Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Leah R Finn, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Leah R Finn
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94109  (Online Only)
As your therapist, I create an environment for you to feel safe to explore fears, challenges and your deepest desires. I'm here to empower you! I'll offer a variety of techniques and collaborate with you in developing goals to co-create a therapeutic experience, facilitating healing and personal growth. I use an anti-oppression, disability justice framework and consider how ethnicity, class, gender, age, ability and sexuality intersect. My background as a community organizer for social justice informs my practice. I will tailor our work together to address your unique and specific needs and preferences.
As your therapist, I create an environment for you to feel safe to explore fears, challenges and your deepest desires. I'm here to empower you! I'll offer a variety of techniques and collaborate with you in developing goals to co-create a therapeutic experience, facilitating healing and personal growth. I use an anti-oppression, disability justice framework and consider how ethnicity, class, gender, age, ability and sexuality intersect. My background as a community organizer for social justice informs my practice. I will tailor our work together to address your unique and specific needs and preferences.
(510) 560-7164 View (510) 560-7164
Photo of Shanon Sitkin, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Shanon Sitkin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
I work with people who are interested in discovering patterns of relating to themselves and others that keep them from feeling satisfied in life. I believe that when a person seeks help they do so because they can't figure things out on their own. In a sense, you have suffered enough and you are wanting change. Therapy is hard work and we can resist change even when we think we want it. My job is to help you understand what is getting in the way.
I work with people who are interested in discovering patterns of relating to themselves and others that keep them from feeling satisfied in life. I believe that when a person seeks help they do so because they can't figure things out on their own. In a sense, you have suffered enough and you are wanting change. Therapy is hard work and we can resist change even when we think we want it. My job is to help you understand what is getting in the way.
(415) 980-7682 View (415) 980-7682
Photo of Shawna Brevik, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Shawna Brevik
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94109  (Online Only)
Do you have trouble identifying why patterns keep repeating themselves in your life? Maybe you are someone who is longing for a deeper connection to self and the world around you. Perhaps you are a couple reading this looking for support in navigating some of human relationships most challenging conflicts, or it could be you're just looking to strengthen the relationship. Wherever your inquiry lies I am confident our work together can facilitate meaningful change.
Do you have trouble identifying why patterns keep repeating themselves in your life? Maybe you are someone who is longing for a deeper connection to self and the world around you. Perhaps you are a couple reading this looking for support in navigating some of human relationships most challenging conflicts, or it could be you're just looking to strengthen the relationship. Wherever your inquiry lies I am confident our work together can facilitate meaningful change.
(341) 766-0669 View (341) 766-0669
Photo of SF Relationship Counseling & Psychotherapy, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
SF Relationship Counseling & Psychotherapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
Effective relationship counseling and psychotherapy here in San Francisco is my specialty for individuals and couples who are looking for therapy that creates closer, more meaningful and lasting relationships. If you are struggling to make sense of dating or relationships, you are certainly not alone. In fact, all of us need some outside perspective at times to help us make sense of it all. I welcome the opportunity to work with you. Specialties: * Relationship Counseling * Dating coach * Couples Counseling * Psychotherapy * ~Jeremi McManus, MFT, Relationship Counseling and Psychotherapy San Francisco
Effective relationship counseling and psychotherapy here in San Francisco is my specialty for individuals and couples who are looking for therapy that creates closer, more meaningful and lasting relationships. If you are struggling to make sense of dating or relationships, you are certainly not alone. In fact, all of us need some outside perspective at times to help us make sense of it all. I welcome the opportunity to work with you. Specialties: * Relationship Counseling * Dating coach * Couples Counseling * Psychotherapy * ~Jeremi McManus, MFT, Relationship Counseling and Psychotherapy San Francisco
(415) 723-4207 View (415) 723-4207
Photo of Alexa Gutierrez, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Alexa Gutierrez
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102  (Online Only)
My clinical approach is multi-disciplinary and rooted in psychodynamic theory, existential psychology, mindfulness, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT). I also have a background in integrative health and wellness, which can contribute to a more in-depth perspective on treatment. My style is collaborative, intuitive, direct, and non-judgemental, and I encourage clients to be true to themselves and transparent. Although treatment is based on an individual's needs and goals, principle themes in all treatment are to help one regain one’s confidence and strength and to reinforce one’s resiliency.
My clinical approach is multi-disciplinary and rooted in psychodynamic theory, existential psychology, mindfulness, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT). I also have a background in integrative health and wellness, which can contribute to a more in-depth perspective on treatment. My style is collaborative, intuitive, direct, and non-judgemental, and I encourage clients to be true to themselves and transparent. Although treatment is based on an individual's needs and goals, principle themes in all treatment are to help one regain one’s confidence and strength and to reinforce one’s resiliency.
(415) 851-3427 View (415) 851-3427
Photo of Lee Rather, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Lee Rather
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
I am a Licensed Psychologist who works with adults in psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, and couples therapy, Over the last 25 years, I have helped people with a wide range of problems including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, sexual concerns, interpersonal relationship issues, career obstacles, blocks in creativity, and the process of coming to terms with difficult and traumatic life situations. Usually my work extends further in helping people discover and develop a more lively and authentic sense of self, which in turn brings a sense of deeper meaningfulness and engagement in life.
I am a Licensed Psychologist who works with adults in psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, and couples therapy, Over the last 25 years, I have helped people with a wide range of problems including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, sexual concerns, interpersonal relationship issues, career obstacles, blocks in creativity, and the process of coming to terms with difficult and traumatic life situations. Usually my work extends further in helping people discover and develop a more lively and authentic sense of self, which in turn brings a sense of deeper meaningfulness and engagement in life.
(415) 763-5972 View (415) 763-5972
Photo of Lisa Pepper-Satkin, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Lisa Pepper-Satkin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
Lisa Pepper-Satkin, MA, MFT is an Executive Therapeutic Coach helping high-achieving leaders actualize BIG visions. She is also a Certified Dare to Lead™ Facilitator. Lisa uniquely integrates 25+ years’ experience as a Licensed Psychotherapist and Entrepreneur, fusing these disciplines in a unique approach she calls Executive Therapeutic Coaching. She assists the client in recognizing what personal blocks and entrenched behaviors are preventing them from achieving optimal results by creating a safe pathway to explore what is getting in their way. She combines these skills to guide highly committed people.
Lisa Pepper-Satkin, MA, MFT is an Executive Therapeutic Coach helping high-achieving leaders actualize BIG visions. She is also a Certified Dare to Lead™ Facilitator. Lisa uniquely integrates 25+ years’ experience as a Licensed Psychotherapist and Entrepreneur, fusing these disciplines in a unique approach she calls Executive Therapeutic Coaching. She assists the client in recognizing what personal blocks and entrenched behaviors are preventing them from achieving optimal results by creating a safe pathway to explore what is getting in their way. She combines these skills to guide highly committed people.
(415) 723-4253 View (415) 723-4253
Photo of Inge M. Martin, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Inge M. Martin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MEd, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94123
Do you feel stuck? Do you feel stressed and anxious? Sometimes easily frustrated or even numb and out of contact with the world around you? Do you feel depressed? I will support you to dig under the top layer of your social presentation and get in touch with your deeper feelings and stirrings. Through the experiences and insights gained in session you will be able to make contact with the different layers of your authentic self and begin to live a full and satisfying life.
Do you feel stuck? Do you feel stressed and anxious? Sometimes easily frustrated or even numb and out of contact with the world around you? Do you feel depressed? I will support you to dig under the top layer of your social presentation and get in touch with your deeper feelings and stirrings. Through the experiences and insights gained in session you will be able to make contact with the different layers of your authentic self and begin to live a full and satisfying life.
(415) 940-7076 View (415) 940-7076
Photo of Jeremi R Hanson, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Jeremi R Hanson
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114
I work with people who are: exploring their layered identities, dealing with symptoms related to anxiety and depression, exploring their relationship to substance use, codependency, or sobriety/recovery, and more.
I work with people who are: exploring their layered identities, dealing with symptoms related to anxiety and depression, exploring their relationship to substance use, codependency, or sobriety/recovery, and more.
(415) 319-7449 View (415) 319-7449
Photo of Jane Skoyen, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Jane Skoyen
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94104  (Online Only)
I’m Dr. Jane Skoyen, a licensed psychologist in California and New York. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety disorders, and assist with life transitions, stress reduction, and management of physical illness. I work with intelligent, proactive, and curious people who have found themselves stuck. Most of my clients are juggling many stressors of living in a competitive world and weathering the pandemic. They are looking for ways to reduce challenging symptoms, assert themselves, increase self-care practices, and find more joy in their lives.
I’m Dr. Jane Skoyen, a licensed psychologist in California and New York. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety disorders, and assist with life transitions, stress reduction, and management of physical illness. I work with intelligent, proactive, and curious people who have found themselves stuck. Most of my clients are juggling many stressors of living in a competitive world and weathering the pandemic. They are looking for ways to reduce challenging symptoms, assert themselves, increase self-care practices, and find more joy in their lives.
(707) 593-5783 View (707) 593-5783
Photo of Stephen Gundlach, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Stephen Gundlach
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
Thank you for taking this important step on your journey of healing and well being. My name is Stephen Gundlach. I am a psychotherapist working with individuals, couples, and teens. I see therapy as a process in which the therapist walks alongside you as a mirror and a guide to your own unfolding understanding of yourself and your unique story. In this process inner strengths and resiliencies are identified, habitual patterns that are no longer helping come to light, and desired growth and change become possible.
Thank you for taking this important step on your journey of healing and well being. My name is Stephen Gundlach. I am a psychotherapist working with individuals, couples, and teens. I see therapy as a process in which the therapist walks alongside you as a mirror and a guide to your own unfolding understanding of yourself and your unique story. In this process inner strengths and resiliencies are identified, habitual patterns that are no longer helping come to light, and desired growth and change become possible.
(415) 915-7224 View (415) 915-7224
Photo of Nicole O'Connor, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Nicole O'Connor
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, ATR
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
An area of focus in my practice is working with parents, couples and families in times of adjustment and transition, particularly in the early years of parenthood. Parenthood can be very demanding especially when you're trying to maintain a career and relationships with your partner, family and friends. I work with clients to give them communication tools and self-care strategies as well as increasing self-awareness and personal insight.
An area of focus in my practice is working with parents, couples and families in times of adjustment and transition, particularly in the early years of parenthood. Parenthood can be very demanding especially when you're trying to maintain a career and relationships with your partner, family and friends. I work with clients to give them communication tools and self-care strategies as well as increasing self-awareness and personal insight.
(415) 787-4454 View (415) 787-4454
Photo of Erika Garcia Rangel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Erika Garcia Rangel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102
Finding a therapist you trust is a challenge and scheduling your first session takes courage. You’ve taken the first step toward healing and personal growth. I’m offering you a safe, nurturing and accepting place to freely express your feelings, thoughts and experiences. My vocation is to guide and support individuals like yourself to better understand themselves at a deeper level through the transformative power of compassion and empathy. With commitment to therapy, we will explore your relationship with yourself and your relationships with others, addressing behavioral and emotional issues that are potentially holding you back.
Finding a therapist you trust is a challenge and scheduling your first session takes courage. You’ve taken the first step toward healing and personal growth. I’m offering you a safe, nurturing and accepting place to freely express your feelings, thoughts and experiences. My vocation is to guide and support individuals like yourself to better understand themselves at a deeper level through the transformative power of compassion and empathy. With commitment to therapy, we will explore your relationship with yourself and your relationships with others, addressing behavioral and emotional issues that are potentially holding you back.
(650) 679-7286 View (650) 679-7286
Photo of Don Dressel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Don Dressel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
Do you struggle with finding or maintaining inner peace in specific areas of your life or, in life in general? Do you experience unhappiness or dissatisfaction with your life? Therapy may help you identify the blocks in your life that keep you from living and experiencing life as you desire. Left unchecked and unexamined, negative dynamics rooted in our past and/or fears & anxiety about the future may progress with greater consequence and/or disillusionment about life. I strive to understand your experience(s) in order to form a genuine connection and to identify meaningful solutions that honor you and your highest life aspirations.
Do you struggle with finding or maintaining inner peace in specific areas of your life or, in life in general? Do you experience unhappiness or dissatisfaction with your life? Therapy may help you identify the blocks in your life that keep you from living and experiencing life as you desire. Left unchecked and unexamined, negative dynamics rooted in our past and/or fears & anxiety about the future may progress with greater consequence and/or disillusionment about life. I strive to understand your experience(s) in order to form a genuine connection and to identify meaningful solutions that honor you and your highest life aspirations.
(415) 942-8940 View (415) 942-8940
Photo of Clare Willis, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Clare Willis
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
We all want to live in harmony—with loved ones, in our work and creative lives, and in our minds and bodies—yet sometimes we find ourselves struggling. Perhaps you are facing a new problem—work struggles, relationship challenges, thoughts and feelings that are hard to control, or maybe you have a long term issue that you have finally decided you are going to tackle head on—whatever it is I applaud you for taking this step, and I offer you my support.
We all want to live in harmony—with loved ones, in our work and creative lives, and in our minds and bodies—yet sometimes we find ourselves struggling. Perhaps you are facing a new problem—work struggles, relationship challenges, thoughts and feelings that are hard to control, or maybe you have a long term issue that you have finally decided you are going to tackle head on—whatever it is I applaud you for taking this step, and I offer you my support.
(415) 323-4996 View (415) 323-4996
Photo of Malka Gorman, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Malka Gorman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104
The people I work with all have one thing in common: they want to feel better. They may come to me with a discrete crisis or a problem with work, family, or relationships. They may simply feel bad and want to talk with someone who can listen and understand. Whatever their concerns, they have the curiosity, courage and desire to feel better in order to achieve their personal goals .
The people I work with all have one thing in common: they want to feel better. They may come to me with a discrete crisis or a problem with work, family, or relationships. They may simply feel bad and want to talk with someone who can listen and understand. Whatever their concerns, they have the curiosity, courage and desire to feel better in order to achieve their personal goals .
(650) 603-0471 View (650) 603-0471
Photo of Kiley Lizama, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Kiley Lizama
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94105  (Online Only)
I specialize in multicultural counseling focused on racial identity, life transitions, and trauma. I work with you through a variety of challenges including anxiety, PTSD, cultural assimilation, and depression. I’m a big fan of real talk, understanding how systemic forms of oppression affect the mental health of BIPOC communities, & practicing self-compassion. I am honored to walk beside you on healing your journey and want to ensure you have a safe space to explore and strengthen who you are.
I specialize in multicultural counseling focused on racial identity, life transitions, and trauma. I work with you through a variety of challenges including anxiety, PTSD, cultural assimilation, and depression. I’m a big fan of real talk, understanding how systemic forms of oppression affect the mental health of BIPOC communities, & practicing self-compassion. I am honored to walk beside you on healing your journey and want to ensure you have a safe space to explore and strengthen who you are.
(408) 669-4629 View (408) 669-4629
Photo of Colin Holtzinger, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Colin Holtzinger
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
Most people come to see me because they are experiencing some sort of distress that they want help with. What they come to discover is that therapy can be about so much more than relieving pain. I facilitate a process of reflection and self-discovery that can help you connect to your inner creativity and capacity to grow. I focus on helping you expand your relationships, your ability to love and receive love. And together we search for your sense of meaning, purpose, and fulfillment in life.
Most people come to see me because they are experiencing some sort of distress that they want help with. What they come to discover is that therapy can be about so much more than relieving pain. I facilitate a process of reflection and self-discovery that can help you connect to your inner creativity and capacity to grow. I focus on helping you expand your relationships, your ability to love and receive love. And together we search for your sense of meaning, purpose, and fulfillment in life.
(415) 319-8648 View (415) 319-8648
Photo of Katrina Child, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Katrina Child
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114
I have over 20 years of experience providing therapy and counseling to help people create more fulfilling lives. I believe we all have the potential to feel alive, satisfied and successful in our selves, work and relationships. I am a warm, interactive and collaborative ally who will help you create more resilience and satisfaction in your life. Whether it's relationships, work, anxiety, stress or other challenges, we will work together to clear the obstacles between you and the life you are seeking. I love the work that I do with clients, and feel so lucky to have this career.
I have over 20 years of experience providing therapy and counseling to help people create more fulfilling lives. I believe we all have the potential to feel alive, satisfied and successful in our selves, work and relationships. I am a warm, interactive and collaborative ally who will help you create more resilience and satisfaction in your life. Whether it's relationships, work, anxiety, stress or other challenges, we will work together to clear the obstacles between you and the life you are seeking. I love the work that I do with clients, and feel so lucky to have this career.
(415) 689-9254 View (415) 689-9254
Photo of Brad Byrum, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Brad Byrum
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104  (Online Only)
Has your relationship become an angry, sad, or scary place leaving you feeling alone, hurt and discouraged? Are you and your partner feeling lost in conflict cycles you don’t understand and desperately want to change? Many of the couples I work with come to therapy feeling just like you. I understand how much courage it takes to reach out for help and to let another person get inside your relationship, especially when you are feeling so vulnerable. If you are searching for a safe place to explore what's not working in your relationship, and support in creating solutions, I can help.
Has your relationship become an angry, sad, or scary place leaving you feeling alone, hurt and discouraged? Are you and your partner feeling lost in conflict cycles you don’t understand and desperately want to change? Many of the couples I work with come to therapy feeling just like you. I understand how much courage it takes to reach out for help and to let another person get inside your relationship, especially when you are feeling so vulnerable. If you are searching for a safe place to explore what's not working in your relationship, and support in creating solutions, I can help.
(650) 381-1297 View (650) 381-1297

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.