Therapists in Richmond, VA

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Photo of Betsy Hudson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Richmond, VA
Betsy Hudson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23220
Are you suffering from the end of a relationship? A job? Do you feel like you are in crisis, or no longer feel like yourself? Maybe you’re realizing that your life as it is in this moment is not working for you. Perhaps you feel alone, lost, or at a loss for what to do. Congratulations on taking the first step to finding relief and taking control. Life is too short to surrender to bad relationships, hold grudges, let trauma control us, or to be anxious or angry all the time. You may feel stuck, but there is hope.
Are you suffering from the end of a relationship? A job? Do you feel like you are in crisis, or no longer feel like yourself? Maybe you’re realizing that your life as it is in this moment is not working for you. Perhaps you feel alone, lost, or at a loss for what to do. Congratulations on taking the first step to finding relief and taking control. Life is too short to surrender to bad relationships, hold grudges, let trauma control us, or to be anxious or angry all the time. You may feel stuck, but there is hope.
(804) 294-4421 View (804) 294-4421
Photo of Matt Bitsko, Psychologist in Richmond, VA
Matt Bitsko
Psychologist, PhD, LCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23229
Over the past 20 years, I have helped children, adolescents, young adults and adults reach their full potential in many areas of their lives - school, career, health, family, and social settings. While working with individuals, I often incorporate their family or other close relationships to both identify problems and create effective solutions. A trusted therapy environment is often the best place to chart specific goals for a healthier and happier life.
Over the past 20 years, I have helped children, adolescents, young adults and adults reach their full potential in many areas of their lives - school, career, health, family, and social settings. While working with individuals, I often incorporate their family or other close relationships to both identify problems and create effective solutions. A trusted therapy environment is often the best place to chart specific goals for a healthier and happier life.
(804) 655-0977 x700 View (804) 655-0977 x700
Photo of Brenna Cash, Licensed Professional Counselor in Richmond, VA
Brenna Cash
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23225  (Online Only)
The founder of Sandy Shore Family Counseling, Brenna Cash is a licensed therapist in Virginia, New Jersey, and Arizona. She specializes in individual, couples, and family therapy, providing virtual counseling for those seeking a healthier way of living. Before opening Sandy Shore Family Counseling in 2013, Brenna worked with Child Protective Services to offer therapy for families in need of reunification. She also worked in addiction outpatient treatment, providing counseling for people recovering from substance abuse.
The founder of Sandy Shore Family Counseling, Brenna Cash is a licensed therapist in Virginia, New Jersey, and Arizona. She specializes in individual, couples, and family therapy, providing virtual counseling for those seeking a healthier way of living. Before opening Sandy Shore Family Counseling in 2013, Brenna worked with Child Protective Services to offer therapy for families in need of reunification. She also worked in addiction outpatient treatment, providing counseling for people recovering from substance abuse.
(804) 570-1770 View (804) 570-1770
Photo of W. Tracy Atkinson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Richmond, VA
W. Tracy Atkinson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23230  (Online Only)
Please note that I am only doing telehealth right now, I do not file insurance claims for clients (but can provide the information needed to do so), my 2024 fee is $175 per session, and I am only licensed to work with Virginia residents.
Please note that I am only doing telehealth right now, I do not file insurance claims for clients (but can provide the information needed to do so), my 2024 fee is $175 per session, and I am only licensed to work with Virginia residents.
(804) 980-7207 View (804) 980-7207
Photo of The Carter Psychotherapy Group , Licensed Professional Counselor in Richmond, VA
The Carter Psychotherapy Group
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, NCC, LPC, LMHC, C-DBT
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23220  (Online Only)
Therapy is a process and just starting is an accomplishment. It can be difficult because you may address topics that you have avoided. The Carter Psychotherapy Group provides a place for you to fully engage in treatment so that you leave every session needing therapy less and less. My goal is to create a safe space for individuals and families to access mental health services without barriers to treatment
Therapy is a process and just starting is an accomplishment. It can be difficult because you may address topics that you have avoided. The Carter Psychotherapy Group provides a place for you to fully engage in treatment so that you leave every session needing therapy less and less. My goal is to create a safe space for individuals and families to access mental health services without barriers to treatment
(571) 470-5708 View (571) 470-5708
Photo of Kimberly Mcgrady, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Richmond, VA
Kimberly Mcgrady
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23220
Welcome! My name is Kimberly McGrady (VA license 0904015173). Right now it doesn't feel like it, but you can create change in your life! It is hard work to get your mind to stop doing all that unhealthy stuff like keeping you stuck, unmotivated, ruminating, anxious, fearful, insecure, depressed, being self-critical, and repeating negative patterns. Let's dive in, see where your head is, set some goals, create some new thought patterns, learn self-compassion, and get you back to living your best life. My ideal client wants to actively engage in therapy and learn effective mind skills to evolve and thrive.
Welcome! My name is Kimberly McGrady (VA license 0904015173). Right now it doesn't feel like it, but you can create change in your life! It is hard work to get your mind to stop doing all that unhealthy stuff like keeping you stuck, unmotivated, ruminating, anxious, fearful, insecure, depressed, being self-critical, and repeating negative patterns. Let's dive in, see where your head is, set some goals, create some new thought patterns, learn self-compassion, and get you back to living your best life. My ideal client wants to actively engage in therapy and learn effective mind skills to evolve and thrive.
(804) 429-1344 View (804) 429-1344
Photo of Anwar Taylor, Pre-Licensed Professional in Richmond, VA
Anwar Taylor
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMFT-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23235  (Online Only)
Relationships are the foundation of our identity. Our relational experiences shape our identity, worldview, choices, patterns of interaction, and purpose in life. They let us know what is loveable about us, what needs we can expect to be met, which emotions are acceptable, and what kind of security may or may not be available to us. I work with individuals, couples, families (age 2-18) and parents, helping them understand their experiences of connection and any patterns, protections, wounds, vulnerabilities, adaptations, or indirect strategies for getting their needs met that may have emerged. I look forward to being alongside you.
Relationships are the foundation of our identity. Our relational experiences shape our identity, worldview, choices, patterns of interaction, and purpose in life. They let us know what is loveable about us, what needs we can expect to be met, which emotions are acceptable, and what kind of security may or may not be available to us. I work with individuals, couples, families (age 2-18) and parents, helping them understand their experiences of connection and any patterns, protections, wounds, vulnerabilities, adaptations, or indirect strategies for getting their needs met that may have emerged. I look forward to being alongside you.
(571) 341-7128 View (571) 341-7128
Photo of Susan L. Glover, Licensed Professional Counselor in Richmond, VA
Susan L. Glover
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23225
Not accepting new clients
I believe there is an optimizing force in each of us that guides unfolding and that my role is to help you release blocks to this natural process. My work is grounded in inquiry and exploration. I will meet you where your questions, heart-longings, and pain reside. My extensive background in addictions, codependency and recovery and in co-occurring issues including depression, anxiety and trauma, has taught me about resiliency of the human spirit. I will help you access both inner and outer resources. Through the therapy process we will not only discover, but refine tools unique for you.
I believe there is an optimizing force in each of us that guides unfolding and that my role is to help you release blocks to this natural process. My work is grounded in inquiry and exploration. I will meet you where your questions, heart-longings, and pain reside. My extensive background in addictions, codependency and recovery and in co-occurring issues including depression, anxiety and trauma, has taught me about resiliency of the human spirit. I will help you access both inner and outer resources. Through the therapy process we will not only discover, but refine tools unique for you.
(804) 495-2035 View (804) 495-2035
Photo of Michelle O'Brien, Licensed Professional Counselor in Richmond, VA
Michelle O'Brien
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23219  (Online Only)
Would you like to feel more in control of your life? More comfortable in your own skin? To finally heal old wounds? Change is possible and you will be warmly welcomed here. Therapy isn't always easy but it can be energizing, fun, and something you look forward to. It's vital to find a therapist who is a great match for you. My style is direct, friendly & collaborative using humor & psychoeducation without judgment. Together we'll discover unmet needs that may be blocking you. Other services available are pre-bariatric surgery assessments and follow-up care. I especially enjoy working on anger management and self-confidence!
Would you like to feel more in control of your life? More comfortable in your own skin? To finally heal old wounds? Change is possible and you will be warmly welcomed here. Therapy isn't always easy but it can be energizing, fun, and something you look forward to. It's vital to find a therapist who is a great match for you. My style is direct, friendly & collaborative using humor & psychoeducation without judgment. Together we'll discover unmet needs that may be blocking you. Other services available are pre-bariatric surgery assessments and follow-up care. I especially enjoy working on anger management and self-confidence!
(804) 215-0873 View (804) 215-0873
Photo of Mindy B. Loiselle LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Richmond, VA
Mindy B. Loiselle LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23220
Waitlist for new clients
Do you want to experience greater freedom from anxiety, depression, or negative thoughts? Are you feeling frustrated, misunderstood, or unappreciated in your close relationships? Have you tried therapy before but did not get the results you were hoping for? With understanding and compassion for yourself, you can break free of negative thoughts, self-limiting beliefs, and harmful habits. You can learn communication methods to bring you closer to others, without sacrificing yourself. Together we will discover a deeper source of strength that is uniquely yours. I can help you tap this well to find joy, contentment, and harmonious relationships.
Do you want to experience greater freedom from anxiety, depression, or negative thoughts? Are you feeling frustrated, misunderstood, or unappreciated in your close relationships? Have you tried therapy before but did not get the results you were hoping for? With understanding and compassion for yourself, you can break free of negative thoughts, self-limiting beliefs, and harmful habits. You can learn communication methods to bring you closer to others, without sacrificing yourself. Together we will discover a deeper source of strength that is uniquely yours. I can help you tap this well to find joy, contentment, and harmonious relationships.
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Photo of Amanda Bartolome, Licensed Professional Counselor in Richmond, VA
Amanda Bartolome
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23225  (Online Only)
Feeling overwhelmed trying to manage anxiety, depression, relational problems or life changes? Are you looking for support but nervous about starting therapy? It is my priority to provide a safe, validating and encouraging space for all individuals to be able to share and grow. We will work together to help process and understand your needs and help create positive and meaningful changes in your life.
Feeling overwhelmed trying to manage anxiety, depression, relational problems or life changes? Are you looking for support but nervous about starting therapy? It is my priority to provide a safe, validating and encouraging space for all individuals to be able to share and grow. We will work together to help process and understand your needs and help create positive and meaningful changes in your life.
(804) 408-4728 View (804) 408-4728
Photo of Edythe Bouldin, Licensed Professional Counselor in Richmond, VA
Edythe Bouldin
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, MA, PhD
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23223
Hello! Are you looking to experience therapy and have fun at the same time. If so, you have found the right therapist as I love humor and I am down to earth. My history of mental health counseling includes over 7 years of working with individuals, families, and children from many diverse backgrounds and I earned a PhD in human services with a concentration on family interventions and family studies. I am a therapist who provides a comfortable, safe environment where you can trust me to maintain professional boundaries, and support you with making healthy decisions as you move forward in life.
Hello! Are you looking to experience therapy and have fun at the same time. If so, you have found the right therapist as I love humor and I am down to earth. My history of mental health counseling includes over 7 years of working with individuals, families, and children from many diverse backgrounds and I earned a PhD in human services with a concentration on family interventions and family studies. I am a therapist who provides a comfortable, safe environment where you can trust me to maintain professional boundaries, and support you with making healthy decisions as you move forward in life.
(804) 593-0619 View (804) 593-0619
Photo of Micky Greene, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Richmond, VA
Micky Greene
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23220
Michelle “Micky” Greene is a therapist and Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) who strives to create a safe, nonjudgmental space for each person she serves. Micky has experience treating a diverse range of diagnoses and life challenges such as trauma/PTSD, depression, anxiety, and LGBTQIA+ issues. Micky earned her Master's degree from Virginia Commonwealth University, and majored in psychology and gender/sexuality/women’s studies at William & Mary. She uses a trauma-informed, strengths-based approach to build a genuine relationship with her clients.
Michelle “Micky” Greene is a therapist and Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) who strives to create a safe, nonjudgmental space for each person she serves. Micky has experience treating a diverse range of diagnoses and life challenges such as trauma/PTSD, depression, anxiety, and LGBTQIA+ issues. Micky earned her Master's degree from Virginia Commonwealth University, and majored in psychology and gender/sexuality/women’s studies at William & Mary. She uses a trauma-informed, strengths-based approach to build a genuine relationship with her clients.
(804) 373-8721 View (804) 373-8721
Photo of Brennan Quinby, Resident in Counseling in Richmond, VA
Brennan Quinby
Resident in Counseling, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23228
Do you find yourself saying, "How did I get here?" or "Something has to change". Often life presents us with the challenges of marriage and relationship struggles, parenting issues, questions of faith and spirituality, financial uncertainty, or, for many, traumatic experiences. I specialize in partnering with you to determine a new path forward with more freedom and greater meaning and purpose. The process of therapy is always guided by your values and goals. You have options and you have all that you need to move forward into the life that you have hoped for.
Do you find yourself saying, "How did I get here?" or "Something has to change". Often life presents us with the challenges of marriage and relationship struggles, parenting issues, questions of faith and spirituality, financial uncertainty, or, for many, traumatic experiences. I specialize in partnering with you to determine a new path forward with more freedom and greater meaning and purpose. The process of therapy is always guided by your values and goals. You have options and you have all that you need to move forward into the life that you have hoped for.
(804) 494-4071 View (804) 494-4071
Photo of Meagan Arnold, Licensed Professional Counselor in Richmond, VA
Meagan Arnold
Licensed Professional Counselor, MAEd, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23226
I believe that people are resilient and that we all have the capacity to change our lives for the better if we are given opportunities to succeed. Many of us will suffer moments of defeat, moments of heartache, cultural moments of significance, and situations of joy that beg to be shared. As a therapist, I facilitate the success of others by creating a space for hope, empowerment, passion, and sorrows. I desire to help others to become their best selves.
I believe that people are resilient and that we all have the capacity to change our lives for the better if we are given opportunities to succeed. Many of us will suffer moments of defeat, moments of heartache, cultural moments of significance, and situations of joy that beg to be shared. As a therapist, I facilitate the success of others by creating a space for hope, empowerment, passion, and sorrows. I desire to help others to become their best selves.
(804) 258-4152 View (804) 258-4152
Photo of Paula Cooks, Licensed Professional Counselor in Richmond, VA
Paula Cooks
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23234
I am Dr. Paula Cooks; I am a Christian that believes in the holistic approach to managing the mental health needs of my clients. I use humanistic and existential therapeutic modalities. I believe that the individual, couple, or family has the unconscious resolution to aid in returning to homeostasis. My focus is on managing and improving the mental health status of individuals, families, and couples seeking relief from environmental, situational, and life stressors.
I am Dr. Paula Cooks; I am a Christian that believes in the holistic approach to managing the mental health needs of my clients. I use humanistic and existential therapeutic modalities. I believe that the individual, couple, or family has the unconscious resolution to aid in returning to homeostasis. My focus is on managing and improving the mental health status of individuals, families, and couples seeking relief from environmental, situational, and life stressors.
(804) 531-4284 View (804) 531-4284
Photo of George Koussoglou, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Richmond, VA
George Koussoglou
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23219
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years of experience providing psychotherapy to children, families, and adults. I have extensive in patient and outpatient clinical experience working with adolescents and adults who have significant trauma histories. In addition, I have worked in Emergency Services for over a decade, helping clients navigate life threatening crisis situations. I am a level 2 trained Internal Family Systems (IFS) therapist. I use this strengths based approach to help my clients reconnect to/ nurture disowned parts of themselves that cary emotional pain.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years of experience providing psychotherapy to children, families, and adults. I have extensive in patient and outpatient clinical experience working with adolescents and adults who have significant trauma histories. In addition, I have worked in Emergency Services for over a decade, helping clients navigate life threatening crisis situations. I am a level 2 trained Internal Family Systems (IFS) therapist. I use this strengths based approach to help my clients reconnect to/ nurture disowned parts of themselves that cary emotional pain.
(804) 552-3035 View (804) 552-3035
Photo of Angelena Bertolini, Resident in Counseling in Richmond, VA
Angelena Bertolini
Resident in Counseling, LPC-R, CSOTP
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23219
Please email for availability. When facing challenges or difficulties, you do not need to feel alone; it can be very advantageous to have someone by your side who is nonjudgmental, understanding, compassionate, and loves humor. I am an advocate for second chances and believe everyone's journey is unique and valued. I have worked with at-risk youth and individuals of all ages seeking relief from depression, anxiety, trauma, anger, and high-risk sexual behaviors. I believe everyone deserves genuine and empathetic understanding as well as flexible and personalized care. Please reach out by email for fastest response.
Please email for availability. When facing challenges or difficulties, you do not need to feel alone; it can be very advantageous to have someone by your side who is nonjudgmental, understanding, compassionate, and loves humor. I am an advocate for second chances and believe everyone's journey is unique and valued. I have worked with at-risk youth and individuals of all ages seeking relief from depression, anxiety, trauma, anger, and high-risk sexual behaviors. I believe everyone deserves genuine and empathetic understanding as well as flexible and personalized care. Please reach out by email for fastest response.
(804) 294-4351 View (804) 294-4351
Photo of Angela W Fitzgerald, Resident in Marriage and Family Therapy in Richmond, VA
Angela W Fitzgerald
Resident in Marriage and Family Therapy, LMHP-R, M Ed, MFT-R
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23219
I have counseling experience with adults, children, and couples in areas to include Individual and Group Counseling Couples Counseling, Child Behavior and Development, Grief and Loss, Interpersonal Relationships, Life Coaching, Crisis Intervention, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Emotional Behavior Therapy, and using the Narrative Approach to aid others in achieving a greater well-being for themselves.
I have counseling experience with adults, children, and couples in areas to include Individual and Group Counseling Couples Counseling, Child Behavior and Development, Grief and Loss, Interpersonal Relationships, Life Coaching, Crisis Intervention, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Emotional Behavior Therapy, and using the Narrative Approach to aid others in achieving a greater well-being for themselves.
(804) 391-7833 View (804) 391-7833
Photo of Carrie Cravens, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Richmond, VA
Carrie Cravens
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23225  (Online Only)
Hi, I’m Carrie. I am a Clinical Social Worker licensed in Virginia and Missouri with 9 years of experience helping adults with a variety of challenges that life can sometimes throw at us. Have you struggled with anger issues, self-esteem, trauma, or even working through lifetime milestones? Together we can work to find solutions and coping skills to assist you to getting back on track and being the best version of yourself. Life is full of ups and downs and sometimes we need a little help to get back to a life of happiness and contentment.
Hi, I’m Carrie. I am a Clinical Social Worker licensed in Virginia and Missouri with 9 years of experience helping adults with a variety of challenges that life can sometimes throw at us. Have you struggled with anger issues, self-esteem, trauma, or even working through lifetime milestones? Together we can work to find solutions and coping skills to assist you to getting back on track and being the best version of yourself. Life is full of ups and downs and sometimes we need a little help to get back to a life of happiness and contentment.
(804) 600-4087 View (804) 600-4087

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Richmond, VA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$135

Therapists in Richmond, VA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
75% Self Esteem
74% Coping Skills
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Relationship Issues
67% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
77% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
76% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Richmond, VA see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Richmond?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.