Therapists in Saint Louis, MO

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Photo of Debbie Pullin, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Debbie Pullin
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63141  (Online Only)
Have you experienced trauma? Do you feel anxious, depressed or out of control? Do you want to make changes but are uncertain about how to go about making those changes? Start feeling better TODAY by starting your healing journey! I specialize in abuse, trauma and those who are actively recovering from addiction. I am passionate about helping you transform your life. Whether you are struggling with depression, anxiety, unwanted thoughts, abuse, an addiction, or going through a sad transition; please know that there is always hope to turn things around. Whatever issues you are facing, I would be honored to work with you!
Have you experienced trauma? Do you feel anxious, depressed or out of control? Do you want to make changes but are uncertain about how to go about making those changes? Start feeling better TODAY by starting your healing journey! I specialize in abuse, trauma and those who are actively recovering from addiction. I am passionate about helping you transform your life. Whether you are struggling with depression, anxiety, unwanted thoughts, abuse, an addiction, or going through a sad transition; please know that there is always hope to turn things around. Whatever issues you are facing, I would be honored to work with you!
(314) 287-5466 View (314) 287-5466
Photo of Beth Koritz, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Beth Koritz
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC, CCTP, TFT-Dx
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63105
I am currently accepting new clients & supervisees! Welcome to a space designed exclusively for remarkable women navigating the intricate world of ADHD. Are you weary of the overwhelm of trying to fit into a world designed for a different rhythm? Are you tired of the constant mental gymnastics, attempting to wrangle your thoughts and emotions? Or perhaps you're seeking clarity and empowerment, eager to harness the incredible potential your ADHD brain holds. Whatever your story, know that you're not alone. As a member of the ADHD community, you're navigating a beautifully unique path.
I am currently accepting new clients & supervisees! Welcome to a space designed exclusively for remarkable women navigating the intricate world of ADHD. Are you weary of the overwhelm of trying to fit into a world designed for a different rhythm? Are you tired of the constant mental gymnastics, attempting to wrangle your thoughts and emotions? Or perhaps you're seeking clarity and empowerment, eager to harness the incredible potential your ADHD brain holds. Whatever your story, know that you're not alone. As a member of the ADHD community, you're navigating a beautifully unique path.
(314) 720-8802 View (314) 720-8802
Photo of Jessie Kissinger, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Louis, MO
Jessie Kissinger
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, PLPC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63104
I believe counseling is most powerful when it sensitizes you to what’s happening in your mind, heart, and body and helps you meet whatever you find with compassion. Feeling your feels (literally) is the first step to making sense of them. Within that confusion is the possibility of deeper self-knowledge and freedom. I find it helpful to use yoga and mindfulness practices to keep you grounded as you explore big emotions, and I enjoy working with people who want to bring the wisdom of the body into their therapeutic work—whether that’s processing loss, trauma, change, overwhelm, spiritual concerns, or feeling stuck and disconnected.
I believe counseling is most powerful when it sensitizes you to what’s happening in your mind, heart, and body and helps you meet whatever you find with compassion. Feeling your feels (literally) is the first step to making sense of them. Within that confusion is the possibility of deeper self-knowledge and freedom. I find it helpful to use yoga and mindfulness practices to keep you grounded as you explore big emotions, and I enjoy working with people who want to bring the wisdom of the body into their therapeutic work—whether that’s processing loss, trauma, change, overwhelm, spiritual concerns, or feeling stuck and disconnected.
(314) 907-2945 View (314) 907-2945
Photo of Elizabeth Von, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Louis, MO
Elizabeth Von
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, PLPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63104
Hello! I’m so grateful you’ve chosen to be here. I see the human experience as being similar to a cup of coffee; both complex and nuanced. Much like coffee, some experiences can leave us feeling bitter while others leave us feeling fulfilled. As your therapist, I will meet you wherever you are in your process and we’ll work collaboratively to navigate these lived experiences. Together we will build a therapeutic relationship that fosters self-exploration, curiosity, self-acceptance, and empowerment.
Hello! I’m so grateful you’ve chosen to be here. I see the human experience as being similar to a cup of coffee; both complex and nuanced. Much like coffee, some experiences can leave us feeling bitter while others leave us feeling fulfilled. As your therapist, I will meet you wherever you are in your process and we’ll work collaboratively to navigate these lived experiences. Together we will build a therapeutic relationship that fosters self-exploration, curiosity, self-acceptance, and empowerment.
(314) 230-9698 View (314) 230-9698
Photo of Kathryn Beskrowni, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Kathryn Beskrowni
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63139
I provide therapeutic services to adults, adolescents, couples, and families. Clients that tend to best fit my approach are seeking purpose and meaning, navigating feelings of uncertainty, alienation, or perpetual conflict, and are interested in examining ways outward dynamics reflect their inner selves. In other words, my work specializes in relational growth and development – in our communities, families, partnerships, and within ourselves.
I provide therapeutic services to adults, adolescents, couples, and families. Clients that tend to best fit my approach are seeking purpose and meaning, navigating feelings of uncertainty, alienation, or perpetual conflict, and are interested in examining ways outward dynamics reflect their inner selves. In other words, my work specializes in relational growth and development – in our communities, families, partnerships, and within ourselves.
(314) 949-3992 View (314) 949-3992
Photo of Laura McClure, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Laura McClure
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63122
Laura McClure is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Missouri who has been practicing since 2017. She has a Master of Social Work from Saint Louis University in 2017, clinical tract with specializations in Children, Youth, and Family, Trauma-Informed Care, and Individual and Family Therapy and a Bachelor of Science in Psychology and Child Family Development from Missouri State University in 2007. Laura believes that the client is the expert and works with the client to help define problem areas and develop attainable goals to work towards within the therapeutic environment.
Laura McClure is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Missouri who has been practicing since 2017. She has a Master of Social Work from Saint Louis University in 2017, clinical tract with specializations in Children, Youth, and Family, Trauma-Informed Care, and Individual and Family Therapy and a Bachelor of Science in Psychology and Child Family Development from Missouri State University in 2007. Laura believes that the client is the expert and works with the client to help define problem areas and develop attainable goals to work towards within the therapeutic environment.
(314) 742-8035 View (314) 742-8035
Photo of Kyle Brandt-Lubart, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Kyle Brandt-Lubart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63116
Not accepting new clients
Therapy has the power to facilitate a relationship with the self that is tender, introspective, and vibrant. My goal is to support you in nurturing this relationship. In therapy we will always work as collaborators. I specialize in trauma therapy and integrating expressive arts approaches, but have experience working with a wide variety of clients.
Therapy has the power to facilitate a relationship with the self that is tender, introspective, and vibrant. My goal is to support you in nurturing this relationship. In therapy we will always work as collaborators. I specialize in trauma therapy and integrating expressive arts approaches, but have experience working with a wide variety of clients.
(314) 463-4563 View (314) 463-4563
Photo of Marybeth Gras, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Marybeth Gras
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63139
Being human is difficult! Committing to counseling provides viable options to the struggles you face. As you grow in your understanding of yourself and your world, you will begin to find that you have more choices than you thought possible — real alternatives to being defeated, becoming numb, or simply being trapped in knee-jerk patterns and reactions. Growth in this way does require trust and vulnerability, but not just from you — from both of us! My deepest hope is to be a compassionate collaborator and a source of safety and insight as you make small steps towards big change.
Being human is difficult! Committing to counseling provides viable options to the struggles you face. As you grow in your understanding of yourself and your world, you will begin to find that you have more choices than you thought possible — real alternatives to being defeated, becoming numb, or simply being trapped in knee-jerk patterns and reactions. Growth in this way does require trust and vulnerability, but not just from you — from both of us! My deepest hope is to be a compassionate collaborator and a source of safety and insight as you make small steps towards big change.
(314) 970-5501 View (314) 970-5501
Photo of Carington McGowan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Carington McGowan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63112  (Online Only)
Traumatic experiences can change the way that we relate to ourselves as well as the rest of the world. We can be left feeling depressed, on edge, or not like ourselves. As a Licensed Master Social Worker, specializing in trauma, PTSD, and anxiety, my passion is helping teens and adults who have experienced trauma feel safe within themselves again.
Traumatic experiences can change the way that we relate to ourselves as well as the rest of the world. We can be left feeling depressed, on edge, or not like ourselves. As a Licensed Master Social Worker, specializing in trauma, PTSD, and anxiety, my passion is helping teens and adults who have experienced trauma feel safe within themselves again.
(314) 936-4918 View (314) 936-4918
Photo of Heather Barker, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Heather Barker
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63105
As a licensed professional counselor, I bring 14 years of clinical experience to my private practice and use a variety of treatment modalities to help clients navigate a wide range of issues including stress, anxiety, depression, grief, trauma and relationship problems. I believe that relationships are central to our well-being and am passionate about working with all of the individual pieces of a family – children, teens, parents, couples – and the family unit itself. On a personal level, I bring unconditional acceptance, an emphasis on grace for self and others, and genuine compassion to each one of my clients.
As a licensed professional counselor, I bring 14 years of clinical experience to my private practice and use a variety of treatment modalities to help clients navigate a wide range of issues including stress, anxiety, depression, grief, trauma and relationship problems. I believe that relationships are central to our well-being and am passionate about working with all of the individual pieces of a family – children, teens, parents, couples – and the family unit itself. On a personal level, I bring unconditional acceptance, an emphasis on grace for self and others, and genuine compassion to each one of my clients.
(314) 858-5163 View (314) 858-5163
Photo of Mitch Cartwright, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Louis, MO
Mitch Cartwright
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, PLPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63104
Sometimes it may feel like your inner worldview and dreams don’t match the outer world’s experiences and expectations. Sometimes we need help to gather all of our feelings, thoughts, beliefs, histories, and dreams in order to speak them out loud and make sense of them in a safe space. My goal is to help you share your story and your light with the world. When we share our story we heal; when we heal, we give to the greater world and the ripple of change is exponential. My ideal client's goals are to live authentically and freely, unapologetically, powerfully, and to find fulfillment in the day to day.
Sometimes it may feel like your inner worldview and dreams don’t match the outer world’s experiences and expectations. Sometimes we need help to gather all of our feelings, thoughts, beliefs, histories, and dreams in order to speak them out loud and make sense of them in a safe space. My goal is to help you share your story and your light with the world. When we share our story we heal; when we heal, we give to the greater world and the ripple of change is exponential. My ideal client's goals are to live authentically and freely, unapologetically, powerfully, and to find fulfillment in the day to day.
(314) 207-5401 View (314) 207-5401
Photo of Understanding Minds Psychological Services, Psychologist in Saint Louis, MO
Understanding Minds Psychological Services
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63123
Understanding Minds provides trusted, confidential, and comprehensive mental health services. Our supportive team of providers take a proactive approach with assessment, collaborative treatment planning, progress review, and validated approaches to make progress achievable. Your needs are important to us, and we strive to offer the best possible experience in mental healthcare. This is why we have administrative staff available to assist you 5 days a week and we request feedback from you about your experience and fit with your provider.
Understanding Minds provides trusted, confidential, and comprehensive mental health services. Our supportive team of providers take a proactive approach with assessment, collaborative treatment planning, progress review, and validated approaches to make progress achievable. Your needs are important to us, and we strive to offer the best possible experience in mental healthcare. This is why we have administrative staff available to assist you 5 days a week and we request feedback from you about your experience and fit with your provider.
(314) 897-7736 View (314) 897-7736
Photo of Jenn Wickersham, LPC , Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Jenn Wickersham, LPC
Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63119  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Experiencing depression, anxiety, stress, relationship issues, family issues or just feeling stuck, I am here to support you. We will work and navigate together to find the positive betterment you are seeking within yourself.
Experiencing depression, anxiety, stress, relationship issues, family issues or just feeling stuck, I am here to support you. We will work and navigate together to find the positive betterment you are seeking within yourself.
(314) 788-2560 View (314) 788-2560
Photo of Megan Seidman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Megan Seidman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63119
Whatever the reason that has led you to seek therapy services, I am here to listen. I offer a gentle, compassionate and non-judgmental environment, providing my clients with a safe space where they will feel heard and supported. Whether you are struggling with a significant life event, feeling unsatisfied in a relationship or job, coping with loss, or experiencing feelings of depression or anxiety, I believe that you are capable of making meaningful change. Employing a strengths-based, collaborative approach, together we will work toward developing a clear path to achieve your goals and lead a more purposeful and satisfying life.
Whatever the reason that has led you to seek therapy services, I am here to listen. I offer a gentle, compassionate and non-judgmental environment, providing my clients with a safe space where they will feel heard and supported. Whether you are struggling with a significant life event, feeling unsatisfied in a relationship or job, coping with loss, or experiencing feelings of depression or anxiety, I believe that you are capable of making meaningful change. Employing a strengths-based, collaborative approach, together we will work toward developing a clear path to achieve your goals and lead a more purposeful and satisfying life.
(314) 370-2268 x702 View (314) 370-2268 x702
Photo of Kate MacLeod, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Kate MacLeod
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63127
Hello! I specialize in working with adults that are struggling with self-esteem, anxiety, depression, or other issues that are causing stress in their lives. My treatment approach is a mix of learning coping strategies to manage current issues (CBT), along with discussing childhood, family relationships, and past experiences that impact how we see ourselves, others, and the world today. The way we communicate, behave, and deal with emotions are developed over time and through a variety of experiences, good and bad. Being able to recognize these patterns and where they come from can help us create more positive and long term change.
Hello! I specialize in working with adults that are struggling with self-esteem, anxiety, depression, or other issues that are causing stress in their lives. My treatment approach is a mix of learning coping strategies to manage current issues (CBT), along with discussing childhood, family relationships, and past experiences that impact how we see ourselves, others, and the world today. The way we communicate, behave, and deal with emotions are developed over time and through a variety of experiences, good and bad. Being able to recognize these patterns and where they come from can help us create more positive and long term change.
(314) 274-1807 View (314) 274-1807
Photo of Kara Lynne Ressel, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Kara Lynne Ressel
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63132
I value supporting adolescents and adults struggling with life's challenges: depression, anxiety, stress, relationship difficulties, and much more. We tend to isolate in these difficult moments believing we are alone in our struggles. My goal is to provide a comforting and safe environment to make changes to achieve your goals and create more positive interactions.
I value supporting adolescents and adults struggling with life's challenges: depression, anxiety, stress, relationship difficulties, and much more. We tend to isolate in these difficult moments believing we are alone in our struggles. My goal is to provide a comforting and safe environment to make changes to achieve your goals and create more positive interactions.
(636) 205-2391 View (636) 205-2391
Photo of Gary L Hirshberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Gary L Hirshberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63110
I am a licensed clinical social worker who practices both individual and couples therapy. I have extensive experience working with client's from diverse backgrounds. My training as a social worker has given me the understanding of how both childhood and current life circumstances impact people. I work to assist client's in understanding how they deal with these problems. My goal is never to provide answers for people, but to help people to understand themselves so that they can function and operate independently of their conflicts and problems.
I am a licensed clinical social worker who practices both individual and couples therapy. I have extensive experience working with client's from diverse backgrounds. My training as a social worker has given me the understanding of how both childhood and current life circumstances impact people. I work to assist client's in understanding how they deal with these problems. My goal is never to provide answers for people, but to help people to understand themselves so that they can function and operate independently of their conflicts and problems.
(314) 238-8961 View (314) 238-8961
Photo of Megan MacKenzie, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Megan MacKenzie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63108
As a relationship, sex, and gender therapist, I help couples, relationships, and individuals explore identities, navigate non-monogamy, and experience greater pleasure and intimacy. I am passionate about supporting LGBTQ+ folks in exploring and healing from the negative impacts of internalized homophobia, transphobia, and racism as they often manifest in shame, guilt, and low self-esteem.
As a relationship, sex, and gender therapist, I help couples, relationships, and individuals explore identities, navigate non-monogamy, and experience greater pleasure and intimacy. I am passionate about supporting LGBTQ+ folks in exploring and healing from the negative impacts of internalized homophobia, transphobia, and racism as they often manifest in shame, guilt, and low self-esteem.
(314) 626-0543 View (314) 626-0543
Photo of Kerry Hogan, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Kerry Hogan
Licensed Professional Counselor, M Ed, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63116
Not accepting new clients
Hello! As someone who values sincerity, I feel as though the best work happens when clients feel very deeply seen, heard, and known. Authenticity and vulnerability are the cornerstones of my practice. I believe that the ultimate driving factor in life is secure attachment. I also believe in building a therapeutic practice that mirrors my own principles. Therefore, you can expect warmth, informality, passion, and a playful spirit permeating throughout my work.
Hello! As someone who values sincerity, I feel as though the best work happens when clients feel very deeply seen, heard, and known. Authenticity and vulnerability are the cornerstones of my practice. I believe that the ultimate driving factor in life is secure attachment. I also believe in building a therapeutic practice that mirrors my own principles. Therefore, you can expect warmth, informality, passion, and a playful spirit permeating throughout my work.
(314) 396-8918 View (314) 396-8918
Photo of Joan A Di Pretore, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Joan A Di Pretore
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63105  (Online Only)
Dedicated to my clients' happiness and success, I feel honored to be trusted with their innermost thoughts. They often report feeling completely overwhelmed and stressed by life situations: e.g. relationship conflict, conflict at work, loss of a loved one. Feeling that life is controlling them, they report feeling depressed, anxious, and doubting their own ability. Through our work together in therapy, my clients have felt empowered to regain the control necessary to make positive changes in their lives and relationships, and thereby resolve their conflicts, reduce their level of stress, and relieve their accompanying anxiety and depression.
Dedicated to my clients' happiness and success, I feel honored to be trusted with their innermost thoughts. They often report feeling completely overwhelmed and stressed by life situations: e.g. relationship conflict, conflict at work, loss of a loved one. Feeling that life is controlling them, they report feeling depressed, anxious, and doubting their own ability. Through our work together in therapy, my clients have felt empowered to regain the control necessary to make positive changes in their lives and relationships, and thereby resolve their conflicts, reduce their level of stress, and relieve their accompanying anxiety and depression.
(314) 714-4248 View (314) 714-4248

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saint Louis, MO

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Saint Louis, MO who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
71% Aetna
71% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Saint Louis, MO see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
20% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Louis?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.