Therapists in Gaston, SC

Photo of Charles Steven McGee, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A
Charles Steven McGee
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A
1 Endorsed
Gaston, SC 29053
Each client has individual struggles and needs. I seek to focus on my client's strengths and build on them while providing interventions to help them cope with their struggles. My goal is for my clients to move forward by focusing on their future goals and hopes.
Each client has individual struggles and needs. I seek to focus on my client's strengths and build on them while providing interventions to help them cope with their struggles. My goal is for my clients to move forward by focusing on their future goals and hopes.
(803) 866-9403 View (803) 866-9403
Photo of Julianna Brynne Cook, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPC-A
Julianna Brynne Cook
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPC-A
1 Endorsed
Gaston, SC 29053
Being a parent is one of the most difficult jobs in the world. Children need help in exploring their emotions, building relationships, and navigating life. All of this affects not only the children but the whole family. Together, we can work to promote healing and lasting positive change. The ultimate goal is to equip families and their children for success while fostering healing from within. (If called, please leave a voicemail.)
Being a parent is one of the most difficult jobs in the world. Children need help in exploring their emotions, building relationships, and navigating life. All of this affects not only the children but the whole family. Together, we can work to promote healing and lasting positive change. The ultimate goal is to equip families and their children for success while fostering healing from within. (If called, please leave a voicemail.)
(803) 848-7529 View (803) 848-7529
Photo of Linnette Mullin, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A
Linnette Mullin
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A
Gaston, SC 29053
Linnette puts the client's needs first. As a LPC-A (Licensed Professional Counselor Associate) under the supervision of Paul Bishop, MA, LPC, LPC/S, she works at Bridge of Hope Counseling Center - Gaston. She counsels individual adults & groups, as well as advocates for women - especially those who have experienced relationship trauma. Her mission is to walk with clients who desire to move beyond their circumstances & learn how to live with purpose & meaning. Linnette strives to get to the heart of the client's issues & help them set goals for healing & growth, providing them with essential tools to aid the healing & growth process.
Linnette puts the client's needs first. As a LPC-A (Licensed Professional Counselor Associate) under the supervision of Paul Bishop, MA, LPC, LPC/S, she works at Bridge of Hope Counseling Center - Gaston. She counsels individual adults & groups, as well as advocates for women - especially those who have experienced relationship trauma. Her mission is to walk with clients who desire to move beyond their circumstances & learn how to live with purpose & meaning. Linnette strives to get to the heart of the client's issues & help them set goals for healing & growth, providing them with essential tools to aid the healing & growth process.
(803) 953-5760 View (803) 953-5760
Photo of Karis Johnson, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA
Karis Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA
Gaston, SC 29053
I believe that every person has a unique set of skills and the ability to learn more, as well as unique challenges and the ability to overcome them. Whether it's anxiety, trauma, grief, stress, or some other challenge, I'm here to be an asset. No challenge is too difficult with the right skills and support.
I believe that every person has a unique set of skills and the ability to learn more, as well as unique challenges and the ability to overcome them. Whether it's anxiety, trauma, grief, stress, or some other challenge, I'm here to be an asset. No challenge is too difficult with the right skills and support.
(803) 784-3728 View (803) 784-3728
Photo of Teresa Satterfield, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Teresa Satterfield
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
Starting therapy can feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to do it alone. Imagine what it would feel like to finally set down the weight you’ve been carrying and take a deep breath. In our work together, you’ll find a space where it’s safe to pause, reflect, and begin moving toward real change. I specialize in trauma, anxiety, depression, grief, and life transitions—but you don’t need to fit a label to belong here. Many of my clients have tried therapy before and left feeling like they only learned surface-level skills without seeing results. I vowed not to be that kind of therapist.
Starting therapy can feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to do it alone. Imagine what it would feel like to finally set down the weight you’ve been carrying and take a deep breath. In our work together, you’ll find a space where it’s safe to pause, reflect, and begin moving toward real change. I specialize in trauma, anxiety, depression, grief, and life transitions—but you don’t need to fit a label to belong here. Many of my clients have tried therapy before and left feeling like they only learned surface-level skills without seeing results. I vowed not to be that kind of therapist.
(854) 277-8277 View (854) 277-8277
Photo of Elizabeth Henderson, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPC/A, NCC
Elizabeth Henderson
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPC/A, NCC
Gaston, SC 29053
If you’ve been feeling overwhelmed by your past or stuck in patterns of anxiety, depression, addiction, or self-doubt, you’re not alone, and you don’t have to carry it by yourself. I offer a warm, compassionate, and nonjudgmental space where you can move at your own pace as we gently explore your story. Together, we’ll build practical tools to help you regulate emotions, strengthen your sense of self, and create more peace, confidence, and connection in your daily life. I work with individuals, couples, and kids 8 and up.
If you’ve been feeling overwhelmed by your past or stuck in patterns of anxiety, depression, addiction, or self-doubt, you’re not alone, and you don’t have to carry it by yourself. I offer a warm, compassionate, and nonjudgmental space where you can move at your own pace as we gently explore your story. Together, we’ll build practical tools to help you regulate emotions, strengthen your sense of self, and create more peace, confidence, and connection in your daily life. I work with individuals, couples, and kids 8 and up.
(803) 991-4946 View (803) 991-4946

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Dr. Amber Thornton, Psychologist, PsyD
Dr. Amber Thornton
Psychologist, PsyD
3 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you the one everyone counts on? The mom, the partner, the professional who’s expected to hold it all together, even when you feel like you’re falling apart inside? I specialize in working with capable, pulled-together adults- especially women and parents- who are tired of “holding it all together on the outside” while quietly struggling with anxiety, depression, burnout, or emotional overwhelm. You’ve reached the point where you know that neglecting your mental health isn’t sustainable and you're ready for something different.
Are you the one everyone counts on? The mom, the partner, the professional who’s expected to hold it all together, even when you feel like you’re falling apart inside? I specialize in working with capable, pulled-together adults- especially women and parents- who are tired of “holding it all together on the outside” while quietly struggling with anxiety, depression, burnout, or emotional overwhelm. You’ve reached the point where you know that neglecting your mental health isn’t sustainable and you're ready for something different.
(202) 902-9619 View (202) 902-9619
Photo of Anjanette Chege, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-CP
Anjanette Chege
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-CP
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
It's time to try this therapy thing. Whatever you've tried on your own doesn't seem to work. You find yourself trying so hard to do everything right in your relationships and with your family. And yet, the anxiety of trying to keep everything together gets in the way. You feel like you’re not able to be the kind of spouse, parent, professional, or person you want to be. You’re tired of feeling disappointed in yourself or resentful of others. You know damn well you can’t “just get over it.” You’re ready to finally figure out how to get out of your own way. You’re ready to dig deeper and do the hard work.
It's time to try this therapy thing. Whatever you've tried on your own doesn't seem to work. You find yourself trying so hard to do everything right in your relationships and with your family. And yet, the anxiety of trying to keep everything together gets in the way. You feel like you’re not able to be the kind of spouse, parent, professional, or person you want to be. You’re tired of feeling disappointed in yourself or resentful of others. You know damn well you can’t “just get over it.” You’re ready to finally figure out how to get out of your own way. You’re ready to dig deeper and do the hard work.
(864) 772-0900 View (864) 772-0900
Photo of Vanessa M. Williams, Licensed Professional Counselor, NCC, LPC
Vanessa M. Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, NCC, LPC
Online Only
You’re tired of repeating the same emotional patterns, choosing partners who feel familiar, losing yourself in relationships, or carrying wounds from childhood that still shape your adult life. You want clarity, emotional safety, and connection that doesn’t require self-abandonment. You want to understand your triggers, repair your attachment style, and build healthier relationships with yourself and others. Most of all, you want to feel grounded, seen, and finally free from cycles that no longer serve you. It’s okay if you’re unsure where to start or feel hesitant reaching out—many people take time to feel ready.
You’re tired of repeating the same emotional patterns, choosing partners who feel familiar, losing yourself in relationships, or carrying wounds from childhood that still shape your adult life. You want clarity, emotional safety, and connection that doesn’t require self-abandonment. You want to understand your triggers, repair your attachment style, and build healthier relationships with yourself and others. Most of all, you want to feel grounded, seen, and finally free from cycles that no longer serve you. It’s okay if you’re unsure where to start or feel hesitant reaching out—many people take time to feel ready.
(864) 614-8868 View (864) 614-8868
Photo of Kim Peake, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Kim Peake
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Online Only
Hi there! In the midst of life's demands, it's easy to feel emotionally and mentally drained. Balancing roles as parents, partners, colleagues, and caretakers often leads us to overlook our own well-being. It can feel like an endless cycle of battling anxiety, depression, and self-doubt, leaving us feeling stuck in a hamster wheel of stress. While we prioritize relationships with others, it's equally crucial to nurture our relationship with ourselves. If you're grappling with self-criticism or navigating life's transitions while seeking identity, remember: self-care isn't a luxury; it's vital for our well-being.
Hi there! In the midst of life's demands, it's easy to feel emotionally and mentally drained. Balancing roles as parents, partners, colleagues, and caretakers often leads us to overlook our own well-being. It can feel like an endless cycle of battling anxiety, depression, and self-doubt, leaving us feeling stuck in a hamster wheel of stress. While we prioritize relationships with others, it's equally crucial to nurture our relationship with ourselves. If you're grappling with self-criticism or navigating life's transitions while seeking identity, remember: self-care isn't a luxury; it's vital for our well-being.
(803) 710-4542 View (803) 710-4542
Photo of Heather Windham, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-CP
Heather Windham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-CP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I am only accepting new patients who are covered by CIGNA/Aetna insurance. Are you feeling "stuck" in a personal or professional situation where you don't see a clear resolution? Perhaps past trauma or neglect is impacting your ability to de-stress and get your needs met in an effective way. With over 20 years of clinical experience, I am honored to put the 'pieces of the puzzle' back together in a way that empowers you to speak your truth while living a life you love! I will support you in being more mindful when facing daily stressors and help you develop coping skills that move life forward in a positive direction.
I am only accepting new patients who are covered by CIGNA/Aetna insurance. Are you feeling "stuck" in a personal or professional situation where you don't see a clear resolution? Perhaps past trauma or neglect is impacting your ability to de-stress and get your needs met in an effective way. With over 20 years of clinical experience, I am honored to put the 'pieces of the puzzle' back together in a way that empowers you to speak your truth while living a life you love! I will support you in being more mindful when facing daily stressors and help you develop coping skills that move life forward in a positive direction.
(864) 971-3724 View (864) 971-3724
Photo of Angela Jackson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-CP, ADC
Angela Jackson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-CP, ADC
2 Endorsed
Irmo, SC 29063
Waitlist for new clients
Let's face it - life is challenging. Taking the first step to reach out and ask for help can be difficult. When we struggle with mental health, relational issues and/or substance use/misuse, it is easy to feel inadequate and wonder if things will ever get better. Although you may have found yourself in patterns that you do not like, you have the power to change them. You have strengths to help you create a life inspired by what's most important to you and deal with life’s challenges in a more effective way.
Let's face it - life is challenging. Taking the first step to reach out and ask for help can be difficult. When we struggle with mental health, relational issues and/or substance use/misuse, it is easy to feel inadequate and wonder if things will ever get better. Although you may have found yourself in patterns that you do not like, you have the power to change them. You have strengths to help you create a life inspired by what's most important to you and deal with life’s challenges in a more effective way.
(803) 918-5521 View (803) 918-5521
Photo of Jim Brown, Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD
Jim Brown
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD
1 Endorsed
Columbia, SC 29201
Psychotherapy can bring a combination of uneasiness and hope. Seeking therapy is a courageous step. My hope is that it is a process in which you will be able to feel safe to express yourself openly and honestly. The goal is to find a “fit” with a therapist in which they will be able to help you with the questions and dilemmas that you are facing. We have the same goal: to get you to the point where you can "fire" me as quickly as possible. I love working with people who are willing to allow another person join them for a season on their journey through a life of healing and becoming the person they were meant to be.
Psychotherapy can bring a combination of uneasiness and hope. Seeking therapy is a courageous step. My hope is that it is a process in which you will be able to feel safe to express yourself openly and honestly. The goal is to find a “fit” with a therapist in which they will be able to help you with the questions and dilemmas that you are facing. We have the same goal: to get you to the point where you can "fire" me as quickly as possible. I love working with people who are willing to allow another person join them for a season on their journey through a life of healing and becoming the person they were meant to be.
(803) 403-0491 View (803) 403-0491
Photo of Jennifer Noll Sparks, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Jennifer Noll Sparks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
I help adults with ADHD, anxiety, and overwhelm—especially those stuck in cycles of avoidance or overthinking. My approach blends Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) with a science-backed system I developed called Create the Win, which helps clients build momentum through small, achievable steps. I also support clients navigating grief, offering a compassionate space to process loss and move toward healing.
I help adults with ADHD, anxiety, and overwhelm—especially those stuck in cycles of avoidance or overthinking. My approach blends Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) with a science-backed system I developed called Create the Win, which helps clients build momentum through small, achievable steps. I also support clients navigating grief, offering a compassionate space to process loss and move toward healing.
(201) 301-7521 View (201) 301-7521
Photo of Kristina Kearns, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-CP
Kristina Kearns
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-CP
Online Only
Accepting new telehealth patients! Receive therapy with added comfort and flexibility from a secure virtual client portal. Enjoy the benefits of counseling while staying in your own home. My friendly, positive, and non-judgmental stance is here in support of you. I am bringing many years of clinical experience and expertise to your assistance. You can expect unconditional positive regard and a proactive experience. You will learn to make decisions that align with the visions you have for your life.
Accepting new telehealth patients! Receive therapy with added comfort and flexibility from a secure virtual client portal. Enjoy the benefits of counseling while staying in your own home. My friendly, positive, and non-judgmental stance is here in support of you. I am bringing many years of clinical experience and expertise to your assistance. You can expect unconditional positive regard and a proactive experience. You will learn to make decisions that align with the visions you have for your life.
(220) 215-4876 View (220) 215-4876
Photo of Sharkea Edwards Hicks, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, CRC, LPC, CAMS-II
Sharkea Edwards Hicks
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, CRC, LPC, CAMS-II
Serves Area
“It is my belief that one of the bravest things you can do is begin to understand your own story.” My approach to establishing a therapeutic relationship is by offering a conversation in a safe space to share/explore your thoughts, feelings, and emotions. I know it can be scary to reach out for assistance, but I hope you will contact me to engage in a conversation.
“It is my belief that one of the bravest things you can do is begin to understand your own story.” My approach to establishing a therapeutic relationship is by offering a conversation in a safe space to share/explore your thoughts, feelings, and emotions. I know it can be scary to reach out for assistance, but I hope you will contact me to engage in a conversation.
(843) 474-6914 View (843) 474-6914
Photo of Brian Lann, Counselor, LPC
Brian Lann
Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Hi, my name is Brian. I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor and Clinical Mental Health Counselor in the following states: SC, TX, NC, and FL. My clinical areas of focus are mood disorders, anxiety disorders, trauma, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. My clinical approach consists of the following modalities: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Habit Reversal Training, Cognitive Processing Therapy, Exposure Response Prevention, and Prolonged Exposure Therapy.
Hi, my name is Brian. I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor and Clinical Mental Health Counselor in the following states: SC, TX, NC, and FL. My clinical areas of focus are mood disorders, anxiety disorders, trauma, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. My clinical approach consists of the following modalities: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Habit Reversal Training, Cognitive Processing Therapy, Exposure Response Prevention, and Prolonged Exposure Therapy.
(854) 946-4432 View (854) 946-4432
Photo of Patrick (Cousin Pat) Argiro, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, PhD, CCTP, CGP
Patrick (Cousin Pat) Argiro
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, PhD, CCTP, CGP
Online Only
My (Cousin Pat: Patrick Argiro) ideal client feels overwhelmed, stuck, or exhausted from carrying stress, trauma, or conflict for far too long. They may be struggling with anxiety, grief, substance use, anger management issues, or difficult relationship patterns & feel misunderstood or judged rather than truly helped. They want more than a place to vent, they want clarity, structure, & real tools that lead to meaningful change. Their goals include emotional regulation, healthier relationships, accountability, & long-term stability. They are ready to understand patterns, break cycles, & move forward with confidence & realistic hope.
My (Cousin Pat: Patrick Argiro) ideal client feels overwhelmed, stuck, or exhausted from carrying stress, trauma, or conflict for far too long. They may be struggling with anxiety, grief, substance use, anger management issues, or difficult relationship patterns & feel misunderstood or judged rather than truly helped. They want more than a place to vent, they want clarity, structure, & real tools that lead to meaningful change. Their goals include emotional regulation, healthier relationships, accountability, & long-term stability. They are ready to understand patterns, break cycles, & move forward with confidence & realistic hope.
(803) 590-7719 View (803) 590-7719
Photo of Taryn Richardson, LPC-Associate, PhD, CRC, NCC
Taryn Richardson
LPC-Associate, PhD, CRC, NCC
Columbia, SC 29201
Life can feel overwhelming at times, especially when navigating mental health challenges, career exploration or transitions, or adjusting to disabilities or chronic illnesses. You may feel stuck, uncertain, or struggling to find balance. My goal is to help you uncover your strengths, overcome obstacles, and create a fulfilling, meaningful life tailored to your unique circumstances.
Life can feel overwhelming at times, especially when navigating mental health challenges, career exploration or transitions, or adjusting to disabilities or chronic illnesses. You may feel stuck, uncertain, or struggling to find balance. My goal is to help you uncover your strengths, overcome obstacles, and create a fulfilling, meaningful life tailored to your unique circumstances.
(803) 592-3672 View (803) 592-3672
Photo of Maya Rake, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, `MSW, LISW-CP
Maya Rake
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, `MSW, LISW-CP
4 Endorsed
Columbia, SC 29201
Are you struggling with a low mood, high anxiety, irritability, a mind that won't turn off, relationship issues, or just not feeling like yourself? Is your life really difficult now with all the changes we have to make and things we have to remember? Are you anxious, over worked, and over whelmed? Let's talk. I can help you. I do therapy via Telehealth as well as in-person sessions and can offer you a safe, experienced, non-judgmental place to explore problems and work through solutions. I can help you develop focus areas for treatment, work out a plan, follow through, and create a life that makes you happy.
Are you struggling with a low mood, high anxiety, irritability, a mind that won't turn off, relationship issues, or just not feeling like yourself? Is your life really difficult now with all the changes we have to make and things we have to remember? Are you anxious, over worked, and over whelmed? Let's talk. I can help you. I do therapy via Telehealth as well as in-person sessions and can offer you a safe, experienced, non-judgmental place to explore problems and work through solutions. I can help you develop focus areas for treatment, work out a plan, follow through, and create a life that makes you happy.
(803) 567-3237 View (803) 567-3237

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Gaston, SC

< 10

Therapists in Gaston, SC who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Trauma and PTSD
83% Grief
83% Self Esteem
83% Stress
67% Spirituality

Average years in practice

2 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
50% Cigna and Evernorth
50% Coventry

How Therapists in Gaston, SC see their clients

83% In Person and Online
17% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
17% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Gaston?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.