Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Emily Wolf McMane, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Emily Wolf McMane
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94123  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with women, young adults, trauma survivors, and individuals grappling with identity issues, finding purpose in life, and experiencing major life changes. You are not broken, and I am not here to heal you, fix you, rescue you, or make you better. I am here to support you on your journey to discovering your authentic self and releasing old stories and patterns of behaviors that no longer serve you so that you may live a happier, healthier, and more fulfilling life.
I specialize in working with women, young adults, trauma survivors, and individuals grappling with identity issues, finding purpose in life, and experiencing major life changes. You are not broken, and I am not here to heal you, fix you, rescue you, or make you better. I am here to support you on your journey to discovering your authentic self and releasing old stories and patterns of behaviors that no longer serve you so that you may live a happier, healthier, and more fulfilling life.
(707) 615-0653 View (707) 615-0653
Photo of Dr. Cecilia Winfield, Pre-Licensed Professional in San Francisco, CA
Dr. Cecilia Winfield
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
We often come to therapy because something in our life has emerged in a way we find challenging to navigate on our own. I approach our work together with this in mind, and as an honored participant in your journey toward growth and deepened insight. My therapeutic style is rooted in relational psychodynamic, IFS, and ACT interventions and centered in values of patience, humility, empathy, and humor. I strive to see you through the lens of your unique life experiences and to work collaboratively so we can effectively address your concerns. My hope is that, together, we can help you live a life that feels authentic and empowered.
We often come to therapy because something in our life has emerged in a way we find challenging to navigate on our own. I approach our work together with this in mind, and as an honored participant in your journey toward growth and deepened insight. My therapeutic style is rooted in relational psychodynamic, IFS, and ACT interventions and centered in values of patience, humility, empathy, and humor. I strive to see you through the lens of your unique life experiences and to work collaboratively so we can effectively address your concerns. My hope is that, together, we can help you live a life that feels authentic and empowered.
(415) 980-6482 View (415) 980-6482
Photo of Ali Howard Kirsch, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Ali Howard Kirsch
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
I’m a licensed Marriage & Family Therapist and a clinical supervisor. For the past 15 years I’ve helped people better understand themselves, heal from past difficulties, and build stronger interpersonal connections. Examining one’s difficulties requires courage and resolve. Therapy is a long-term investment in yourself and in your desire to live a fuller, more satisfying life. With a lot of effort and patience, the therapeutic process can pays off.
I’m a licensed Marriage & Family Therapist and a clinical supervisor. For the past 15 years I’ve helped people better understand themselves, heal from past difficulties, and build stronger interpersonal connections. Examining one’s difficulties requires courage and resolve. Therapy is a long-term investment in yourself and in your desire to live a fuller, more satisfying life. With a lot of effort and patience, the therapeutic process can pays off.
(415) 894-9921 View (415) 894-9921
Photo of Jhoana Sarabia, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Jhoana Sarabia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94103  (Online Only)
Jhoana Sarabia is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in California. Whether a client is facing anxiety, depression, experiencing grief and loss, or has substance abuse issues, Jhoana offers a judgement free environment for people of all ages, genders, cultures, and social backgrounds to explore their concerns. She specializes in helping members of the Latinx community, and has extensive cultural and linguistic knowledge.
Jhoana Sarabia is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in California. Whether a client is facing anxiety, depression, experiencing grief and loss, or has substance abuse issues, Jhoana offers a judgement free environment for people of all ages, genders, cultures, and social backgrounds to explore their concerns. She specializes in helping members of the Latinx community, and has extensive cultural and linguistic knowledge.
(310) 943-1244 View (310) 943-1244
Photo of Emma Farr Rawlings, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Emma Farr Rawlings
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
1976,studies in Jungian, Psychosynthesis & Gestalt. 1983, completed Intensive Psychosynthesis Training with, Diana Whitmore, UK and Piero Ferrucci, Italy. 1977 , Staff Therapist at Diabasis House, San Francisco, a Jungian oriented residential alternative to hospitalization for acutely psychotic young adults,using no medication and offering Spiritual Crisis Intervention & Somatic Psychotherapy(1978-1982).Worked one on one with Autistic children, Buck Foundation Research(1982-1984).1980..., trained with Dr. Ron Alexander Ph.D,originator of the Open Mind Training. Completed Intensive Medical Intuitive Training with Caroline Myss and Norm Shealy M.D.(1995-1997).Diplomate, Comprehensive Energy Psychology,ACEP(2006-present)
1976,studies in Jungian, Psychosynthesis & Gestalt. 1983, completed Intensive Psychosynthesis Training with, Diana Whitmore, UK and Piero Ferrucci, Italy. 1977 , Staff Therapist at Diabasis House, San Francisco, a Jungian oriented residential alternative to hospitalization for acutely psychotic young adults,using no medication and offering Spiritual Crisis Intervention & Somatic Psychotherapy(1978-1982).Worked one on one with Autistic children, Buck Foundation Research(1982-1984).1980..., trained with Dr. Ron Alexander Ph.D,originator of the Open Mind Training. Completed Intensive Medical Intuitive Training with Caroline Myss and Norm Shealy M.D.(1995-1997).Diplomate, Comprehensive Energy Psychology,ACEP(2006-present)
(415) 367-3130 View (415) 367-3130
Photo of Lindsay Olshan, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Lindsay Olshan
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, ATR
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
My goal is to help people regain balance in their lives, deepen their understanding of self and achieve a level of awareness that alleviates helplessness and creates choice and ultimate change.
My goal is to help people regain balance in their lives, deepen their understanding of self and achieve a level of awareness that alleviates helplessness and creates choice and ultimate change.
(310) 341-7992 View (310) 341-7992
Photo of Sonia Troiani Doulton in San Francisco, CA
Sonia Troiani Doulton
MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94123
I work with adults experiencing depression, anxiety, PTSD, eating disorders, low self-esteem, life transitions, parenting issues, migration issues, aging challenges, neurodivergence, childhood trauma, and marital issues. In the last 15 yrs I've helped people find relief from emotional distress, gain insight into their thoughts and behaviors, improve coping skills, and foster resilience. I can help you achieve mental well-being, build healthier relationships, rediscover purpose and meaning in life, cultivate a sense of self-acceptance and fulfillment, and navigate life's challenges with greater ease, understanding, and authenticity.
I work with adults experiencing depression, anxiety, PTSD, eating disorders, low self-esteem, life transitions, parenting issues, migration issues, aging challenges, neurodivergence, childhood trauma, and marital issues. In the last 15 yrs I've helped people find relief from emotional distress, gain insight into their thoughts and behaviors, improve coping skills, and foster resilience. I can help you achieve mental well-being, build healthier relationships, rediscover purpose and meaning in life, cultivate a sense of self-acceptance and fulfillment, and navigate life's challenges with greater ease, understanding, and authenticity.
(415) 727-8694 View (415) 727-8694
Photo of Nicole Therese Muller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Nicole Therese Muller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94122
Talking with a therapist provides a safe place to talk about painful thoughts, feelings and stressors. You may be feeling sad, angry, anxious or stuck. You may be unable to control negative thoughts, unhealthy behaviors, engaging in unhealthy relationships or repeating destructive patterns. You may be distressed from memories related to traumatic events. It takes courage to talk to another person about these undesirable and distressing parts of your life. I offer a safe space to talk and be listened to. When you are ready, I’d like to help you feel better about yourself, your relationships and your life.
Talking with a therapist provides a safe place to talk about painful thoughts, feelings and stressors. You may be feeling sad, angry, anxious or stuck. You may be unable to control negative thoughts, unhealthy behaviors, engaging in unhealthy relationships or repeating destructive patterns. You may be distressed from memories related to traumatic events. It takes courage to talk to another person about these undesirable and distressing parts of your life. I offer a safe space to talk and be listened to. When you are ready, I’d like to help you feel better about yourself, your relationships and your life.
(415) 592-6500 View (415) 592-6500
Photo of Leslie Shannon Laughlin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Leslie Shannon Laughlin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94107
Hello, my name is Leslie and I can offer you a space to exhale. Whatever you are facing, call me if you need help sorting through life's challenges and learn ways to relax and find peace. Learn how to honor yourself while you learn about your strengths. Please know that every "worst day ever" you have had, you have also surpassed.
Hello, my name is Leslie and I can offer you a space to exhale. Whatever you are facing, call me if you need help sorting through life's challenges and learn ways to relax and find peace. Learn how to honor yourself while you learn about your strengths. Please know that every "worst day ever" you have had, you have also surpassed.
(415) 843-4082 View (415) 843-4082
Photo of Greg Anderson, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Greg Anderson
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
Greg’s philosophy in working with people is, “building a relationship between you and I is the first important step; compassion, kindness, and trust take time.” Greg collaborates with his clients to create a realistic and useful treatment plan to make their progress as effective as possible.
Greg’s philosophy in working with people is, “building a relationship between you and I is the first important step; compassion, kindness, and trust take time.” Greg collaborates with his clients to create a realistic and useful treatment plan to make their progress as effective as possible.
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Photo of Gargi Patel, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Gargi Patel
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MA
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110  (Online Only)
Therapy is a unique opportunity to explore your truest self. It is a space with no right or wrong. I am available for you to discover and be with various parts of yourself. Together, we will explore these pieces and the experiences that cause pain and discomfort; through this, there will be space for healing, understanding, and acceptance. My goal as a therapist is to accompany you on your journey: To guide you in understanding your authentic self as you foster self-love and acceptance for all the parts of yourself.
Therapy is a unique opportunity to explore your truest self. It is a space with no right or wrong. I am available for you to discover and be with various parts of yourself. Together, we will explore these pieces and the experiences that cause pain and discomfort; through this, there will be space for healing, understanding, and acceptance. My goal as a therapist is to accompany you on your journey: To guide you in understanding your authentic self as you foster self-love and acceptance for all the parts of yourself.
(415) 390-0055 View (415) 390-0055
Photo of Amy Rice, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Amy Rice
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
In my San Francisco based private practice I focus on an array of issues including depression, anxiety, postpartum depression, parenting support, trauma, work stress, relationship issues, substance abuse, transgender and gender non-binary support, and counseling for issues related to fertility including IVF support. Too often I work with individuals who have waited until the point of crisis to reach out for help, and relief can start much earlier! With empathy, sensitivity, and humor, my goal is to create a space in which to build the therapeutic relationship while cultivating a happier and healthier sense of self and wellbeing.
In my San Francisco based private practice I focus on an array of issues including depression, anxiety, postpartum depression, parenting support, trauma, work stress, relationship issues, substance abuse, transgender and gender non-binary support, and counseling for issues related to fertility including IVF support. Too often I work with individuals who have waited until the point of crisis to reach out for help, and relief can start much earlier! With empathy, sensitivity, and humor, my goal is to create a space in which to build the therapeutic relationship while cultivating a happier and healthier sense of self and wellbeing.
(415) 801-3759 View (415) 801-3759
Photo of Cecille Basila, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Cecille Basila
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94116  (Online Only)
My intention is to empower you with tools for healing, change, and personal fulfillment. I provide a holistic approach that combines ancient traditions with evidenced based practices. I believe everyone has the wisdom with in themselves to know what is needed for healing and transformation. Courageously accepting an invitation to explore your unique path in this human experience can expand your view in seeing all the different ways you can show up for life.
My intention is to empower you with tools for healing, change, and personal fulfillment. I provide a holistic approach that combines ancient traditions with evidenced based practices. I believe everyone has the wisdom with in themselves to know what is needed for healing and transformation. Courageously accepting an invitation to explore your unique path in this human experience can expand your view in seeing all the different ways you can show up for life.
(415) 818-0213 View (415) 818-0213
Photo of Lea Didion, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Lea Didion
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94123  (Online Only)
​Trauma does not discriminate. It can happen to anyone no matter their circumstances. Fortunately, there are also treatments that can help. In my 20 years of experience, I have born witness to the incredible resilience of individuals who have experienced trauma and firmly believe that recovery is possible. I have expertise in working with survivors of all forms of trauma including (but not limited to) service members, veterans, journalists (JTSN certificate), childhood abuse, chronic invalidation, developmental trauma, intergenerational trauma, immigration-related trauma, race-based trauma, and interpersonal violence.
​Trauma does not discriminate. It can happen to anyone no matter their circumstances. Fortunately, there are also treatments that can help. In my 20 years of experience, I have born witness to the incredible resilience of individuals who have experienced trauma and firmly believe that recovery is possible. I have expertise in working with survivors of all forms of trauma including (but not limited to) service members, veterans, journalists (JTSN certificate), childhood abuse, chronic invalidation, developmental trauma, intergenerational trauma, immigration-related trauma, race-based trauma, and interpersonal violence.
(202) 318-6076 View (202) 318-6076
Photo of Marty Mulkey, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Marty Mulkey
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114
People come to psychotherapy for a variety of reasons. Making our way in this world demands so much self-reliance and yet we are given very little opportunity to get to know ourselves well. We keep our fears and uncertainty about whether we have what it takes to survive our struggles very close to our chests. This is such a fragile place to live. Ignoring our emotions and "soldiering on" creates a life of isolation and confusion. This may manifest as depression, anxiety, or uncertainty about how to wish, desire, and create a life worth living.
People come to psychotherapy for a variety of reasons. Making our way in this world demands so much self-reliance and yet we are given very little opportunity to get to know ourselves well. We keep our fears and uncertainty about whether we have what it takes to survive our struggles very close to our chests. This is such a fragile place to live. Ignoring our emotions and "soldiering on" creates a life of isolation and confusion. This may manifest as depression, anxiety, or uncertainty about how to wish, desire, and create a life worth living.
(415) 801-3365 View (415) 801-3365
Photo of Paul W. Thomas, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Paul W. Thomas
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94105  (Online Only)
My style is personal, collaborative, and responsive to your needs. I start from the premise that you are the expert on yourself. You have the innate ability to uncover, identify, explore, and ultimately change unwanted or problematic thoughts or behaviors.
My style is personal, collaborative, and responsive to your needs. I start from the premise that you are the expert on yourself. You have the innate ability to uncover, identify, explore, and ultimately change unwanted or problematic thoughts or behaviors.
(415) 980-8373 View (415) 980-8373
Photo of Pam Miller, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Pam Miller
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94117
I work well with individuals going through life transitions, in love, work, identity, grief, parenting, infertility. Psychotherapy is not one size fits all, but a relationship finely tailored to each individual(s). Your needs determine the approach I take. I have over 30 years of experience and a wide variety of approaches to choose from. My main tools are good listening, and a strong belief people can learn from their past and current experiences, if they have the support to face themselves honestly. No one is too old to learn new strategies to make life more fulfilling.
I work well with individuals going through life transitions, in love, work, identity, grief, parenting, infertility. Psychotherapy is not one size fits all, but a relationship finely tailored to each individual(s). Your needs determine the approach I take. I have over 30 years of experience and a wide variety of approaches to choose from. My main tools are good listening, and a strong belief people can learn from their past and current experiences, if they have the support to face themselves honestly. No one is too old to learn new strategies to make life more fulfilling.
(415) 766-9030 View (415) 766-9030
Photo of Jose Luna, Associate Clinical Social Worker in San Francisco, CA
Jose Luna
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ASW, EMDR
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
My therapeutic approach mainly focuses on helping my clients identify their strengths to help alleviate anxiety, depression, and trauma. I am a firm believer that our childhood experiences contribute to our beliefs, behavioral patterns, and selecting a romantic partner. Therapy is a process! To allow ourselves to be intimate and vulnerable with someone about our experiences and trauma can be daunting. As a therapist, it is my goal to help validate, create a safe environment and help understand aspects of lived experiences.
My therapeutic approach mainly focuses on helping my clients identify their strengths to help alleviate anxiety, depression, and trauma. I am a firm believer that our childhood experiences contribute to our beliefs, behavioral patterns, and selecting a romantic partner. Therapy is a process! To allow ourselves to be intimate and vulnerable with someone about our experiences and trauma can be daunting. As a therapist, it is my goal to help validate, create a safe environment and help understand aspects of lived experiences.
(415) 980-7064 View (415) 980-7064
Photo of Bay Area Oppositional and Conduct Clinic, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Bay Area Oppositional and Conduct Clinic
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
he Bay Area Oppositional and Conduct Clinic empowers parents and caretakers to help their children become better behaved, happier at home, and more successful in school. We specialize in children and adolescents who, despite being in loving circumstances, do not respond to regular discipline and rules. As professionals, we are intensely aware of how stressful oppositional and conduct problems are for families. Our clinicians tailor the therapy to work at a comfortable pace and practice with a sensitivity to the other demands in life.
he Bay Area Oppositional and Conduct Clinic empowers parents and caretakers to help their children become better behaved, happier at home, and more successful in school. We specialize in children and adolescents who, despite being in loving circumstances, do not respond to regular discipline and rules. As professionals, we are intensely aware of how stressful oppositional and conduct problems are for families. Our clinicians tailor the therapy to work at a comfortable pace and practice with a sensitivity to the other demands in life.
(415) 594-4914 View (415) 594-4914
Photo of James Fishman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
James Fishman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102
When seeking a skilled therapist, you are probably a bit overwhelmed by how and whom to choose at such a vulnerable time.  It is of paramount importance, I feel, that it’s the ‘right fit” and to ascertain that the issues you are wrestling with can be addressed, clarified, and resolved by a highly skilled, attuned psychotherapist.  I have been practicing as a psychotherapist for 40 years, and consider myself a “depth psychotherapist” — rather than a quick ‘fix.” My style is flexibly active and engaged.
When seeking a skilled therapist, you are probably a bit overwhelmed by how and whom to choose at such a vulnerable time.  It is of paramount importance, I feel, that it’s the ‘right fit” and to ascertain that the issues you are wrestling with can be addressed, clarified, and resolved by a highly skilled, attuned psychotherapist.  I have been practicing as a psychotherapist for 40 years, and consider myself a “depth psychotherapist” — rather than a quick ‘fix.” My style is flexibly active and engaged.
(415) 218-2845 View (415) 218-2845

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.