Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA

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Photo of Katherine Hammond Holtz, Psychologist in Pittsburgh, PA
Katherine Hammond Holtz
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15206  (Online Only)
I enjoy working with individuals who are interested in promoting well-being in themselves and in relation to others. Mindfulness instruction is available as a key component of my therapy should this focus be desired. Studies have shown that a regular practice of mindfulness supports an enriched experience of life, feelings of well being, better ability to cope with stress and pain, reduced panic, anxiety, and fear and better concentration. I currently only offer tele-health, accessible from the comfort of your own home or office.
I enjoy working with individuals who are interested in promoting well-being in themselves and in relation to others. Mindfulness instruction is available as a key component of my therapy should this focus be desired. Studies have shown that a regular practice of mindfulness supports an enriched experience of life, feelings of well being, better ability to cope with stress and pain, reduced panic, anxiety, and fear and better concentration. I currently only offer tele-health, accessible from the comfort of your own home or office.
(412) 593-2307 View (412) 593-2307
Photo of Heidi Whitton, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Heidi Whitton
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15239
Therapy is a space where one has the opportunity to explore and get to know themselves through a different lens. The lens that I hope to create is one that is centered on your lived experiences and what you know to be true about your world. From there, we can work to identify and build awareness around what might need to change in order to experience life more authentically. There are many distractions from experiencing full authenticity and I hope to create a space where you can learn more about how you cope now and what you might want to change to get you closer to the version of you that you want.
Therapy is a space where one has the opportunity to explore and get to know themselves through a different lens. The lens that I hope to create is one that is centered on your lived experiences and what you know to be true about your world. From there, we can work to identify and build awareness around what might need to change in order to experience life more authentically. There are many distractions from experiencing full authenticity and I hope to create a space where you can learn more about how you cope now and what you might want to change to get you closer to the version of you that you want.
(412) 419-3782 View (412) 419-3782
Photo of Christina McClarren, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Christina McClarren
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15232
Christina McClarren is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with 8 years of experience in the mental health field. Christina is passionate about helping children, adolescents, adults, and families grow beyond current challenges. She specializes in depression, anxiety, personality disorders, grief, chronic/serious mental health issues, communication, and managing life stressors.
Christina McClarren is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with 8 years of experience in the mental health field. Christina is passionate about helping children, adolescents, adults, and families grow beyond current challenges. She specializes in depression, anxiety, personality disorders, grief, chronic/serious mental health issues, communication, and managing life stressors.
(412) 274-1644 View (412) 274-1644
Photo of Angela Mills, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Angela Mills
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15217
Angela Mills is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2010. She has a Bachelor's of Science from Penn State University and a Master's of Science in Counseling Psychology from Chatham University. Angela started in the mental health field 16 years ago. She decided she wanted to be a therapist in high school, when she experienced the loss of someone very close to her that changed how she looked at the world. Angela had a therapist at the time that helped her through that loss and had a huge impact on her life. That is when Angela knew she wanted to be a therapist.
Angela Mills is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2010. She has a Bachelor's of Science from Penn State University and a Master's of Science in Counseling Psychology from Chatham University. Angela started in the mental health field 16 years ago. She decided she wanted to be a therapist in high school, when she experienced the loss of someone very close to her that changed how she looked at the world. Angela had a therapist at the time that helped her through that loss and had a huge impact on her life. That is when Angela knew she wanted to be a therapist.
(844) 264-6945 View (844) 264-6945
Photo of Jennifer Candelario, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Jennifer Candelario
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15203
Are you struggling with difficult life transitions, depression, & anxiety? I enjoy working with clients who feel motivated to take that first step of exploring reasons why they are feeling unhappy or dissatisfied with their lives right now. I work with clients who want to gain insight & learn tangible skills that they can practice outside of the therapeutic sessions to change their lives for the better. My role as a Licensed Professional Counselor is to help individuals gain insight and feel empowered to create positive change in their lives. I offer a collaborative approach to create a unique treatment plan tailored to your needs.
Are you struggling with difficult life transitions, depression, & anxiety? I enjoy working with clients who feel motivated to take that first step of exploring reasons why they are feeling unhappy or dissatisfied with their lives right now. I work with clients who want to gain insight & learn tangible skills that they can practice outside of the therapeutic sessions to change their lives for the better. My role as a Licensed Professional Counselor is to help individuals gain insight and feel empowered to create positive change in their lives. I offer a collaborative approach to create a unique treatment plan tailored to your needs.
(412) 850-4977 View (412) 850-4977
Photo of Melissa Noll-Carter, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Melissa Noll-Carter
Licensed Professional Counselor, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15203
**Teletherapy secure video sessions available** Finding a therapist can be challenging. It may feel overwhelming to take the initial steps to begin counseling and search for someone who is the right fit for your unique personality. I emphasize the importance of a positive therapeutic relationship where collaboration assists you in getting you to where you want to be. Many people have asked me how I can do such a difficult job. I see my “job” as a gift. It is truly special when people allow me to be apart of their lives and can be vulnerable with me as we walk together in the healing process, whatever that may look like for them.
**Teletherapy secure video sessions available** Finding a therapist can be challenging. It may feel overwhelming to take the initial steps to begin counseling and search for someone who is the right fit for your unique personality. I emphasize the importance of a positive therapeutic relationship where collaboration assists you in getting you to where you want to be. Many people have asked me how I can do such a difficult job. I see my “job” as a gift. It is truly special when people allow me to be apart of their lives and can be vulnerable with me as we walk together in the healing process, whatever that may look like for them.
(412) 545-6351 View (412) 545-6351
Photo of Debbie Witchel, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Debbie Witchel
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
Does the thought of starting a new day seem overwhelming? Do you dread interacting with others due to anxiety/depression? Are you unhappy with/or feel stuck in your relationships? Do you struggle with setting boundaries and people pleasing? Are you grieving the loss of a loved one? I listen, I care and I want to help. I can assist you to heal and lead a happier life. I believe in connecting with you as a person, the significance of identifying and releasing unexpressed feelings and changing unhealthy life themes. I am also trained in co-parenting (including court-ordered) for couples experiencing a divorce.
Does the thought of starting a new day seem overwhelming? Do you dread interacting with others due to anxiety/depression? Are you unhappy with/or feel stuck in your relationships? Do you struggle with setting boundaries and people pleasing? Are you grieving the loss of a loved one? I listen, I care and I want to help. I can assist you to heal and lead a happier life. I believe in connecting with you as a person, the significance of identifying and releasing unexpressed feelings and changing unhealthy life themes. I am also trained in co-parenting (including court-ordered) for couples experiencing a divorce.
(412) 252-2450 View (412) 252-2450
Photo of Tina Adkins, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Tina Adkins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15237
Life is a journey and we are constantly learning about ourselves, others, and our surroundings. At times, we all need help and my goal is to support you when you are ready to seek help. I believe in meeting and starting where YOU are at in your journey. With over 9 years of experience in mental health and medical social work, my areas of expertise include: reproductive health, trauma, complex medical, grief, depression, and anxiety, amongst other areas. I am LGTBQIA+ affirming. I have worked with a variety of populations, and specializing in working with individuals 18 years and older.
Life is a journey and we are constantly learning about ourselves, others, and our surroundings. At times, we all need help and my goal is to support you when you are ready to seek help. I believe in meeting and starting where YOU are at in your journey. With over 9 years of experience in mental health and medical social work, my areas of expertise include: reproductive health, trauma, complex medical, grief, depression, and anxiety, amongst other areas. I am LGTBQIA+ affirming. I have worked with a variety of populations, and specializing in working with individuals 18 years and older.
(724) 302-5801 View (724) 302-5801
Photo of Casey Meiser, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Casey Meiser
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15232
We live in a world that caters to the neurotypical person, and you are really starting to feel the impact of that after years of working against it. You've tried so hard to "fit in" and hold yourself to the same standard as those around you, but you keep "failing". And all it's done is filled you with shame and left you feeling even more exhausted. Your multiple intersecting identities make this even more difficult, and sometimes you're not sure what's actually impacting things the most and where to start. You need a safe space to really dive in, and that in and of itself has been so difficult to find.
We live in a world that caters to the neurotypical person, and you are really starting to feel the impact of that after years of working against it. You've tried so hard to "fit in" and hold yourself to the same standard as those around you, but you keep "failing". And all it's done is filled you with shame and left you feeling even more exhausted. Your multiple intersecting identities make this even more difficult, and sometimes you're not sure what's actually impacting things the most and where to start. You need a safe space to really dive in, and that in and of itself has been so difficult to find.
(412) 946-8665 View (412) 946-8665
David E Levit
Psychologist, PSY
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15237
I was born and raised in Pittsburgh. I earned my doctorate at Nova University School of Professional Psychology, my Master's Degree at Duquesne University, and my Bachelor's Degree from Washington and Jefferson College. I completed an APA approved internship at the VA Medical Center in Salem Virginia. My almost thirty years experience is in both inpatient and outpatient psychotherapy, and have worked in private practice since 1985. I have extensive experience working with children, adolescents, adults, couples and families. I treat a variety of issues including anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, relationship issues, anger management, ADD/ADHD/ODD, loss, behavioral management, and thought disorders.
I was born and raised in Pittsburgh. I earned my doctorate at Nova University School of Professional Psychology, my Master's Degree at Duquesne University, and my Bachelor's Degree from Washington and Jefferson College. I completed an APA approved internship at the VA Medical Center in Salem Virginia. My almost thirty years experience is in both inpatient and outpatient psychotherapy, and have worked in private practice since 1985. I have extensive experience working with children, adolescents, adults, couples and families. I treat a variety of issues including anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, relationship issues, anger management, ADD/ADHD/ODD, loss, behavioral management, and thought disorders.
(412) 906-9181 View (412) 906-9181
Photo of Patrick O'Brien, Psychologist in Pittsburgh, PA
Patrick O'Brien
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
Not accepting new clients
Today we are faced with so many distractions that ask us to turn away from ourselves and our relationships. It’s hard to resist. Yet this leaves us feeling more stuck, isolated, angry, distressed, and injured. And I believe this makes therapy, and spaces like it, more important than ever; spaces in which we slow down to engage honestly with our past, present, and future. I see myself as your partner in this process, and above all am committed to being respectful, curious, genuine, appropriately challenging, and fully present with my clients.
Today we are faced with so many distractions that ask us to turn away from ourselves and our relationships. It’s hard to resist. Yet this leaves us feeling more stuck, isolated, angry, distressed, and injured. And I believe this makes therapy, and spaces like it, more important than ever; spaces in which we slow down to engage honestly with our past, present, and future. I see myself as your partner in this process, and above all am committed to being respectful, curious, genuine, appropriately challenging, and fully present with my clients.
(412) 467-0264 View (412) 467-0264
Photo of Center for Resilience Strategies, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Center for Resilience Strategies
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15228
Stressed? Anxious? Unresolved trauma? Grief from loss? Relationship issues? Low self-esteem? We're here to help you make big changes in your life. CRS provides accessible, affordable, and effective mental health services in Pittsburgh and throughout Pennsylvania. CRS provides individual counseling for teens and adults, play therapy, couple and marital therapy, and family therapy. We work with multiple insurance companies and offer income-based fees for services, all provided in a private practice clinic setting or via telehealth.
Stressed? Anxious? Unresolved trauma? Grief from loss? Relationship issues? Low self-esteem? We're here to help you make big changes in your life. CRS provides accessible, affordable, and effective mental health services in Pittsburgh and throughout Pennsylvania. CRS provides individual counseling for teens and adults, play therapy, couple and marital therapy, and family therapy. We work with multiple insurance companies and offer income-based fees for services, all provided in a private practice clinic setting or via telehealth.
(412) 324-7956 View (412) 324-7956
Photo of Caroline Springhorn, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Caroline Springhorn
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15203
My ideal client is seeking therapy to become the best version of themselves. They would be committed to treatment and be willing to put in the work in and outside of therapy.
My ideal client is seeking therapy to become the best version of themselves. They would be committed to treatment and be willing to put in the work in and outside of therapy.
(412) 693-6931 View (412) 693-6931
Photo of Akiko Motomura, Psychologist in Pittsburgh, PA
Akiko Motomura
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15206
Not accepting new clients
I work with adults with anxiety, depression, and relationship issues, as well as other difficulties or experiences of pain that are hard to categorize. My style is collaborative and interactive to meet each person’s unique needs and concerns, with a relational psychoanalytic, and psychodynamic approach.
I work with adults with anxiety, depression, and relationship issues, as well as other difficulties or experiences of pain that are hard to categorize. My style is collaborative and interactive to meet each person’s unique needs and concerns, with a relational psychoanalytic, and psychodynamic approach.
(412) 253-4899 View (412) 253-4899
Photo of Leah Spyker, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Leah Spyker
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15203
I specialize in Substance Use, Anxiety, & Grief. Life can feel overwhelming at times, and it's okay to seek support. Whether you're navigating through difficult emotions, facing challenges in relationships, or simply need someone to listen, know that you're not alone. My ideal client is someone who wants to begin their treatment journey. They might be nervous or scared to begin, but they have made their first step to at least try.
I specialize in Substance Use, Anxiety, & Grief. Life can feel overwhelming at times, and it's okay to seek support. Whether you're navigating through difficult emotions, facing challenges in relationships, or simply need someone to listen, know that you're not alone. My ideal client is someone who wants to begin their treatment journey. They might be nervous or scared to begin, but they have made their first step to at least try.
(412) 517-7750 View (412) 517-7750
Photo of Autumn Lovas, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Autumn Lovas
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15222  (Online Only)
Are you experiencing parenting, pregnancy/postpartum or anxiety challenges? Your unique needs matter. You're looking for a therapist who understands and supports your journey to emotional health. Your goal is clear: to find practical solutions and guidance for a happier, more fulfilling life. Together, we'll work to achieve the positive changes you desire.
Are you experiencing parenting, pregnancy/postpartum or anxiety challenges? Your unique needs matter. You're looking for a therapist who understands and supports your journey to emotional health. Your goal is clear: to find practical solutions and guidance for a happier, more fulfilling life. Together, we'll work to achieve the positive changes you desire.
(833) 762-0372 View (833) 762-0372
Photo of Brittany Hudspeth, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Brittany Hudspeth
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, CCTP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15235  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
If you abandon the present moment, you cannot live the moments of your daily life deeply -Thich Nhat Hahn. It can be important to understand ourselves to be able to navigate this world. We often struggle with our own experiences and internal worlds. I can offer you space and understanding to work through those difficult questions and experiences you are having with a non-judgmental voice. I understand that our lives don't fit that traditional model and they don't have to which includes helping people through sex therapy. I have experience helping people work through their issues to find their authentic self and voice.
If you abandon the present moment, you cannot live the moments of your daily life deeply -Thich Nhat Hahn. It can be important to understand ourselves to be able to navigate this world. We often struggle with our own experiences and internal worlds. I can offer you space and understanding to work through those difficult questions and experiences you are having with a non-judgmental voice. I understand that our lives don't fit that traditional model and they don't have to which includes helping people through sex therapy. I have experience helping people work through their issues to find their authentic self and voice.
(412) 467-0297 View (412) 467-0297
Photo of Dr. Amy Manning, Psychologist in Pittsburgh, PA
Dr. Amy Manning
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15237
Looking for support, problem solving, coping skills, or an opportunity to talk through what is not working? My goal is to create a working relationship that feels comfortable and hopeful. It takes courage to share personal information with someone new. Individuals and families are facing a lot of stress and difficulties which makes psychotherapy incredibly important. My work with clients has them feeling respected and involved in their own treatment goals. The clients I serve range in age from teens through adulthood. Young adults/college age are often a large part of my practice as well.
Looking for support, problem solving, coping skills, or an opportunity to talk through what is not working? My goal is to create a working relationship that feels comfortable and hopeful. It takes courage to share personal information with someone new. Individuals and families are facing a lot of stress and difficulties which makes psychotherapy incredibly important. My work with clients has them feeling respected and involved in their own treatment goals. The clients I serve range in age from teens through adulthood. Young adults/college age are often a large part of my practice as well.
(724) 381-5197 View (724) 381-5197
Photo of Maria Grandas, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Maria Grandas
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15217  (Online Only)
My style of counseling is relaxed, compassionate, and non-judgemental. Working primarily from a Gestalt perspective, which does not assume pathology, I also draw from practical mindfulness, yoga and vedanta, and the Enneagram as needed. So much of the world feels like complete shite right now. Within our control is the ability to learn about and care for ourselves, the benefits of which extend to all with whom we interact as well.
My style of counseling is relaxed, compassionate, and non-judgemental. Working primarily from a Gestalt perspective, which does not assume pathology, I also draw from practical mindfulness, yoga and vedanta, and the Enneagram as needed. So much of the world feels like complete shite right now. Within our control is the ability to learn about and care for ourselves, the benefits of which extend to all with whom we interact as well.
(412) 219-5989 View (412) 219-5989
Photo of Maria Lynn Guido, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Maria Lynn Guido
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15228
Waitlist for new clients
Maria has been practicing therapy for 8 years, specializing in family therapy, trauma, and attachment. She has experience in a variety of settings and uses techniques including but not limited to, EMDR, trauma-focused CBT, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and Attachment-Based Therapy. She also has extensive training on adoption/trauma issues, and how developmental trauma plays a role in maladaptive behaviors.
Maria has been practicing therapy for 8 years, specializing in family therapy, trauma, and attachment. She has experience in a variety of settings and uses techniques including but not limited to, EMDR, trauma-focused CBT, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and Attachment-Based Therapy. She also has extensive training on adoption/trauma issues, and how developmental trauma plays a role in maladaptive behaviors.
(412) 838-4677 View (412) 838-4677

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
77% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills
66% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Highmark
74% Aetna
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA see their clients

60% In Person and Online
40% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
19% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Pittsburgh?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.