioning. Therapy is an excellent way of using a helping relationship to identify these coping styles, and ultimately to develop more effective ways of relating to yourself and to others.
(773) 312-4384 View (773) 312-4384
Photo of Nahime Guadalupe Aguirre Mtanous, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Nahime Guadalupe Aguirre Mtanous
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AM, LSW, ASDCS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60657
My work focuses on supporting the mental health of adults with various presentations of neurodiversity, like Autism, ADHD, Obsessive Compulsive, Traumatic Brain Injuries, Down's Syndrome, Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities. You might be looking for someone to help you work on "adulting." You may be dealing with the stress of becoming independent. You want to work through the anxiety and depression from living in a world that isn't built for people like us. We can work together on to figure out your values. You and I will create goals towards finding your own happiness and feeling powerful.
My work focuses on supporting the mental health of adults with various presentations of neurodiversity, like Autism, ADHD, Obsessive Compulsive, Traumatic Brain Injuries, Down's Syndrome, Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities. You might be looking for someone to help you work on "adulting." You may be dealing with the stress of becoming independent. You want to work through the anxiety and depression from living in a world that isn't built for people like us. We can work together on to figure out your values. You and I will create goals towards finding your own happiness and feeling powerful.
(872) 240-5805 View (872) 240-5805
Photo of Patrick Gehrlich LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Patrick Gehrlich LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60613
I am a strong believer that with the aid of a trusting, warm, skillful and open minded therapist people can bring about real, positive changes to their lives. I work with my clients in an empathetic and open dialogue to not only find the root causes of current behaviors and thinking patterns but also to help change them. I do so understanding that each individual is the expert on themselves so the entire process is collaborative.
I am a strong believer that with the aid of a trusting, warm, skillful and open minded therapist people can bring about real, positive changes to their lives. I work with my clients in an empathetic and open dialogue to not only find the root causes of current behaviors and thinking patterns but also to help change them. I do so understanding that each individual is the expert on themselves so the entire process is collaborative.
(312) 564-5821 View (312) 564-5821
Photo of Cynthia Okayama Dopke, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Cynthia Okayama Dopke
Pre-Licensed Professional, MDiv
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60618
Life is a journey. My therapeutic approach is to accompany people with care and compassion on their journeys through self-discovery, exploring conscious and unconscious experiences and emotions at their own pace. I view psychotherapy as sacred soul work, and that each of us is invited on this path of individuation seeking healing and wholeness.
Life is a journey. My therapeutic approach is to accompany people with care and compassion on their journeys through self-discovery, exploring conscious and unconscious experiences and emotions at their own pace. I view psychotherapy as sacred soul work, and that each of us is invited on this path of individuation seeking healing and wholeness.
(773) 906-7401 View (773) 906-7401
Photo of Aaron Johnson, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Aaron Johnson
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60630
Waitlist for new clients
Do parts of your life feel unmanageable? Does reaching out for support seem difficult? I am passionate about creating a safe, non-judgmental space for you to begin the process of working through and healing the challenges that you are facing. I believe that self-awareness is one of the most important pieces to growth and understanding of yourself and the world around you. Together we will take time to build up your self-awareness and discuss how you can make the changes you want to see. Changes in life can be challenging, but with the right support, the road through these challenges can be more manageable.
Do parts of your life feel unmanageable? Does reaching out for support seem difficult? I am passionate about creating a safe, non-judgmental space for you to begin the process of working through and healing the challenges that you are facing. I believe that self-awareness is one of the most important pieces to growth and understanding of yourself and the world around you. Together we will take time to build up your self-awareness and discuss how you can make the changes you want to see. Changes in life can be challenging, but with the right support, the road through these challenges can be more manageable.
(773) 694-4707 View (773) 694-4707
Photo of Taylor Newendorp, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Taylor Newendorp
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60646
In addition to addressing general issues and stress, I specialize in treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Anxiety Disorders (including Social Anxiety, Panic Attacks, Specific Phobias/Fears, and Generalized Anxiety/Worry), and Hypochondriasis/Health Anxiety. By focusing on these few specialties I am able to provide effective treatment to help you better manage your moods, identify and change problematic thinking patterns, and stop self-destructive or unwanted behaviors--all of which can contribute to a greater sense of calm and self-confidence.
In addition to addressing general issues and stress, I specialize in treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Anxiety Disorders (including Social Anxiety, Panic Attacks, Specific Phobias/Fears, and Generalized Anxiety/Worry), and Hypochondriasis/Health Anxiety. By focusing on these few specialties I am able to provide effective treatment to help you better manage your moods, identify and change problematic thinking patterns, and stop self-destructive or unwanted behaviors--all of which can contribute to a greater sense of calm and self-confidence.
(773) 435-9217 View (773) 435-9217
Photo of Zoe Leibowitz, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Zoe Leibowitz
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60611  (Online Only)
Dr. Leibowitz offers clinical psychotherapy to address a wide array of patient concerns. She utilizes integrated treatment modalities to cater approach and intervention to the unique needs and goals of each patient. In particular, Dr. Leibowitz specializes in relational, interpersonal, and solution-focused models. Across all services, Dr. Leibowitz maintains a stance of empathy, respect, and genuineness. She is committed to providing culturally informed care and is dedicated to ongoing education.
Dr. Leibowitz offers clinical psychotherapy to address a wide array of patient concerns. She utilizes integrated treatment modalities to cater approach and intervention to the unique needs and goals of each patient. In particular, Dr. Leibowitz specializes in relational, interpersonal, and solution-focused models. Across all services, Dr. Leibowitz maintains a stance of empathy, respect, and genuineness. She is committed to providing culturally informed care and is dedicated to ongoing education.
(312) 584-5354 View (312) 584-5354
Photo of Karlie Mirabelli, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Karlie Mirabelli
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60657
I understand that the therapeutic relationship is one of the most important factors in a positive therapeutic experience, and as such, I believe that psychotherapy is just as much of a place to laugh and celebrate joys as it is a place to grieve and manage disappointments. I value taking a collaborative, non-hierarchical approach to therapy, drawing from a feminist and social justice lens.
I understand that the therapeutic relationship is one of the most important factors in a positive therapeutic experience, and as such, I believe that psychotherapy is just as much of a place to laugh and celebrate joys as it is a place to grieve and manage disappointments. I value taking a collaborative, non-hierarchical approach to therapy, drawing from a feminist and social justice lens.
(872) 241-2780 x0941 View (872) 241-2780 x0941
Photo of Don Lampkins, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Don Lampkins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60615  (Online Only)
Navigating psychological distress can disrupt our ability to lead productive, prosperous lives. Whether you're grappling with grief, managing a chronic health condition, experiencing relationship or parenting challenges, questioning faith and spirituality, or facing issues related to sexuality and intimacy, finding relief is paramount.
Navigating psychological distress can disrupt our ability to lead productive, prosperous lives. Whether you're grappling with grief, managing a chronic health condition, experiencing relationship or parenting challenges, questioning faith and spirituality, or facing issues related to sexuality and intimacy, finding relief is paramount.
(872) 276-8240 View (872) 276-8240
Photo of Tara Bryant-Edwards, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Tara Bryant-Edwards
Counselor, PhD, MBA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60611  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I see life as a series of moments in which we have opportunities to access, build, and reimagine various aspects of ourselves. Sometimes the events in our lives and the world around us can feel turbulent and overwhelming and on other occasions, we might feel a bit stuck. Navigating those challenging circumstances often leads us to unearth and tap into our personal and collective skills, strengths, and resources. As a part of your support system, I will provide a space where you can authentically express yourself, explore the vision for your life, and cultivate the skills and strategies to achieve your goals.
I see life as a series of moments in which we have opportunities to access, build, and reimagine various aspects of ourselves. Sometimes the events in our lives and the world around us can feel turbulent and overwhelming and on other occasions, we might feel a bit stuck. Navigating those challenging circumstances often leads us to unearth and tap into our personal and collective skills, strengths, and resources. As a part of your support system, I will provide a space where you can authentically express yourself, explore the vision for your life, and cultivate the skills and strategies to achieve your goals.
(872) 206-9661 View (872) 206-9661
Photo of Devin Teicher, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Devin Teicher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60617
Hello to all! My name is Devin Teicher and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in both Illinois and Colorado. I believe that building a trusting relationship and safe environment is the centerpiece of all therapeutic collaboration. My background is primarily in behavioral health, specifically outpatient therapy, crisis counseling, and substance use disorder treatment. I have worked with clients who experience a range of behavioral health concerns, to include depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, adjustment disorders, personality disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders.
Hello to all! My name is Devin Teicher and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in both Illinois and Colorado. I believe that building a trusting relationship and safe environment is the centerpiece of all therapeutic collaboration. My background is primarily in behavioral health, specifically outpatient therapy, crisis counseling, and substance use disorder treatment. I have worked with clients who experience a range of behavioral health concerns, to include depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, adjustment disorders, personality disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders.
(773) 557-7202 View (773) 557-7202
Photo of Jess Twitchell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Jess Twitchell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60657  (Online Only)
I believe we all have an inner knowing inside of us that can help us along our life path. My therapeutic approach is to help individuals follow this inner wisdom to a more fulfilling future. Therapy is a safe space to examine harmful intergenerational patterns and begin the process of change into a lighter future. I also enjoy working with individuals who identify as creatives and those who are interested in cultivating their creativity in their daily life.
I believe we all have an inner knowing inside of us that can help us along our life path. My therapeutic approach is to help individuals follow this inner wisdom to a more fulfilling future. Therapy is a safe space to examine harmful intergenerational patterns and begin the process of change into a lighter future. I also enjoy working with individuals who identify as creatives and those who are interested in cultivating their creativity in their daily life.
(872) 201-3146 View (872) 201-3146
Photo of Dr. Tony Fletcher, Psy.D., ABPP, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Dr. Tony Fletcher, Psy.D., ABPP
Psychologist, PsyD, ABPP
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60614
Dr. Tony Fletcher is a well-known and respected clinical neuropsychologist, licensed clinical psychologist and diplomate in forensic psychology with over 20 years of clinical and courtroom experience. His expertise is in various assessments (academic, learning disorders, TBI, forensic, psychiatric, emotional and cognitive) of children from the age of five to geriatric populations. Dr. Fletcher's therapeutic orientations are in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT).
Dr. Tony Fletcher is a well-known and respected clinical neuropsychologist, licensed clinical psychologist and diplomate in forensic psychology with over 20 years of clinical and courtroom experience. His expertise is in various assessments (academic, learning disorders, TBI, forensic, psychiatric, emotional and cognitive) of children from the age of five to geriatric populations. Dr. Fletcher's therapeutic orientations are in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT).
(312) 229-0638 View (312) 229-0638
Photo of Sergio Martinez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Sergio Martinez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CADC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60623
I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and received my degree from Loyola University. I have 20+ years of experience working with adults in different therapeutic environments. In my practice, I like to create an ambiance of empathy where clients who have suffered traumatic events in their lives may find a place of refuge and healing. In addition, I assist persons to find purpose beyond trauma and discover their own strengths to build resilience.
I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and received my degree from Loyola University. I have 20+ years of experience working with adults in different therapeutic environments. In my practice, I like to create an ambiance of empathy where clients who have suffered traumatic events in their lives may find a place of refuge and healing. In addition, I assist persons to find purpose beyond trauma and discover their own strengths to build resilience.
(630) 653-1717 View (630) 653-1717
Photo of Becca Caliendo, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Becca Caliendo
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCP, MM, MA, Reiki, yoga
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60657
Struggling with issues related to trauma, grief, body image, life changes, anxiety, or general unhappiness? Sessions involve a somatic collaborative approach to help you feel supported. We will discover your strengths and work on coping mechanisms that work for you to live a more balanced life. I strive for each client to feel empowered and choose to meet them where they are in a way specific to their own individual needs. With your agency and permission, I may utilize EMDR, movement and intuition, reiki, as well as psychotherapeutic factors to work towards healing. Humor and creative wonder are also invited in the room!
Struggling with issues related to trauma, grief, body image, life changes, anxiety, or general unhappiness? Sessions involve a somatic collaborative approach to help you feel supported. We will discover your strengths and work on coping mechanisms that work for you to live a more balanced life. I strive for each client to feel empowered and choose to meet them where they are in a way specific to their own individual needs. With your agency and permission, I may utilize EMDR, movement and intuition, reiki, as well as psychotherapeutic factors to work towards healing. Humor and creative wonder are also invited in the room!
(630) 454-9173 View (630) 454-9173
Photo of Alayna Samson, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Alayna Samson
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60601
Practicing vulnerability is hard, but having someone with whom you can talk openly, question freely, and collaborate makes it easier. I believe that therapeutic change is nurtured through a relationship that is supportive, compassionate, and non-judgmental. Everyone comes to therapy with unique perspectives and experiences. Together, we can honor the unique lens through which you see the world and collaborate to decide what meaningful change looks like for you.
Practicing vulnerability is hard, but having someone with whom you can talk openly, question freely, and collaborate makes it easier. I believe that therapeutic change is nurtured through a relationship that is supportive, compassionate, and non-judgmental. Everyone comes to therapy with unique perspectives and experiences. Together, we can honor the unique lens through which you see the world and collaborate to decide what meaningful change looks like for you.
(312) 818-1076 View (312) 818-1076
Photo of Deidre E Hines, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Deidre E Hines
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MAPCC, MDiv, MBA
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60643
Life is full of challenges, and in spite of those difficulties, you can find healing and strength through therapy.  It takes courage to embrace vulnerability amidst life's uncertainties. Over the past 10 years, I have worked with diverse clients to support their lived journey, leading them to a greater life satisfaction with a strong sense of self and improved relationships.
Life is full of challenges, and in spite of those difficulties, you can find healing and strength through therapy.  It takes courage to embrace vulnerability amidst life's uncertainties. Over the past 10 years, I have worked with diverse clients to support their lived journey, leading them to a greater life satisfaction with a strong sense of self and improved relationships.
(773) 825-6430 View (773) 825-6430

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Chicago, IL

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Chicago, IL who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% BlueCross and BlueShield
59% Aetna
49% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Chicago, IL see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
18% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Chicago?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.