Sexual Abuse Therapists in District of Columbia

Photo of L. B. Hodge, Psychologist in District of Columbia
L. B. Hodge
Psychologist, PsyD, LICSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20006
I am a licensed Psychologist in Washington DC and in Maryland. I specialize in the treatment of trauma, specifically child sexual abuse. I have extensive experience in the utilization of evidenced based treatment in the area of trauma with children as young as 3 years old. I also provide psychological and psycho-educational evaluations. I have worked with children impacted by the foster care system, multiple traumas, grief and loss, gay, lesbian, and transgendered youth . I strongly believe in creating a warm and accepting amotsphere and that this is a neccessary condition for successful treatment.
I am a licensed Psychologist in Washington DC and in Maryland. I specialize in the treatment of trauma, specifically child sexual abuse. I have extensive experience in the utilization of evidenced based treatment in the area of trauma with children as young as 3 years old. I also provide psychological and psycho-educational evaluations. I have worked with children impacted by the foster care system, multiple traumas, grief and loss, gay, lesbian, and transgendered youth . I strongly believe in creating a warm and accepting amotsphere and that this is a neccessary condition for successful treatment.
(240) 428-6697 View (240) 428-6697
Photo of Tiffany Jerinsky, Counselor in District of Columbia
Tiffany Jerinsky
Counselor, MS, LGPC, CTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20036  (Online Only)
I am a counselor with years of experience working with clients who are managing depression, anxiety, and chronic illnesses. I have specialized training in working with those who experience interpersonal violence and sexual assault/abuse. When an individual survives a trauma or hardship it can be extremely difficult to cope and obtain fulfillment. Whatever the struggle is I believe in helping clients identify their strengths in order to overcome the obstacle.
I am a counselor with years of experience working with clients who are managing depression, anxiety, and chronic illnesses. I have specialized training in working with those who experience interpersonal violence and sexual assault/abuse. When an individual survives a trauma or hardship it can be extremely difficult to cope and obtain fulfillment. Whatever the struggle is I believe in helping clients identify their strengths in order to overcome the obstacle.
(202) 301-8321 View (202) 301-8321
Photo of Jennifer Ortega, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in District of Columbia
Jennifer Ortega
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20006  (Online Only)
I have experience working with children, teens, and adults that are experiencing symptoms of anxiety, depression, trauma, sexual abuse, domestic violence, and/or life transitions.
Hello! My Name is Jennifer. I am a therapist with Arelis Perez Psychotherapy Services. We are a multicultural and multi-lingual practice offering therapeutic services to children, teenager, and adults. Our clinicians are trained to utilize a variety of therapeutic modalities to support and empower a diverse population.
I have experience working with children, teens, and adults that are experiencing symptoms of anxiety, depression, trauma, sexual abuse, domestic violence, and/or life transitions.
Hello! My Name is Jennifer. I am a therapist with Arelis Perez Psychotherapy Services. We are a multicultural and multi-lingual practice offering therapeutic services to children, teenager, and adults. Our clinicians are trained to utilize a variety of therapeutic modalities to support and empower a diverse population.
(202) 931-5971 View (202) 931-5971
Photo of Angela Keeley in District of Columbia
Angela Keeley
LGSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20009
I have an extensive background in sexual assault work as well as with high conflict couples, interpersonal and intimacy issues, familial discord, parenting difficulties, and substance related concerns.
I work with individuals at many points in their journey, I support the right to self determination but also work to motivate my clients towards a greater wellbeing. I employ a solution focused/strengths based, psychodynamic, and logotherapeutic approach. I believe therapy is driven by the client, and I tailor my approach to each individual.
I have an extensive background in sexual assault work as well as with high conflict couples, interpersonal and intimacy issues, familial discord, parenting difficulties, and substance related concerns.
I work with individuals at many points in their journey, I support the right to self determination but also work to motivate my clients towards a greater wellbeing. I employ a solution focused/strengths based, psychodynamic, and logotherapeutic approach. I believe therapy is driven by the client, and I tailor my approach to each individual.
(202) 933-5769 View (202) 933-5769
Photo of Kourtney DeBoer, Marriage & Family Therapist in District of Columbia
Kourtney DeBoer
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CCTP, CSTS, MA, MSc
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20374  (Online Only)
It specializes in working with victims and survivors of sexual and relational violence, such as rape and sexual assault, childhood sexual abuse and incest, and domestic violence.
If you're grappling with the aftermath of sexual or domestic violence, facing challenges in processing a traumatic childhood, or finding it hard to cope with daily life because of PTSD, know that you're not alone. Moving forward as a survivor can feel daunting, overwhelming, confusing, and immobilizing. But it can and does get better. With a background of nearly 20 years advocating and providing clinical support to victims of sexual violence and other violent crimes, Kourtney DeBoer, LMFT, is committed to walking with you every step of the way on your path to healing and reclaiming your voice, mind, body, and spirit.
It specializes in working with victims and survivors of sexual and relational violence, such as rape and sexual assault, childhood sexual abuse and incest, and domestic violence.
If you're grappling with the aftermath of sexual or domestic violence, facing challenges in processing a traumatic childhood, or finding it hard to cope with daily life because of PTSD, know that you're not alone. Moving forward as a survivor can feel daunting, overwhelming, confusing, and immobilizing. But it can and does get better. With a background of nearly 20 years advocating and providing clinical support to victims of sexual violence and other violent crimes, Kourtney DeBoer, LMFT, is committed to walking with you every step of the way on your path to healing and reclaiming your voice, mind, body, and spirit.
(202) 902-8326 View (202) 902-8326
Photo of Lisa Ades, Psychologist in District of Columbia
Lisa Ades
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20016
In my 20 years of clinical, academic, and advocacy experience, I have worked with clients who present with a wide range of issues. I specialize in recovery from trauma (particularly childhood abuse/neglect, sexual assault and domestic violence), successful movement through life transitions (young adulthood, career, parenthood, mid-life and loss), and repair of interpersonal relationships (including a specialty in couples therapy). I have advanced training in both trauma treatment and couples therapy, which uniquely positions me to treat couples where one or both partners have a trauma history.
In my 20 years of clinical, academic, and advocacy experience, I have worked with clients who present with a wide range of issues. I specialize in recovery from trauma (particularly childhood abuse/neglect, sexual assault and domestic violence), successful movement through life transitions (young adulthood, career, parenthood, mid-life and loss), and repair of interpersonal relationships (including a specialty in couples therapy). I have advanced training in both trauma treatment and couples therapy, which uniquely positions me to treat couples where one or both partners have a trauma history.
(202) 430-6361 View (202) 430-6361
Photo of Anne Gialanella, Licensed Professional Counselor in District of Columbia
Anne Gialanella
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20036
If you find yourself struggling to overcome trauma, maintain healthy relationships, or cope with anxiety, I would be happy to talk with you about my approach to therapy and how we might work collaboratively to empower you to make meaningful changes in your life. I specialize in providing clinical services to adult survivors of trauma, including sexual abuse, physical abuse, and witnesses to violence. I also help clients address issues of depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties, and grief.
If you find yourself struggling to overcome trauma, maintain healthy relationships, or cope with anxiety, I would be happy to talk with you about my approach to therapy and how we might work collaboratively to empower you to make meaningful changes in your life. I specialize in providing clinical services to adult survivors of trauma, including sexual abuse, physical abuse, and witnesses to violence. I also help clients address issues of depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties, and grief.
(202) 978-4238 View (202) 978-4238
Photo of Caroline Sahr, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in District of Columbia
Caroline Sahr
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20008  (Online Only)
Ever since I was young, I knew I wanted to pursue a career path that would make a difference in people’s lives. This interest led me to study psychological science, social work, and social justice. I care deeply about human rights, cultural humility, and integrating anti-oppressive practices. As a LCSW, I am committed to the well-being of all my clients to cater to their holistic needs. I have worked with children, adolescents, and adults regarding various issues, including: anxiety, depression, stress, complex trauma, oppression, relationships and intimacy, sexual assault and domestic violence, and LGBTQ+ dynamics.
Ever since I was young, I knew I wanted to pursue a career path that would make a difference in people’s lives. This interest led me to study psychological science, social work, and social justice. I care deeply about human rights, cultural humility, and integrating anti-oppressive practices. As a LCSW, I am committed to the well-being of all my clients to cater to their holistic needs. I have worked with children, adolescents, and adults regarding various issues, including: anxiety, depression, stress, complex trauma, oppression, relationships and intimacy, sexual assault and domestic violence, and LGBTQ+ dynamics.
(571) 378-5113 View (571) 378-5113
Photo of Meghan McNabb, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in District of Columbia
Meghan McNabb
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20001
I have experience working with sexual assault survivors, both men and women.
As a clinician, it is my goal to provide a safe, comforting, and encouraging environment for personal growth. I work from a strengths-based model to highlight the various systems in your life and work to address the needs and concerns that you bring into the counseling session. I strive to ensure that you feel supported and valued in our counseling relationship, this is one of the main benefits of seeing an independent provider.
I have experience working with sexual assault survivors, both men and women.
As a clinician, it is my goal to provide a safe, comforting, and encouraging environment for personal growth. I work from a strengths-based model to highlight the various systems in your life and work to address the needs and concerns that you bring into the counseling session. I strive to ensure that you feel supported and valued in our counseling relationship, this is one of the main benefits of seeing an independent provider.
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Photo of Anne K Eckman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in District of Columbia
Anne K Eckman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW-C, LICSW, EMDR-C, SEP
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20008  (Online Only)
I believe that all people have the innate capacity to heal and grow from trauma and distress. I specialize in working with adults who have experienced challenging situations, past and present. These include trauma, sexual abuse, domestic violence, and difficult pregnancy & birth-related experiences. I also help people to address anxiety, grief and loss, and other life transitions. Drawing on a range of complementary approaches, I collaborate with you to strengthen your skills to navigate present-moment distress, explore what’s feeling painful or stuck, and together find ways to help you flourish.
I believe that all people have the innate capacity to heal and grow from trauma and distress. I specialize in working with adults who have experienced challenging situations, past and present. These include trauma, sexual abuse, domestic violence, and difficult pregnancy & birth-related experiences. I also help people to address anxiety, grief and loss, and other life transitions. Drawing on a range of complementary approaches, I collaborate with you to strengthen your skills to navigate present-moment distress, explore what’s feeling painful or stuck, and together find ways to help you flourish.
(301) 970-4289 View (301) 970-4289
Photo of Alysha Tagert, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in District of Columbia
Alysha Tagert
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20003  (Online Only)
I am a licensed clinical social worker in the District of Columbia, and earned my Masters in Social Work with a clinical concentration from The Catholic National School of Social Sciences at The Catholic University of America. During my clinical work, I have worked with clients from diverse backgrounds and cultural groups, mostly in out-patient settings, with a variety of struggles including anxiety, depression, grief and loss, trauma, and PTSD. have expertise in working with sexual assault survivors, grief and trauma, and acculturation.
I am a licensed clinical social worker in the District of Columbia, and earned my Masters in Social Work with a clinical concentration from The Catholic National School of Social Sciences at The Catholic University of America. During my clinical work, I have worked with clients from diverse backgrounds and cultural groups, mostly in out-patient settings, with a variety of struggles including anxiety, depression, grief and loss, trauma, and PTSD. have expertise in working with sexual assault survivors, grief and trauma, and acculturation.
(202) 952-6366 View (202) 952-6366
Photo of Simone Harris, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in District of Columbia
Simone Harris
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20006
Waitlist for new clients
Hello! My name is Simone and I am a Licensed Independent Clinician. I have about 20 years of experience serving individuals who struggle to manage anxiety, depression, and self-esteem. In the past, I worked with youth and adults who were survivors of sexual assault and mental/emotional abuse. It is my mission to empower and uplift others, help them recognize their strengths, and help them to learn healthy ways to cope with life's stressors.
Hello! My name is Simone and I am a Licensed Independent Clinician. I have about 20 years of experience serving individuals who struggle to manage anxiety, depression, and self-esteem. In the past, I worked with youth and adults who were survivors of sexual assault and mental/emotional abuse. It is my mission to empower and uplift others, help them recognize their strengths, and help them to learn healthy ways to cope with life's stressors.
(202) 918-2775 View (202) 918-2775
Photo of Eugene Morris, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in District of Columbia
Eugene Morris
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW-C, Dipl
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20008
I have extensive training and experience in general psychotherapy for emotional difficulties, relationships, personal growth and spirituality as well as specific expertise in coming-out, sexual abuse and domestic violence.
Psychotherapy can be many things: from understanding and gaining control of a major emotional or substance abuse problem, to improving a partner or family relationship, to knowing yourself better. Our “mental health” like our physical health can benefit greatly from a skilled helper to address a sudden major problem or provide long-term support to be stronger and achieve our potential. Good individual, couple/family or group therapy can address the kind of work you need for where you are in life, whether you are facing a major crisis or looking for the insight and support you need to be who you can truly be.
I have extensive training and experience in general psychotherapy for emotional difficulties, relationships, personal growth and spirituality as well as specific expertise in coming-out, sexual abuse and domestic violence.
Psychotherapy can be many things: from understanding and gaining control of a major emotional or substance abuse problem, to improving a partner or family relationship, to knowing yourself better. Our “mental health” like our physical health can benefit greatly from a skilled helper to address a sudden major problem or provide long-term support to be stronger and achieve our potential. Good individual, couple/family or group therapy can address the kind of work you need for where you are in life, whether you are facing a major crisis or looking for the insight and support you need to be who you can truly be.
(202) 953-5851 View (202) 953-5851
Photo of Heidi Knoll, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in District of Columbia
Heidi Knoll
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20005  (Online Only)
My clinical work over the past 20 plus years has included working with many different issues including eating disorders, women in transition in their lives, adolescents, sexual abuse, infertility, divorce.
If Self Help advice and strategies had been enough you probably would not be looking for a therapist. Those strategies make sense but are often very difficult to implement. The human psyche is a complicated mechanism which tends to resist change. Breaking problematic patterns of behavior and interactions with family, friends and in work environments is harder than it looks. Past history , fears and anxieties often contribute to making it difficult to make positive changes in ones life. My work with you includes examination of factors making it difficult to change and strengthening your resolve to make beneficial changes.
My clinical work over the past 20 plus years has included working with many different issues including eating disorders, women in transition in their lives, adolescents, sexual abuse, infertility, divorce.
If Self Help advice and strategies had been enough you probably would not be looking for a therapist. Those strategies make sense but are often very difficult to implement. The human psyche is a complicated mechanism which tends to resist change. Breaking problematic patterns of behavior and interactions with family, friends and in work environments is harder than it looks. Past history , fears and anxieties often contribute to making it difficult to make positive changes in ones life. My work with you includes examination of factors making it difficult to change and strengthening your resolve to make beneficial changes.
(202) 410-7660 View (202) 410-7660
Photo of Anna Kathryn Griffith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in District of Columbia
Anna Kathryn Griffith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20011  (Online Only)
I am a bilingual (English/Spanish) therapist specializing in trauma including sexual abuse, interpersonal therapy, solution-oriented and strengths-based focused therapy.
Asking for support can be a challenging and important way to honor yourself and your needs. Let’s build on that courage, curiosity for change and motivation. For many people, trauma, anxiety and/or depression can impede connecting and living fully. Experiences of loneliness, burnout and hopelessness can be overpowering. I believe change is possible and trust - with your therapist, with yourself and your loved ones - can be a key part of healing. I want therapy to be a space where you can express yourself and feel empowered and grounded. We can balance between time to use coping skills and space for reflection or exploration.
I am a bilingual (English/Spanish) therapist specializing in trauma including sexual abuse, interpersonal therapy, solution-oriented and strengths-based focused therapy.
Asking for support can be a challenging and important way to honor yourself and your needs. Let’s build on that courage, curiosity for change and motivation. For many people, trauma, anxiety and/or depression can impede connecting and living fully. Experiences of loneliness, burnout and hopelessness can be overpowering. I believe change is possible and trust - with your therapist, with yourself and your loved ones - can be a key part of healing. I want therapy to be a space where you can express yourself and feel empowered and grounded. We can balance between time to use coping skills and space for reflection or exploration.
(844) 479-5657 View (844) 479-5657
Photo of Emily M. Bauman, Psychologist in District of Columbia
Emily M. Bauman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20016
If you experience symptoms stemming from sexual assault, rape, abuse, incest, neglect, relational trauma, accidents, crime, natural disasters, birth trauma, or other traumatic experience, I may be able to help.
Are you feeling anxious, depressed, or overwhelmed? Do you have trouble sleeping? Have you been through a traumatic experience or painful loss? Are you struggling to cope with stressful relationships? Then contact me today to move one step closer to feeling better tomorrow. I provide individual psychotherapy for anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, adjustment concerns, perinatal/postpartum issues, and I specialize in treating PTSD and associated conditions. It takes courage to look inward, make changes, and begin to heal. Together we'll develop a personalized treatment plan to help you feel better and reach your goals.
If you experience symptoms stemming from sexual assault, rape, abuse, incest, neglect, relational trauma, accidents, crime, natural disasters, birth trauma, or other traumatic experience, I may be able to help.
Are you feeling anxious, depressed, or overwhelmed? Do you have trouble sleeping? Have you been through a traumatic experience or painful loss? Are you struggling to cope with stressful relationships? Then contact me today to move one step closer to feeling better tomorrow. I provide individual psychotherapy for anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, adjustment concerns, perinatal/postpartum issues, and I specialize in treating PTSD and associated conditions. It takes courage to look inward, make changes, and begin to heal. Together we'll develop a personalized treatment plan to help you feel better and reach your goals.
(202) 540-0845 View (202) 540-0845
Photo of Marcus Hummings, Psychologist in District of Columbia
Marcus Hummings
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20006
Have you been on an emotional roller coaster? Are you overwhelmed with low self-esteem? Are you one of many men and women battling a history of sexual abuse? Is your relationship struggling to survive? You don't have to suffer in silence. You don't have to do this alone. Together we can begin to resolve the challenges in your life, break hurtful and long-standing patterns of behavior, and uncover your true potential.
Have you been on an emotional roller coaster? Are you overwhelmed with low self-esteem? Are you one of many men and women battling a history of sexual abuse? Is your relationship struggling to survive? You don't have to suffer in silence. You don't have to do this alone. Together we can begin to resolve the challenges in your life, break hurtful and long-standing patterns of behavior, and uncover your true potential.
(202) 618-4448 View (202) 618-4448
Photo of Najiya Shanaa, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in District of Columbia
Najiya Shanaa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20010  (Online Only)
I have two decades of experience working with people affected by trauma and assault, childhood abuse, PTSD, loss and grief, LGBTQ+ issues, substance abuse, depression, anxiety and other mood disorders. I enjoy working with adults of all ages who are in life transitions or who may feel stuck as they try to move forward professionally or in their personal relationships. My clients are a rich mix of all races, cultures, ages, genders/sexual identities and religions. I am personally aware of the multicultural social and relational issues that many face. In the end, what we all want is to find happiness in our lives.
I have two decades of experience working with people affected by trauma and assault, childhood abuse, PTSD, loss and grief, LGBTQ+ issues, substance abuse, depression, anxiety and other mood disorders. I enjoy working with adults of all ages who are in life transitions or who may feel stuck as they try to move forward professionally or in their personal relationships. My clients are a rich mix of all races, cultures, ages, genders/sexual identities and religions. I am personally aware of the multicultural social and relational issues that many face. In the end, what we all want is to find happiness in our lives.
(202) 915-7827 View (202) 915-7827
Photo of Angela C Johnson, Licensed Professional Counselor in District of Columbia
Angela C Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20036
My areas of focus includes: Anxiety, Depression, Bereavement, Grief/Loss, Relationship Issues, Domestic Violence, Sexual Abuse, PTSD, Adjustment Disorder, Anxiety and Mood Disorders.
I believe that by mastering our past we have the power to change our future. I use integrative approaches to assist clients with identifying their strengths and overcoming barriers that are impeding their happiness and emotional well being. I firmly believe that if we change our thoughts we can change our lives and my goal is to assist you through the process to lasting change.
My areas of focus includes: Anxiety, Depression, Bereavement, Grief/Loss, Relationship Issues, Domestic Violence, Sexual Abuse, PTSD, Adjustment Disorder, Anxiety and Mood Disorders.
I believe that by mastering our past we have the power to change our future. I use integrative approaches to assist clients with identifying their strengths and overcoming barriers that are impeding their happiness and emotional well being. I firmly believe that if we change our thoughts we can change our lives and my goal is to assist you through the process to lasting change.
(240) 293-2588 View (240) 293-2588
Photo of Jessica Henry, Psychologist in District of Columbia
Jessica Henry
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20001  (Online Only)
, physical and sexual abuse, grief and loss, violence exposure).
As a Licensed Clinical Psychologist I am passionate about the mental health of individuals struggling with Posttraumatic Stress disorder, depression, and anxiety. I have successfully helped children, families, and adults with adjustment difficulties, traumatic stress exposure, and other concerns that impact their daily functioning. I am also passionate about men's health and helping men learn how to express and cope with mental health.
, physical and sexual abuse, grief and loss, violence exposure).
As a Licensed Clinical Psychologist I am passionate about the mental health of individuals struggling with Posttraumatic Stress disorder, depression, and anxiety. I have successfully helped children, families, and adults with adjustment difficulties, traumatic stress exposure, and other concerns that impact their daily functioning. I am also passionate about men's health and helping men learn how to express and cope with mental health.
(202) 952-8963 View (202) 952-8963

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Sexual Abuse Therapists

How do therapists treat sexual abuse?

A good therapist will be nonjudgmental and possibly demonstrate active listening, repeating back what the client says to show that they have understood. These skills allow people to feel comfortable discussing their traumatic experiences openly. Some important treatment goals are to restore a sense of safety and to rebuild confidence. In addition to working one-on-one with the patient, a therapist might bring in supportive family members to assist the client.

Do you have to talk extensively about sexual abuse in therapy?

Survivors frequently find it difficult to describe what happened to them out loud. They can even still be in a state of denial if the sexual abuse occurred recently. It is important for survivors to acknowledge that what happened isn’t their fault and to challenge and reappraise any unhealthy feelings or thoughts as they arise. Art therapy and play therapy are useful non-verbal means of communication for some survivors.

How long does treatment for sexual abuse take?

Recovery from sexual abuse can be a long and difficult process. Some survivors are able to move on naturally on their own, given time, while others require the guidance of a trained therapist. Therapy needs vary and can range from a few sessions to months or even years. Healing from sexual abuse takes time, and everyone’s journey will look a little different.

Can trauma symptoms caused by sexual abuse come back after treatment?

As occurs in many cases of trauma, survivors of sexual abuse may experience PTSD-like symptoms long after the abuse has ceased or after an initial round of treatment has occurred. In such a case, there is evidence that prolonged exposure therapy is a useful treatment for survivors, and may be more efficacious than supportive counseling alone. While triggers may continue to cause distress, the idea is that, with time and repeated exposure, their power will fade, allowing survivors to move on with their lives.