Therapists in Charlotte, NC

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Photo of Lisa Kay Paden, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Charlotte, NC
Lisa Kay Paden
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28277
Helping people lead more productive and healthy lives is the joy of my job as a therapist. I love working with people who are wanting something different than they now have, that may be issues around their relationships, their children, friends, jobs or maybe that they want something different from their lives. The first step is to ask for help. I have been a therapist for over 30 years and given many seminars, both tv and radio programs and feel that what I have learned can help people accomplish life goals with the right support.
Helping people lead more productive and healthy lives is the joy of my job as a therapist. I love working with people who are wanting something different than they now have, that may be issues around their relationships, their children, friends, jobs or maybe that they want something different from their lives. The first step is to ask for help. I have been a therapist for over 30 years and given many seminars, both tv and radio programs and feel that what I have learned can help people accomplish life goals with the right support.
(980) 246-3763 View (980) 246-3763
Photo of Brooke Szitas, Marriage & Family Therapist in Charlotte, NC
Brooke Szitas
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LCAS
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28205
Life is full of transitions and challenges that can lead to depression, anxiety, relationship issues, and family problems. You may feel frustrated, anxious, and disappointed leading to your desire to seek help. I believe everyone needs a person that supports, advocates, and listens to them. As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I strive to build a space of acceptance to promote your growth and honor your strengths. I believe everyone has their own unique experiences and therefore, I adapt my approach to fit your needs and goals.
Life is full of transitions and challenges that can lead to depression, anxiety, relationship issues, and family problems. You may feel frustrated, anxious, and disappointed leading to your desire to seek help. I believe everyone needs a person that supports, advocates, and listens to them. As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I strive to build a space of acceptance to promote your growth and honor your strengths. I believe everyone has their own unique experiences and therefore, I adapt my approach to fit your needs and goals.
(704) 741-3502 View (704) 741-3502
Photo of Tedra Slade, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Charlotte, NC
Tedra Slade
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28277
My name is Tedra Slade, LCSW licensed in the states of NC, OR & SC. My therapy sessions are designed to promote personal growth as defined by you. I believe that emotional and behavioral challenges are a result of our brains not working in a way that helps us achieve our goals. In therapy, you will learn ways to help your brain heal, reframe your thoughts, and learn how to cope with daily challenges. Making time for your mental well-being shows strength and is courageous! I enjoy helping people reach their potential by removing barriers and providing alternative ways to cope.
My name is Tedra Slade, LCSW licensed in the states of NC, OR & SC. My therapy sessions are designed to promote personal growth as defined by you. I believe that emotional and behavioral challenges are a result of our brains not working in a way that helps us achieve our goals. In therapy, you will learn ways to help your brain heal, reframe your thoughts, and learn how to cope with daily challenges. Making time for your mental well-being shows strength and is courageous! I enjoy helping people reach their potential by removing barriers and providing alternative ways to cope.
(980) 372-1825 View (980) 372-1825
Photo of Amanda Adgate, Licensed Professional Counselor in Charlotte, NC
Amanda Adgate
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28202  (Online Only)
Hi! I'm a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Florida, and a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in North Carolina. I obtained my Masters degree from the University of Central Florida, and worked for 3 years for a non-profit counseling center.
Hi! I'm a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Florida, and a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in North Carolina. I obtained my Masters degree from the University of Central Florida, and worked for 3 years for a non-profit counseling center.
(980) 946-6038 View (980) 946-6038
Photo of Lindsey Turner, Counselor in Charlotte, NC
Lindsey Turner
Counselor, LCMHC, MS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28273
I believe that understanding your own story and experiences can become a powerful tool toward healing and a healthy mindset! It is my goal to walk alongside you on your journey. An ideal client is willing to work toward personal growth and development. I work with clients ages ranging from 4 - 25 years old. My experience lies in adolescent and young adult counseling.
I believe that understanding your own story and experiences can become a powerful tool toward healing and a healthy mindset! It is my goal to walk alongside you on your journey. An ideal client is willing to work toward personal growth and development. I work with clients ages ranging from 4 - 25 years old. My experience lies in adolescent and young adult counseling.
(980) 217-7102 View (980) 217-7102
Photo of Brooke Carr Greene, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Charlotte, NC
Brooke Carr Greene
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28211
Not accepting new clients
You've found disappointment because your life does not look the way you thought it would. Perhaps you are dealing with a major loss that has you feeling like a bomb went off in your life. Or perhaps you dreamed life would look a certain way and feel left behind, unfulfilled and unsure what you want moving forward. Or perhaps you are struggling to adjust to a life change. Even if your life looks good on the outside, you feel empty and hopeless. You cannot shake a nagging worry or sadness, and your friends and family might not understand how much your life feels like a battle. You feel alone, but you do not need to suffer in silence.
You've found disappointment because your life does not look the way you thought it would. Perhaps you are dealing with a major loss that has you feeling like a bomb went off in your life. Or perhaps you dreamed life would look a certain way and feel left behind, unfulfilled and unsure what you want moving forward. Or perhaps you are struggling to adjust to a life change. Even if your life looks good on the outside, you feel empty and hopeless. You cannot shake a nagging worry or sadness, and your friends and family might not understand how much your life feels like a battle. You feel alone, but you do not need to suffer in silence.
(704) 307-4787 View (704) 307-4787
Photo of April Jones, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Charlotte, NC
April Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28227  (Online Only)
Hello there! Life can often be difficult and confusing. Have you been struggling with questions about your life, identity, relationships, spirituality, and/or sexuality? If you have questions, I have answers. And more questions. And I'm committed to helping you figure it it. So, give me a call and lets get to work! I look forward to hearing from you.
Hello there! Life can often be difficult and confusing. Have you been struggling with questions about your life, identity, relationships, spirituality, and/or sexuality? If you have questions, I have answers. And more questions. And I'm committed to helping you figure it it. So, give me a call and lets get to work! I look forward to hearing from you.
(563) 677-6129 View (563) 677-6129
Photo of Natalie Murray, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Charlotte, NC
Natalie Murray
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHCS
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28227
We specialize in couples counseling, relationships and sex therapy. The broad umbrella of sex therapy includes sexual abuse, sexual addiction, sexual dysfunctions and polyamory. We are Safe Zone trained and an LGBTQ ally.
We specialize in couples counseling, relationships and sex therapy. The broad umbrella of sex therapy includes sexual abuse, sexual addiction, sexual dysfunctions and polyamory. We are Safe Zone trained and an LGBTQ ally.
(704) 908-6630 View (704) 908-6630
Photo of Vivian A Clark - Clinical Supervision, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Charlotte, NC
Vivian A Clark - Clinical Supervision
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, LCSW, LISW, LISW-CP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28269
Licensed Clinical Social Worker, (LCSW), Licensed Independent Social Worker (LISW), Licensed Clinical Addiction Specialist- Associate (LCAS-A), Certified Life Coach and Certified Forensic Mental Health Specialist. Vivian is experienced at helping others discover their potential, realizing their dreams, desires through exploring their opportunities by integrating personal goals, spirituality and therapeutic interventions, Vivian creates a way to exclusively equips and positions individuals and organizations to maximize their skills and ability for effective growth and development. Vivian specializes in children, adolescents, families and couples. My experiences includes the following: outpatient therapy, community support services, intensive in home and, substance abuse
Licensed Clinical Social Worker, (LCSW), Licensed Independent Social Worker (LISW), Licensed Clinical Addiction Specialist- Associate (LCAS-A), Certified Life Coach and Certified Forensic Mental Health Specialist. Vivian is experienced at helping others discover their potential, realizing their dreams, desires through exploring their opportunities by integrating personal goals, spirituality and therapeutic interventions, Vivian creates a way to exclusively equips and positions individuals and organizations to maximize their skills and ability for effective growth and development. Vivian specializes in children, adolescents, families and couples. My experiences includes the following: outpatient therapy, community support services, intensive in home and, substance abuse
(704) 269-4478 View (704) 269-4478
Photo of Megan Bryant, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Charlotte, NC
Megan Bryant
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MS, LCMHC, LCAS-A
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28216  (Online Only)
I strive to provide assistance to individuals who are looking to proactively and constructively manage life challenges and stressors, along with supporting them emotionally along their journey. I currently serve children, adolescents, adults, and families in need of coping skills to better manage mental and emotional distress caused by stress, life's transitions, traumatic experiences, and mental and emotional illness.
I strive to provide assistance to individuals who are looking to proactively and constructively manage life challenges and stressors, along with supporting them emotionally along their journey. I currently serve children, adolescents, adults, and families in need of coping skills to better manage mental and emotional distress caused by stress, life's transitions, traumatic experiences, and mental and emotional illness.
(704) 286-8234 View (704) 286-8234
Photo of Taylor Cummins(Vinson), Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Charlotte, NC
Taylor Cummins(Vinson)
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28210
My name is Taylor Cummins Vinson, and I am a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor (LCMHC, NCC) with six years of clinical experience. My counseling experience includes outpatient counseling for clients who have experienced recent trauma, experienced domestic violence, or have been diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder. I typically utilize Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Dialectical (DBT), and Client-Centered Therapy during sessions and create an environment of positive regard and empathy. I believe goal setting is a collaborative process between the therapist and the client.
My name is Taylor Cummins Vinson, and I am a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor (LCMHC, NCC) with six years of clinical experience. My counseling experience includes outpatient counseling for clients who have experienced recent trauma, experienced domestic violence, or have been diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder. I typically utilize Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Dialectical (DBT), and Client-Centered Therapy during sessions and create an environment of positive regard and empathy. I believe goal setting is a collaborative process between the therapist and the client.
(704) 610-6259 View (704) 610-6259
Photo of Lisa Littlejohn Hill, Licensed Professional Counselor in Charlotte, NC
Lisa Littlejohn Hill
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, MBA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28202
We sometimes need help in order to live out the life we envision. I serve individuals and couples that seek to improve their quality of life by better understanding themselves, their choices, and their relationships. I work with women to increase self-esteem, find effective coping strategies, make healthy decisions, or address more deep-rooted issues. I work with couples to improve communication, manage conflict, clarify and achieve goals, and create healthy functional relationships.
We sometimes need help in order to live out the life we envision. I serve individuals and couples that seek to improve their quality of life by better understanding themselves, their choices, and their relationships. I work with women to increase self-esteem, find effective coping strategies, make healthy decisions, or address more deep-rooted issues. I work with couples to improve communication, manage conflict, clarify and achieve goals, and create healthy functional relationships.
(704) 900-0878 View (704) 900-0878
Photo of Christopher Love, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Charlotte, NC
Christopher Love
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, CADC
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28277
Welcome! I strive to implement counseling services that supports a holistic approach to wellness. I am a North Carolina board certified addictions counselor with a wide variety of clinical experience supporting individuals and families. Over the years I have worked in all different levels of mental health treatment. Getting my start working in Intensive Outpatient care and going on to eventually help create North Carolina's first Recovery High School in 2019. I connects best with individuals 14-30 years old and strives to make a lasting impact in my hometown and each of my clients and families life's. Look forward to meeting you!
Welcome! I strive to implement counseling services that supports a holistic approach to wellness. I am a North Carolina board certified addictions counselor with a wide variety of clinical experience supporting individuals and families. Over the years I have worked in all different levels of mental health treatment. Getting my start working in Intensive Outpatient care and going on to eventually help create North Carolina's first Recovery High School in 2019. I connects best with individuals 14-30 years old and strives to make a lasting impact in my hometown and each of my clients and families life's. Look forward to meeting you!
(704) 285-2835 View (704) 285-2835
Photo of Ray Castillo, Marriage & Family Therapist in Charlotte, NC
Ray Castillo
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LCAS-A
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28273
Everyone has a story! I am interested in yours because it matters. Regardless of how simple or deep it may be, we all deserve to be heard. I find it very rewarding working with individuals, couples and families in their recovery process. Utilizing effective techniques that will allow them the freedom to accomplish their goal of healing and recovery! I take it personal in providing my clients with an environment that is safe, where their voices are heard, empowered and without judgment.
Everyone has a story! I am interested in yours because it matters. Regardless of how simple or deep it may be, we all deserve to be heard. I find it very rewarding working with individuals, couples and families in their recovery process. Utilizing effective techniques that will allow them the freedom to accomplish their goal of healing and recovery! I take it personal in providing my clients with an environment that is safe, where their voices are heard, empowered and without judgment.
(980) 236-1660 View (980) 236-1660
Photo of Cynthia Burke, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Charlotte, NC
Cynthia Burke
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28202  (Online Only)
Hello, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years of experience who is licensed in both Virginia and North Carolina. I'm so inspired by my clients and love helping them walk their path in life, making empowered choices and addressing the things they want to change. I work with a lot of people who have experienced trauma and want to move forward in healthy way.
Hello, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years of experience who is licensed in both Virginia and North Carolina. I'm so inspired by my clients and love helping them walk their path in life, making empowered choices and addressing the things they want to change. I work with a lot of people who have experienced trauma and want to move forward in healthy way.
(704) 397-3739 View (704) 397-3739
Photo of Renee’ Blue, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Charlotte, NC
Renee’ Blue
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-A
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28262  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
The journey may be challenging, and the burdens may be difficult to carry. I am here to assist you in walking toward healing and peace. I have a passion for working with individuals and families who are dealing with life mishaps. Together, I will help you face your past and create a healthy path to the future.
The journey may be challenging, and the burdens may be difficult to carry. I am here to assist you in walking toward healing and peace. I have a passion for working with individuals and families who are dealing with life mishaps. Together, I will help you face your past and create a healthy path to the future.
(704) 228-4204 View (704) 228-4204
Photo of Wise Minds Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Charlotte, NC
Wise Minds Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28287
The Wise Minds team at Southeast Psych is dedicated to working with individuals and families in group and individual therapy to help our clients overcome their struggles with interpersonal relationships, negative thoughts and feelings about themselves, and teach the skills necessary to cope with the stress and hardship that can come with life. We provide groups for adolescents, teens, and adults and offer ongoing workshops and talks for the public, schools, clients, and other professionals. Our team is made up of licensed doctoral level psychologists with decades worth of combined experience.
The Wise Minds team at Southeast Psych is dedicated to working with individuals and families in group and individual therapy to help our clients overcome their struggles with interpersonal relationships, negative thoughts and feelings about themselves, and teach the skills necessary to cope with the stress and hardship that can come with life. We provide groups for adolescents, teens, and adults and offer ongoing workshops and talks for the public, schools, clients, and other professionals. Our team is made up of licensed doctoral level psychologists with decades worth of combined experience.
(704) 666-4093 View (704) 666-4093
Photo of The Virtue Place, PLLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Charlotte, NC
The Virtue Place, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHC, CCTSI
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28210
Relationships can provide the greatest joy yet create emotional pain in our lives. Anxiety, depression, shame, and trauma can be traced to a current or past relationship. Maybe you are in an unhealthy or unfulfilling relationship. Perhaps, you are experiencing a relationship loss due to a divorce or a breakup. Or you may be living with the impact of early childhood trauma/neglect. You also may be single with a longing to be in a relationship. Despite the cause of emotional pain, I believe you can heal and grow. I offer a safe environment where we work collaboratively toward a fulfilling relationship with yourself and others.
Relationships can provide the greatest joy yet create emotional pain in our lives. Anxiety, depression, shame, and trauma can be traced to a current or past relationship. Maybe you are in an unhealthy or unfulfilling relationship. Perhaps, you are experiencing a relationship loss due to a divorce or a breakup. Or you may be living with the impact of early childhood trauma/neglect. You also may be single with a longing to be in a relationship. Despite the cause of emotional pain, I believe you can heal and grow. I offer a safe environment where we work collaboratively toward a fulfilling relationship with yourself and others.
(980) 430-4083 View (980) 430-4083
Photo of Restorative Counseling Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Charlotte, NC
Restorative Counseling Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28216  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Restorative Counseling Services PLLC is a counseling organization focused on “Empowering others to achieve a better quality of life”. In life a person can face many challenges from childhood trauma, teenage issues, or barriers in adulthood. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I am here to assist you with identifying, coping and overcoming those challenges. Restorative Counseling Services also provides supervision for LCSWA.
Restorative Counseling Services PLLC is a counseling organization focused on “Empowering others to achieve a better quality of life”. In life a person can face many challenges from childhood trauma, teenage issues, or barriers in adulthood. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I am here to assist you with identifying, coping and overcoming those challenges. Restorative Counseling Services also provides supervision for LCSWA.
(910) 390-8147 View (910) 390-8147
Photo of Lorree Riley Counseling and Coaching, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Charlotte, NC
Lorree Riley Counseling and Coaching
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28211
Coaching, counseling and consulting for busy professionals striving to achieve mental and emotional wellness. Too often the anxiety and stress of life, career, self-image and identity leave us feeling confused, unfulfilled, unhappy and stuck. Your life is busy, you have everything you need but still, something is missing. We are not taught how to manage our mental and emotional health. We are left to figure it out on our own. It is critical to figure out what works for us, engages us and also what limits us so we can move through life with a strong sense of vision and purpose.
Coaching, counseling and consulting for busy professionals striving to achieve mental and emotional wellness. Too often the anxiety and stress of life, career, self-image and identity leave us feeling confused, unfulfilled, unhappy and stuck. Your life is busy, you have everything you need but still, something is missing. We are not taught how to manage our mental and emotional health. We are left to figure it out on our own. It is critical to figure out what works for us, engages us and also what limits us so we can move through life with a strong sense of vision and purpose.
(980) 417-1462 View (980) 417-1462

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Charlotte, NC

3,000+

Average cost per session

$135

Therapists in Charlotte, NC who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
76% Self Esteem
73% Relationship Issues
72% Coping Skills
69% Stress
65% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% BlueCross and BlueShield
73% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Charlotte, NC see their clients

61% In Person and Online
39% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Charlotte?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.