Therapists in Denver, CO

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Photo of Blair - Laughin', Cryin' Times Etc., Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Blair - Laughin', Cryin' Times Etc.
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LAC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80206
I believe that all humans struggle. Some of us struggle to identify exactly what it is that we are struggling with. Humans are also resilient and can overcome great difficulties. No matter what the issue, if it's important to you, I will make time to explore whatever it is that you desire. We may uncover a lot! I work primarily with the body and wisdom of emotions. In my experience with trauma work, I have learned it is equally important to build our capacity to experience pleasure as it is to be with our pain. I am here to offer you many options while you embark on the adventure of helping yourself.
I believe that all humans struggle. Some of us struggle to identify exactly what it is that we are struggling with. Humans are also resilient and can overcome great difficulties. No matter what the issue, if it's important to you, I will make time to explore whatever it is that you desire. We may uncover a lot! I work primarily with the body and wisdom of emotions. In my experience with trauma work, I have learned it is equally important to build our capacity to experience pleasure as it is to be with our pain. I am here to offer you many options while you embark on the adventure of helping yourself.
(720) 783-3582 View (720) 783-3582
Photo of Jerrod Denmark, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Jerrod Denmark
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80203
You know that you have an important role to play in this world, but maybe something has knocked you off course or is holding you back. Maybe it's become difficult to show up for the people in your life- maybe its difficult to show up for yourself. These are very human problems... Therapy is a very human solution. Whether you're a creative person struggling to find your voice, or an autistic person seeking connection & understanding, you have the right to a fulfilling life. Let's see if I'm the person to walk with you on this part of your journey...
You know that you have an important role to play in this world, but maybe something has knocked you off course or is holding you back. Maybe it's become difficult to show up for the people in your life- maybe its difficult to show up for yourself. These are very human problems... Therapy is a very human solution. Whether you're a creative person struggling to find your voice, or an autistic person seeking connection & understanding, you have the right to a fulfilling life. Let's see if I'm the person to walk with you on this part of your journey...
(720) 571-1697 View (720) 571-1697
Photo of Nicole Bradley, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Nicole Bradley
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80222
Hi, I'm Nicole, a licensed professional counselor and neurotherapist serving CO in-person and online! I specialize in working with adolescents and adults who need support coping with life's plentiful and ongoing challenges. I guide individuals towards resilience and confidence through the use of colorful interventions & therapeutic techniques that are adapted to your lifestyle, needs, personality, and interests. Therapy encourages deep personal growth and helps you to find the pieces within yourself that enable healing and change. Consider me along for the ride, your personal ally, and a professional witness to your life.
Hi, I'm Nicole, a licensed professional counselor and neurotherapist serving CO in-person and online! I specialize in working with adolescents and adults who need support coping with life's plentiful and ongoing challenges. I guide individuals towards resilience and confidence through the use of colorful interventions & therapeutic techniques that are adapted to your lifestyle, needs, personality, and interests. Therapy encourages deep personal growth and helps you to find the pieces within yourself that enable healing and change. Consider me along for the ride, your personal ally, and a professional witness to your life.
(720) 679-7786 x5 View (720) 679-7786 x5
Photo of Alice Ryan, Licensed Social Worker in Denver, CO
Alice Ryan
Licensed Social Worker, LSW, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80237
About Alice: While I loved growing up in Chicago enjoying the elements of big city living along with amazing food and Lake Michigan I never looked back when I moved to Colorado. I relocated to pursue my masters and going to the University of Denver confirmed social work was the right career path for me. Before starting at Colorado Center for Couples and Families, I was able to work with survivors of intimate partner abuse. That experience has made me proficient in domestic violence and emphasized the importance of trauma informed care.
About Alice: While I loved growing up in Chicago enjoying the elements of big city living along with amazing food and Lake Michigan I never looked back when I moved to Colorado. I relocated to pursue my masters and going to the University of Denver confirmed social work was the right career path for me. Before starting at Colorado Center for Couples and Families, I was able to work with survivors of intimate partner abuse. That experience has made me proficient in domestic violence and emphasized the importance of trauma informed care.
(720) 552-9026 View (720) 552-9026
Photo of Kevin Carlstead, Pre-Licensed Professional in Denver, CO
Kevin Carlstead
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFTC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80246
Not accepting new clients
I understand the weight and impact of navigating a chaotic household as a child. I know that discovering the right therapist has the power to help us process and release the burden of our childhood experiences, while also cultivating a strong, compassionate support system within our self. I have an unwavering sense of hope for individuals and relationships to recover from their most challenging moments. I chose this career to help people continue to establish or reestablish a connection with their genuine selves.
I understand the weight and impact of navigating a chaotic household as a child. I know that discovering the right therapist has the power to help us process and release the burden of our childhood experiences, while also cultivating a strong, compassionate support system within our self. I have an unwavering sense of hope for individuals and relationships to recover from their most challenging moments. I chose this career to help people continue to establish or reestablish a connection with their genuine selves.
(720) 696-0039 View (720) 696-0039
Photo of Colleen Corcoran, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Colleen Corcoran
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80203
Viewing my role in clients’ lives as a privilege, I approach my work with warmth, candor, and a genuine belief in one's potential for growth. I provide therapy for individuals across the lifespan. Difficulties in adulthood often stem from longstanding patterns of relating to ourselves and others that are no longer serving us. Through greater awareness of these patterns and our internal emotional world, we are better able to cope and connect.
Viewing my role in clients’ lives as a privilege, I approach my work with warmth, candor, and a genuine belief in one's potential for growth. I provide therapy for individuals across the lifespan. Difficulties in adulthood often stem from longstanding patterns of relating to ourselves and others that are no longer serving us. Through greater awareness of these patterns and our internal emotional world, we are better able to cope and connect.
(720) 836-1827 View (720) 836-1827
Photo of Ashley Williamson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Ashley Williamson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80211
My mission, as a professional counselor is simple: Create a safe and respectful space where my clients can honestly explore, and learn from their personal stories. It is a true honor and privilege to facilitate these personal moments of discovery, that are often raw, difficult and challenging.
My mission, as a professional counselor is simple: Create a safe and respectful space where my clients can honestly explore, and learn from their personal stories. It is a true honor and privilege to facilitate these personal moments of discovery, that are often raw, difficult and challenging.
(720) 640-8468 View (720) 640-8468
Photo of Dmitra Danilenko-Dixon, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Dmitra Danilenko-Dixon
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80209  (Online Only)
My personal and professional experiences has helped me understand that life can often make us feel lost. It challenges us and often makes us question who we are. I am here to be a companion on your journey of self-discovery while assisting to bring more clarity and meaning into your life. I believe every person has the answers they seek rooted within them just waiting to be unearthed. Life can be difficult to navigate alone, and we process our experiences best through social connection. I can provide you with a safe place to explore your struggles while challenging you and providing a sense of acceptance.
My personal and professional experiences has helped me understand that life can often make us feel lost. It challenges us and often makes us question who we are. I am here to be a companion on your journey of self-discovery while assisting to bring more clarity and meaning into your life. I believe every person has the answers they seek rooted within them just waiting to be unearthed. Life can be difficult to navigate alone, and we process our experiences best through social connection. I can provide you with a safe place to explore your struggles while challenging you and providing a sense of acceptance.
(720) 410-5754 View (720) 410-5754
Photo of Marielle Grenade-Willis, Pre-Licensed Professional in Denver, CO
Marielle Grenade-Willis
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80210
Are you a recovering perfectionist with a penchant for creative expression and spiritual practice? Do you feel burnt out by how much you care yet deflated by the social systems with which you interact? Is your attention overly affected by sensory stimuli in your environment? Do you have a difficult time managing your energy and time without externally imposed deadlines? Are you currently sober from an addiction yet wishing to deepen your lifelong practice of healing from the unrealistic expectations you have of others and yourself? If you answered "yes" to any of the above, you're likely in the right place!
Are you a recovering perfectionist with a penchant for creative expression and spiritual practice? Do you feel burnt out by how much you care yet deflated by the social systems with which you interact? Is your attention overly affected by sensory stimuli in your environment? Do you have a difficult time managing your energy and time without externally imposed deadlines? Are you currently sober from an addiction yet wishing to deepen your lifelong practice of healing from the unrealistic expectations you have of others and yourself? If you answered "yes" to any of the above, you're likely in the right place!
(720) 571-4546 View (720) 571-4546
Photo of Kara Carver, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate in Denver, CO
Kara Carver
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80246
I see beauty and humanity in each individual, not a label or diagnosis. My office is a judgement-free space where I embrace diversity in all its forms. I enjoy working with individuals and couples to nourish attachment, connection and intimacy. One of my passions is helping others experience the life changing joy of parenthood. I work with couples from preconception through pregnancy and beyond to maintain a strong and healthy sex life. Another passion of mine is working with individuals on a journey of self discovery, acceptance, and self-love.
I see beauty and humanity in each individual, not a label or diagnosis. My office is a judgement-free space where I embrace diversity in all its forms. I enjoy working with individuals and couples to nourish attachment, connection and intimacy. One of my passions is helping others experience the life changing joy of parenthood. I work with couples from preconception through pregnancy and beyond to maintain a strong and healthy sex life. Another passion of mine is working with individuals on a journey of self discovery, acceptance, and self-love.
(303) 952-1480 View (303) 952-1480
Photo of Wendy Morrison, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Wendy Morrison
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80209
I offer individualized therapy and assessment using evidence-based approaches to help you nurture your whole, true self. My professional training includes three advanced degrees in Psychology, including a research-based Ph.D. from an APA accredited program. I have dedicated my life and passions towards helping others. Engage with me and we will work together to find your peace.
I offer individualized therapy and assessment using evidence-based approaches to help you nurture your whole, true self. My professional training includes three advanced degrees in Psychology, including a research-based Ph.D. from an APA accredited program. I have dedicated my life and passions towards helping others. Engage with me and we will work together to find your peace.
(720) 605-2755 View (720) 605-2755
Photo of Wild Moon Integrative Therapies, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Wild Moon Integrative Therapies
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, R-DMT, CIMHP
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80202  (Online Only)
Have you struggled with bouts of depression, rage, and anxiety for years without being able to understand the root of your mood issues? Have your relationships and jobs suffered along the way? I promise that it is not just "all in your head", and that there are ways to experience immediate relief as well as deeper healing.
Have you struggled with bouts of depression, rage, and anxiety for years without being able to understand the root of your mood issues? Have your relationships and jobs suffered along the way? I promise that it is not just "all in your head", and that there are ways to experience immediate relief as well as deeper healing.
(720) 640-8981 View (720) 640-8981
Photo of Harmonia Counseling, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Harmonia Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80202  (Online Only)
I believe that generational trauma, attachment style, family upbringing, intersectionality and cultural conditioning all influence how we experience the world. It is up to us to identify and unlearn maladaptive patterns of behavior. My goal is to help you feel connected to yourself and others through increased self-awareness. Most of my professional experience has been working with individual kids, adolescents and adults on problems related to self-esteem, stress, anxiety, relationships, trauma, identity development, among other things.
I believe that generational trauma, attachment style, family upbringing, intersectionality and cultural conditioning all influence how we experience the world. It is up to us to identify and unlearn maladaptive patterns of behavior. My goal is to help you feel connected to yourself and others through increased self-awareness. Most of my professional experience has been working with individual kids, adolescents and adults on problems related to self-esteem, stress, anxiety, relationships, trauma, identity development, among other things.
(720) 915-2849 View (720) 915-2849
Photo of Danielle Polifroni, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Danielle Polifroni
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80211
I strongly believe in the protective and positive intention of all challenging emotions and patterns of thought. My goal is to help my clients explore the sources of these patterns, listen to their unmet needs, and then work with these feelings in order to get the need met in a healthy way. I also encourage clients to increase their tolerance of these uncomfortable emotions, which then allows for growth. I validate, support, and accept clients right where they are, while also challenging them to take the lead in their progress and personal growth.
I strongly believe in the protective and positive intention of all challenging emotions and patterns of thought. My goal is to help my clients explore the sources of these patterns, listen to their unmet needs, and then work with these feelings in order to get the need met in a healthy way. I also encourage clients to increase their tolerance of these uncomfortable emotions, which then allows for growth. I validate, support, and accept clients right where they are, while also challenging them to take the lead in their progress and personal growth.
(720) 619-8533 View (720) 619-8533
Photo of Nancy Harris, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Nancy Harris
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80220
Chosen as one of "Denver's Top 10 Life Coaches" by expertise.com for the eighth year. I combine my skills as both a psychotherapist and life coach to help you not only heal the past but move towards a more fulfilling, vibrant future. Whether you are anxious, depressed, frustrated, lonely or otherwise unfulfilled, life can get better. I have helped hundreds of clients change their lives and have faith in your ability to heal. Would you like to feel you are living your life with deeper meaning and purpose? Do you want to feel more aligned with your truth? Sometimes all you need is a skilled guide to assist you with the next steps.
Chosen as one of "Denver's Top 10 Life Coaches" by expertise.com for the eighth year. I combine my skills as both a psychotherapist and life coach to help you not only heal the past but move towards a more fulfilling, vibrant future. Whether you are anxious, depressed, frustrated, lonely or otherwise unfulfilled, life can get better. I have helped hundreds of clients change their lives and have faith in your ability to heal. Would you like to feel you are living your life with deeper meaning and purpose? Do you want to feel more aligned with your truth? Sometimes all you need is a skilled guide to assist you with the next steps.
(720) 619-8864 View (720) 619-8864
Photo of Julie Zhu, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Julie Zhu
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80218  (Online Only)
I believe that all human beings deserve to be heard, seen, understood and feel worthy of love, abundance, and joy. I offer a warm space where you may contemplate life’s deeper meaning/purpose and to process through past narratives, traumas and core belief systems that hinder your ability to create a life that you love. We start this process by building trust in our therapeutic relationship so that you can access deeper parts of yourself that yearns to be explored. I support you with finding safety within yourself, to develop tools to regulate your emotions/nervous system and to gain resiliency, self-compassion and inner strength.
I believe that all human beings deserve to be heard, seen, understood and feel worthy of love, abundance, and joy. I offer a warm space where you may contemplate life’s deeper meaning/purpose and to process through past narratives, traumas and core belief systems that hinder your ability to create a life that you love. We start this process by building trust in our therapeutic relationship so that you can access deeper parts of yourself that yearns to be explored. I support you with finding safety within yourself, to develop tools to regulate your emotions/nervous system and to gain resiliency, self-compassion and inner strength.
(720) 704-2710 View (720) 704-2710
Photo of Shane Spears, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Shane Spears
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80203
Waitlist for new clients
You are already the expert on you. I am here to help you fully realize how valuable your expertise can be. You have what it takes to survive and thrive, but that can be difficult to believe at times. No matter a client's age, they bring a variety of personal traits and experiences to therapy that have led them to the present moment. My role as a psychologist is to meet my clients where they are and discover the strengths within and the resources around that can lead to personal growth. I serve children, adolescents, and adults in an integrative and collaborative manner.
You are already the expert on you. I am here to help you fully realize how valuable your expertise can be. You have what it takes to survive and thrive, but that can be difficult to believe at times. No matter a client's age, they bring a variety of personal traits and experiences to therapy that have led them to the present moment. My role as a psychologist is to meet my clients where they are and discover the strengths within and the resources around that can lead to personal growth. I serve children, adolescents, and adults in an integrative and collaborative manner.
(720) 545-9756 View (720) 545-9756
Photo of Meridith Jaffe, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Meridith Jaffe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80202  (Online Only)
I am passionate about empowering the women I work with to find balance in their lives, joy in their relationships and compassion for themselves. I am a social worker with over 25 years of experience supporting people through a strengths based lens; whether you are looking for support with anxiety, life transitions, self-esteem, relationship issues, chronic illness (I am Long Covid and Lyme Literate) or parenting stress- I would be honored to help guide you during this season of your life to a place of growth and resilience.
I am passionate about empowering the women I work with to find balance in their lives, joy in their relationships and compassion for themselves. I am a social worker with over 25 years of experience supporting people through a strengths based lens; whether you are looking for support with anxiety, life transitions, self-esteem, relationship issues, chronic illness (I am Long Covid and Lyme Literate) or parenting stress- I would be honored to help guide you during this season of your life to a place of growth and resilience.
(720) 619-3243 View (720) 619-3243
Photo of Jordan Herselman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Jordan Herselman
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LAC, DVOMB
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80203
"Play" has always been a place where I feel most alive, whether through physical activity, creativity, or connecting with others. Like so many people, the adventurous culture of Denver stole my heart. My favorite thing to do is play outdoors, preferably with my giant dog and the people I love. I believe that as humans we all crave that sense of playfulness and freedom. I am passionate about supporting others to find their own sense of play to create the life they want. In my practice, I primarily use a modality called Brainspotting. It is the most incredible thing I have ever had the privilege of sharing with my clients.
"Play" has always been a place where I feel most alive, whether through physical activity, creativity, or connecting with others. Like so many people, the adventurous culture of Denver stole my heart. My favorite thing to do is play outdoors, preferably with my giant dog and the people I love. I believe that as humans we all crave that sense of playfulness and freedom. I am passionate about supporting others to find their own sense of play to create the life they want. In my practice, I primarily use a modality called Brainspotting. It is the most incredible thing I have ever had the privilege of sharing with my clients.
(720) 204-2443 View (720) 204-2443
Photo of Harvest Therapeutic Services, Marriage & Family Therapist in Denver, CO
Harvest Therapeutic Services
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80222
Are today’s stressful social relational pressures causing you undue stress? Are you finding it increasingly difficult to communicate with your partner, your child or friends? Are you needing to find a safe supportive environment to work through your emotions? As a Doctor and current Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist as well as Licensed Addiction Counselor, I work with couples, groups or individuals who struggle with depression, anxiety, relationship problems, trauma, substance abuse, or parenting issues.
Are today’s stressful social relational pressures causing you undue stress? Are you finding it increasingly difficult to communicate with your partner, your child or friends? Are you needing to find a safe supportive environment to work through your emotions? As a Doctor and current Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist as well as Licensed Addiction Counselor, I work with couples, groups or individuals who struggle with depression, anxiety, relationship problems, trauma, substance abuse, or parenting issues.
(720) 597-8894 View (720) 597-8894

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Denver, CO

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Denver, CO who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
71% Stress
68% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% Aetna
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
62% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Denver, CO see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Denver?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.