Therapists in Orlando, FL

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Photo of Thomas Warren Wilson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orlando, FL
Thomas Warren Wilson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32839
The majority of Americans who struggle with mental health do not receive treatment. If an individual does receive treatment, it's an average of eleven years after the onset of their symptoms. In other words, many individuals are all alone in their suffering. If you are struggling with a life transition, grieving the loss of a loved one, or feeling stuck, please reach out. I have after-hours sessions (5:30 p.m. and 6:30 p.m.) to accommodate busy schedules. Follow the link to my website for an online scheduling option.
The majority of Americans who struggle with mental health do not receive treatment. If an individual does receive treatment, it's an average of eleven years after the onset of their symptoms. In other words, many individuals are all alone in their suffering. If you are struggling with a life transition, grieving the loss of a loved one, or feeling stuck, please reach out. I have after-hours sessions (5:30 p.m. and 6:30 p.m.) to accommodate busy schedules. Follow the link to my website for an online scheduling option.
(321) 578-3260 View (321) 578-3260
Photo of Ashley Wells, Marriage & Family Therapist in Orlando, FL
Ashley Wells
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32814
As a clinician it is my goal to provide counseling services for my clients and their families that help them work through the challenges that life presents and improve overall health & wellness. It is my goal to provide effective therapy in a supportive environment where my clinical approach is caring, collaborative and goal-directed. I am passionate about developing a strong therapeutic alliance with each client as well as their families. I have been trained in Child Parent Psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, & Play Therapy. I use these modalities as they best fit the needs of each family.
As a clinician it is my goal to provide counseling services for my clients and their families that help them work through the challenges that life presents and improve overall health & wellness. It is my goal to provide effective therapy in a supportive environment where my clinical approach is caring, collaborative and goal-directed. I am passionate about developing a strong therapeutic alliance with each client as well as their families. I have been trained in Child Parent Psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, & Play Therapy. I use these modalities as they best fit the needs of each family.
(321) 517-4950 View (321) 517-4950
Photo of Natalie Nejad, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern in Orlando, FL
Natalie Nejad
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MA
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32822
Do you feel overwhelmed by the fear of uncertainty? Feeling stuck in patterns that no longer serve you? Seeking to gain insight, confidence, and clarity? My goal is to curate a space where you feel heard, validated, and empowered to make necessary changes. Therapy is not “one-size-fits-all” and every individual has their own unique set of circumstances that influence their outlook, core beliefs, and self-talk. Together, we will collaborate to modify unhelpful thought patterns, examine your values, and cultivate self-awareness and resilience.
Do you feel overwhelmed by the fear of uncertainty? Feeling stuck in patterns that no longer serve you? Seeking to gain insight, confidence, and clarity? My goal is to curate a space where you feel heard, validated, and empowered to make necessary changes. Therapy is not “one-size-fits-all” and every individual has their own unique set of circumstances that influence their outlook, core beliefs, and self-talk. Together, we will collaborate to modify unhelpful thought patterns, examine your values, and cultivate self-awareness and resilience.
(407) 606-8367 View (407) 606-8367
Photo of Annette Howard, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orlando, FL
Annette Howard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32810
My name is Annette Howard, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in Florida and working remotely with clients in Florida and North Carolina via telehealth. I work with adults and specialize in stress, anxiety, and grief/loss, using techniques of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Solution-Focused Brief Therapy to help my clients confront those negative thoughts and start feeling better. I have found that my approach and skills are a good fit for adults who may be dealing with challenges of life transitions. This often shows up in the form of anxiety, depression, stress, and relationship conflicts.
My name is Annette Howard, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in Florida and working remotely with clients in Florida and North Carolina via telehealth. I work with adults and specialize in stress, anxiety, and grief/loss, using techniques of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Solution-Focused Brief Therapy to help my clients confront those negative thoughts and start feeling better. I have found that my approach and skills are a good fit for adults who may be dealing with challenges of life transitions. This often shows up in the form of anxiety, depression, stress, and relationship conflicts.
(407) 378-0889 View (407) 378-0889
Photo of Stephanie Gray Registered Play Therapist, Counselor in Orlando, FL
Stephanie Gray Registered Play Therapist
Counselor, LMHC, NCC, RPT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32803
Sometimes life sucks - Maybe right now, it’s one of those times. Most people feel stuck repeating the same painful patterns - Perhaps you can relate. Maybe you know you’d be happier if you made changes but it feels safer and more comfortable to stay the same. Stuck in negativity and feeling out of control, you may feel like life is out of control. Since you're reading this, there is likely a fire inside you that wants to take control.
Sometimes life sucks - Maybe right now, it’s one of those times. Most people feel stuck repeating the same painful patterns - Perhaps you can relate. Maybe you know you’d be happier if you made changes but it feels safer and more comfortable to stay the same. Stuck in negativity and feeling out of control, you may feel like life is out of control. Since you're reading this, there is likely a fire inside you that wants to take control.
(321) 324-0110 View (321) 324-0110
Photo of Tanya Ruiz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orlando, FL
Tanya Ruiz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32814
Tanya Ruiz is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Florida who has been practicing since 2016. She is trained and certified in several modalities such as Acceptance and Commitment, Applied Behavioral Analysis, Art Therapy, Coaching, Cognitive Behavioral, Cognitive Processing, Culturally Sensitive, Dialectical Behavior, Eclectic, and EMDR. Everyone faces challenges in life, and at times it is helpful to have extra support to work through those challenges. It is Tanya's hope that you will reach out for that support.
Tanya Ruiz is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Florida who has been practicing since 2016. She is trained and certified in several modalities such as Acceptance and Commitment, Applied Behavioral Analysis, Art Therapy, Coaching, Cognitive Behavioral, Cognitive Processing, Culturally Sensitive, Dialectical Behavior, Eclectic, and EMDR. Everyone faces challenges in life, and at times it is helpful to have extra support to work through those challenges. It is Tanya's hope that you will reach out for that support.
(689) 400-1068 View (689) 400-1068
Photo of Pediatric Speech Specialist and Counselors of FL., Counselor in Orlando, FL
Pediatric Speech Specialist and Counselors of FL.
Counselor, MS, LMHC, SLP, NCC, ASHA
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32828
Lidia Raquel loves working with adolescents, adults, and families. Lidia holds her Florida state license in Clinical Mental Health Counseling after completed her Master of Science from Long Island University in Brooklyn. Lidia is a National board Certified Counselor. She holds her Florida state license and is nationally certified through the American Speech-Language Hearing Association (ASHA).
Lidia Raquel loves working with adolescents, adults, and families. Lidia holds her Florida state license in Clinical Mental Health Counseling after completed her Master of Science from Long Island University in Brooklyn. Lidia is a National board Certified Counselor. She holds her Florida state license and is nationally certified through the American Speech-Language Hearing Association (ASHA).
(407) 707-8115 View (407) 707-8115
Photo of Diana Abril, Counselor in Orlando, FL
Diana Abril
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32809
I am a Spanish-speaking bilingual licensed with 14 years of professional work experience. I have experience helping clients with stress and anxiety, depression, family conflicts, parenting issues, & motivation, self-esteem, and confidence. I believe that you are the expert on your story and have many strengths that will assist you in overcoming things that challenge you. I am here to support you in that process.
I am a Spanish-speaking bilingual licensed with 14 years of professional work experience. I have experience helping clients with stress and anxiety, depression, family conflicts, parenting issues, & motivation, self-esteem, and confidence. I believe that you are the expert on your story and have many strengths that will assist you in overcoming things that challenge you. I am here to support you in that process.
(407) 565-5926 View (407) 565-5926
Photo of Andrea J Garwood, Counselor in Orlando, FL
Andrea J Garwood
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32803
Over 25 years working with individuals and families. Over 18 years providing supervision to other mental health professionals and interns. My goal is to help you resolve emotional trauma or confusion, in a compassionate and non judgmental way. I am exp. in working with individuals coping with life-altering circumstances and illness, mood and anxiety disorders, life transitions, recovery, grief and loss, relationship stressors, and spiritual crisis. I also specialize in relationship counseling, trauma and recovery issues such as sexual abuse. I am experienced serving those with medical issues-HIV/AIDS, Breast cancer, PTSD and phobias. I'm also experienced serving military families and veterans.
Over 25 years working with individuals and families. Over 18 years providing supervision to other mental health professionals and interns. My goal is to help you resolve emotional trauma or confusion, in a compassionate and non judgmental way. I am exp. in working with individuals coping with life-altering circumstances and illness, mood and anxiety disorders, life transitions, recovery, grief and loss, relationship stressors, and spiritual crisis. I also specialize in relationship counseling, trauma and recovery issues such as sexual abuse. I am experienced serving those with medical issues-HIV/AIDS, Breast cancer, PTSD and phobias. I'm also experienced serving military families and veterans.
(407) 583-6176 View (407) 583-6176
Photo of Dr. Nicole Whitt, Psychologist in Orlando, FL
Dr. Nicole Whitt
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32835
Bilingual (English/Spanish), over 13 years of experience & have worked with hundreds of clients including children ages 5+, adults, couples/relationship issues, parents, and families Available during business and evening hours.
Bilingual (English/Spanish), over 13 years of experience & have worked with hundreds of clients including children ages 5+, adults, couples/relationship issues, parents, and families Available during business and evening hours.
(407) 749-1778 View (407) 749-1778
Photo of Nancy Alonzo, Counselor in Orlando, FL
Nancy Alonzo
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32832
My ideal clients are middle-aged Hispanic females who are married and have children. They may struggle with disturbed sleep, excessive worry, feeling overwhelmed, lack of motivation, trouble concentrating, and feeling under-appreciated. They are experiencing difficulties "juggling" their roles at home, work, and parenting responsibilities. They have expressed a desire to feel "normal" and "efficient", and to be a "good mother, spouse and employee." The end goal would be a reduction of anxiety and depression symptoms, returning to a normal level of function, practicing self-care, and enhancing time management skills.
My ideal clients are middle-aged Hispanic females who are married and have children. They may struggle with disturbed sleep, excessive worry, feeling overwhelmed, lack of motivation, trouble concentrating, and feeling under-appreciated. They are experiencing difficulties "juggling" their roles at home, work, and parenting responsibilities. They have expressed a desire to feel "normal" and "efficient", and to be a "good mother, spouse and employee." The end goal would be a reduction of anxiety and depression symptoms, returning to a normal level of function, practicing self-care, and enhancing time management skills.
(321) 384-3508 View (321) 384-3508
Photo of Rosario Toral, Pre-Licensed Professional in Orlando, FL
Rosario Toral
Pre-Licensed Professional, CRPS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32810
As a dedicated Behavioral Health Professional, my journey is rooted in personal experiences with mental health challenges. I've worked closely with individuals facing similar struggles with mental health and addiction in various settings, from inpatient to outpatient facilities, my local community, or my hometown in the Philippines; my commitment extends across borders. I understand firsthand the daily psychological battles nearly one in eight people face, and my own struggles have fueled my life's mission to guide others on their healing journey.
As a dedicated Behavioral Health Professional, my journey is rooted in personal experiences with mental health challenges. I've worked closely with individuals facing similar struggles with mental health and addiction in various settings, from inpatient to outpatient facilities, my local community, or my hometown in the Philippines; my commitment extends across borders. I understand firsthand the daily psychological battles nearly one in eight people face, and my own struggles have fueled my life's mission to guide others on their healing journey.
(321) 334-3970 View (321) 334-3970
Photo of Kourtenay Nash, Counselor in Orlando, FL
Kourtenay Nash
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32819  (Online Only)
Are you ready to reach your true potential? Your path ahead can feel unsteady. I am here to help navigate Life's journey. Support is about meeting you where you are in life. You do not have to continue trying to survive day-to-day struggles. You deserve to thrive. You deserve the tools and support to heal from your pain, grow from your struggles, and move forward to where you want to be. Whether you’re on the go or in the comfort of your home, my online services allow you to seek counseling on your time. Ranging from ages 16+, I work with individuals, couples, families, and groups.
Are you ready to reach your true potential? Your path ahead can feel unsteady. I am here to help navigate Life's journey. Support is about meeting you where you are in life. You do not have to continue trying to survive day-to-day struggles. You deserve to thrive. You deserve the tools and support to heal from your pain, grow from your struggles, and move forward to where you want to be. Whether you’re on the go or in the comfort of your home, my online services allow you to seek counseling on your time. Ranging from ages 16+, I work with individuals, couples, families, and groups.
(321) 638-5871 View (321) 638-5871
Photo of Andrew Boyle, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern in Orlando, FL
Andrew Boyle
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, RMHCI
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32817  (Online Only)
I'm drawn to those who've faced life's unfair blows, carrying the weight of trauma. It's not about fixing; they're not broken. Their needs center around shedding the burden of feeling defective due to past experiences. Together, we navigate their history, aiming not to erase but to transform. The goal is a fresh perspective, a chance to unshackle from the past, and embrace a new lease on life—a journey filled with compassion, understanding, and authentic growth.
I'm drawn to those who've faced life's unfair blows, carrying the weight of trauma. It's not about fixing; they're not broken. Their needs center around shedding the burden of feeling defective due to past experiences. Together, we navigate their history, aiming not to erase but to transform. The goal is a fresh perspective, a chance to unshackle from the past, and embrace a new lease on life—a journey filled with compassion, understanding, and authentic growth.
(407) 904-7991 View (407) 904-7991
Photo of Susan Hansen-Engelhard, Counselor in Orlando, FL
Susan Hansen-Engelhard
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32819
Are you dealing with trauma, anxiety, difficult childhood experiences, problematic family dynamics, marriage or relationship issues, divorce, difficulty in making decisions, depression, military/abuse trauma, pain management, and unhealthy relationships? Are you dissatisfied with your career path? Is military life or military family life part of your clinical picture?
Are you dealing with trauma, anxiety, difficult childhood experiences, problematic family dynamics, marriage or relationship issues, divorce, difficulty in making decisions, depression, military/abuse trauma, pain management, and unhealthy relationships? Are you dissatisfied with your career path? Is military life or military family life part of your clinical picture?
(407) 901-5693 View (407) 901-5693
Photo of The Mindful Lemon Marriage and Family Therapy INC, Marriage & Family Therapist in Orlando, FL
The Mindful Lemon Marriage and Family Therapy INC
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32827  (Online Only)
Our mission is to provide quality online mental health and substance abuse services while breaking down the barriers of traditional, office-based therapy. Traditional mental health and substance abuse treatment tends to focus on what makes you sick, and what you are lacking but at The Mindful Lemon, our clinicians let you sit in the driver’s seat, focusing on your strengths and assets to help you become the best version of you! This can be via traditional talk therapy, medication management, mindfulness techniques, an emphasis on health, wellness, and fitness, or any combination of the above.
Our mission is to provide quality online mental health and substance abuse services while breaking down the barriers of traditional, office-based therapy. Traditional mental health and substance abuse treatment tends to focus on what makes you sick, and what you are lacking but at The Mindful Lemon, our clinicians let you sit in the driver’s seat, focusing on your strengths and assets to help you become the best version of you! This can be via traditional talk therapy, medication management, mindfulness techniques, an emphasis on health, wellness, and fitness, or any combination of the above.
(321) 450-9249 View (321) 450-9249
Photo of McKenzie Bowen-Tart, Counselor in Orlando, FL
McKenzie Bowen-Tart
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32825
I believe mental health is the essence of self-care. Therapy can be a difficult process, so I strive to create a safe space where my clients feel heard, understood, and comfortable. Our goal for therapy is to build a relationship where we can work together in identifying and understanding thoughts and behaviors, and learning to cope with them. I primarily work with individuals with depression, anxiety, trauma, and mood disorders. Additionally, I have years of experience working with children and teens, helping them gain autonomy and understanding while overcoming the challenges in their life.
I believe mental health is the essence of self-care. Therapy can be a difficult process, so I strive to create a safe space where my clients feel heard, understood, and comfortable. Our goal for therapy is to build a relationship where we can work together in identifying and understanding thoughts and behaviors, and learning to cope with them. I primarily work with individuals with depression, anxiety, trauma, and mood disorders. Additionally, I have years of experience working with children and teens, helping them gain autonomy and understanding while overcoming the challenges in their life.
(321) 517-4998 View (321) 517-4998
Photo of Lorraine Breiner, Counselor in Orlando, FL
Lorraine Breiner
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32803
Sometimes life has a way of presenting you with unwanted challenges, while you’re busy making other plans. You may realize that you can use some additional support when these challenges are causing you anxiety, stress, exhaustion, depression or other difficulties. You don’t have to face these challenges alone. My goal as a therapist is to help clients explore the issues and challenges they face by listening, supporting and accepting without judgment. I view therapy as a collaborative, sharing experience and seek to help my clients feel comfortable, hopeful, and truly understood.
Sometimes life has a way of presenting you with unwanted challenges, while you’re busy making other plans. You may realize that you can use some additional support when these challenges are causing you anxiety, stress, exhaustion, depression or other difficulties. You don’t have to face these challenges alone. My goal as a therapist is to help clients explore the issues and challenges they face by listening, supporting and accepting without judgment. I view therapy as a collaborative, sharing experience and seek to help my clients feel comfortable, hopeful, and truly understood.
(407) 974-7897 View (407) 974-7897
Photo of Jennifer Perez, Counselor in Orlando, FL
Jennifer Perez
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32812  (Online Only)
Making the decision to see a therapist is hard and often confusing. Maybe you have started to question your own strength, wondering why you are finding it difficult to solve your problems now. Perhaps you are feeling more worried than usual or maybe sadness has become too familiar. You are not alone. I can help you rediscover your strengths to overcome your challenges.
Making the decision to see a therapist is hard and often confusing. Maybe you have started to question your own strength, wondering why you are finding it difficult to solve your problems now. Perhaps you are feeling more worried than usual or maybe sadness has become too familiar. You are not alone. I can help you rediscover your strengths to overcome your challenges.
(407) 676-7442 View (407) 676-7442
Photo of Julie Wynn, Pre-Licensed Professional in Orlando, FL
Julie Wynn
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Orlando, FL 32814
Julie Wynn is a Clinical Social Work Intern. She has experience working with both children as well as adults who have experienced varying degrees of trauma and mental health issues. She believes in working collaboratively to work toward solutions that best suit the needs of each client. Her goal is to create an environment that uplifts and empowers clients to be their true selves.
Julie Wynn is a Clinical Social Work Intern. She has experience working with both children as well as adults who have experienced varying degrees of trauma and mental health issues. She believes in working collaboratively to work toward solutions that best suit the needs of each client. Her goal is to create an environment that uplifts and empowers clients to be their true selves.
(689) 202-4416 View (689) 202-4416

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Orlando, FL

2,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Orlando, FL who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
86% Depression
77% Self Esteem
74% Coping Skills
70% Relationship Issues
68% Stress
67% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% Aetna
84% Cigna and Evernorth
82% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Orlando, FL see their clients

51% In Person and Online
49% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Orlando?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.