Therapists in Fargo, ND

Photo of Chloe Krinke, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fargo, ND
Chloe Krinke
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58103  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Are you overwhelmed with life stressors or trauma? Struggling with time management or motivation? Maybe you feel anxious, irritable, or depressed? It is time for you to get the help and support you deserve. You don't have to face these challenges or discover solutions alone. I will honor your story while sitting with you in your pain. I will offer space for safety and connection. Whether the focus is personal or professional, I will help you develop healthier responses to stress, learn concrete coping skills, and create a plan to improve your overall mental health and wellness.
Are you overwhelmed with life stressors or trauma? Struggling with time management or motivation? Maybe you feel anxious, irritable, or depressed? It is time for you to get the help and support you deserve. You don't have to face these challenges or discover solutions alone. I will honor your story while sitting with you in your pain. I will offer space for safety and connection. Whether the focus is personal or professional, I will help you develop healthier responses to stress, learn concrete coping skills, and create a plan to improve your overall mental health and wellness.
(701) 409-2409 View (701) 409-2409
Photo of Dr. Jessica Jones, Psychologist in Fargo, ND
Dr. Jessica Jones
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Not Verified Not Verified
Fargo, ND 58104
I enjoy working with women experiencing mood and anxiety disorders, including trauma-related disorders, and women experiencing emotional health concerns in the context of chronic health conditions. I am also a strong advocate for those experiencing neurodiversity (ADHD and/or Autism Spectrum Disorder). I specialize in helping individuals identify the specific nature of their concerns, including differential diagnostic assessment and inclusion of psychological testing, if appropriate. Clearly identifying these concerns leads to improved outcomes, helping individuals grow in a way that is meaningful to them.
I enjoy working with women experiencing mood and anxiety disorders, including trauma-related disorders, and women experiencing emotional health concerns in the context of chronic health conditions. I am also a strong advocate for those experiencing neurodiversity (ADHD and/or Autism Spectrum Disorder). I specialize in helping individuals identify the specific nature of their concerns, including differential diagnostic assessment and inclusion of psychological testing, if appropriate. Clearly identifying these concerns leads to improved outcomes, helping individuals grow in a way that is meaningful to them.
(701) 639-2604 View (701) 639-2604
Photo of Andrea Rognlien, Counselor in Fargo, ND
Andrea Rognlien
Counselor, MS, LPCC
Verified Verified
Fargo, ND 58104
My overall focus is on helping women be well - physically, emotionally, spiritually, socially. My areas of focus include: anxiety, depression, sports counseling, premarital counseling as well as stress related to phase of life problems. I am passionate about providing a safe place for women to discuss their mental health. I gravitate towards Cognitive Behavioral and Humanistic therapies in my clinical work. I enjoy working with women to take evidenced-based approaches and tailoring these skills to for practical use in your daily life.
My overall focus is on helping women be well - physically, emotionally, spiritually, socially. My areas of focus include: anxiety, depression, sports counseling, premarital counseling as well as stress related to phase of life problems. I am passionate about providing a safe place for women to discuss their mental health. I gravitate towards Cognitive Behavioral and Humanistic therapies in my clinical work. I enjoy working with women to take evidenced-based approaches and tailoring these skills to for practical use in your daily life.
(701) 369-9519 View (701) 369-9519
Photo of Debbie Svobodny, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fargo, ND
Debbie Svobodny
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58103
Are you feeling quarantined by the very walls you build for protection? Has past hurt left you feeling inadequate, unworthy and wondering why you are crying for no reason? Have you recently been diagnosed with a chronic medical condition and are noticing that you're more worried, sad, increasingly negative and critical? You used to be joyful. Getting out of bed used to be easy. You were optimistic. Life wasn't a chore. However, now you dilute and downplay good news with doses of your versions of reality.
Are you feeling quarantined by the very walls you build for protection? Has past hurt left you feeling inadequate, unworthy and wondering why you are crying for no reason? Have you recently been diagnosed with a chronic medical condition and are noticing that you're more worried, sad, increasingly negative and critical? You used to be joyful. Getting out of bed used to be easy. You were optimistic. Life wasn't a chore. However, now you dilute and downplay good news with doses of your versions of reality.
(701) 253-1416 View (701) 253-1416
Photo of Jamie L Barnett, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fargo, ND
Jamie L Barnett
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC, LAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58103
Jamie Barnett is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor and a Licensed Addiction Counselor who has experience working with individuals of all ages. She specializes in working with children, adolescents and young adults and their families. She completed Chemical Dependency Evaluations for all ages.
Jamie Barnett is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor and a Licensed Addiction Counselor who has experience working with individuals of all ages. She specializes in working with children, adolescents and young adults and their families. She completed Chemical Dependency Evaluations for all ages.
(701) 503-5188 View (701) 503-5188
Photo of Dawn Lesley Groslie, Counselor in Fargo, ND
Dawn Lesley Groslie
Counselor, MS, LPCC
Verified Verified
Fargo, ND 58104
I understand how it can be difficult to reach out for help especially when you may be feeling sad, anxious, and overwhelmed. I understand that it is hard to trust someone and express your doubts and fears. Let me help you. I believe that life is too short to think of therapy as just hard work. Challenging? Yes. Laughter? Yes. Compassion? Yes. Therapy is about knowing that you want to reach the goal of feeling better about yourself, your relationships, your life.
I understand how it can be difficult to reach out for help especially when you may be feeling sad, anxious, and overwhelmed. I understand that it is hard to trust someone and express your doubts and fears. Let me help you. I believe that life is too short to think of therapy as just hard work. Challenging? Yes. Laughter? Yes. Compassion? Yes. Therapy is about knowing that you want to reach the goal of feeling better about yourself, your relationships, your life.
(701) 291-7946 View (701) 291-7946
Photo of Jessica Mertz - Dakota Family Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fargo, ND
Jessica Mertz - Dakota Family Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, LCSW, RPT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58104
I have extensive experience working with early developmental trauma, difficulties with parent-child attachment, anxiety, significant life changes, and mood disorders. I am a Registered Play Therapist and trained in Family Attachment Narrative Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and EMDR with a focus on children. My goal is that you feel listened to and we find the most effective way to help your family. Whether that's by developing new parenting strategies, improving the parent-child relationship, or individual sessions where I meet with your child, we will figure out what's best for you.
I have extensive experience working with early developmental trauma, difficulties with parent-child attachment, anxiety, significant life changes, and mood disorders. I am a Registered Play Therapist and trained in Family Attachment Narrative Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and EMDR with a focus on children. My goal is that you feel listened to and we find the most effective way to help your family. Whether that's by developing new parenting strategies, improving the parent-child relationship, or individual sessions where I meet with your child, we will figure out what's best for you.
(701) 503-4601 View (701) 503-4601
Photo of Lisa Mastel, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fargo, ND
Lisa Mastel
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC, LAC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58104
As a mental health counselor and substance use counselor I have enjoyed walking alongside my clients who are striving to improve the quality of their life. It is my goal to work with my clients to achieve their goals. We all need a little help, encouragement, and guidance at times; I am looking forward to helping you achieve your goals and live your best life.
As a mental health counselor and substance use counselor I have enjoyed walking alongside my clients who are striving to improve the quality of their life. It is my goal to work with my clients to achieve their goals. We all need a little help, encouragement, and guidance at times; I am looking forward to helping you achieve your goals and live your best life.
(701) 760-4966 View (701) 760-4966
Photo of James D Cronin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fargo, ND
James D Cronin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Fargo, ND 58103
Hello, I’m James Cronin. I am a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in North Dakota and Minnesota. More importantly, I’m in the business of helping people! For over 20 years I have worked passionately with individuals, couples and families to improve quality of life, reduce stress and navigate relationships. I believe every person is important! I believe people are capable of exploring life experiences to discover how their strengths can open doors to amazing opportunities for growth. If you are ready to start the journey of improving relationships and understanding yourself more completely don't hesitate to contact me.
Hello, I’m James Cronin. I am a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in North Dakota and Minnesota. More importantly, I’m in the business of helping people! For over 20 years I have worked passionately with individuals, couples and families to improve quality of life, reduce stress and navigate relationships. I believe every person is important! I believe people are capable of exploring life experiences to discover how their strengths can open doors to amazing opportunities for growth. If you are ready to start the journey of improving relationships and understanding yourself more completely don't hesitate to contact me.
(701) 809-9121 View (701) 809-9121
Photo of Danielle Lindberg (Vaughn), Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fargo, ND
Danielle Lindberg (Vaughn)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58103
I’m glad that you’re here! My name is Danielle (she/her) and I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in North Dakota and a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW) in Minnesota. I have experience working within a variety of settings and with a variety of presenting concerns. I enjoy working with individuals who are struggling with depression, anxiety, life transitions, interpersonal concerns, trauma, and historically oppressed identities. My ideal client is someone who is motivated to explore the ways in which their past and current experiences may be affecting their relationships and overall mental health.
I’m glad that you’re here! My name is Danielle (she/her) and I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in North Dakota and a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW) in Minnesota. I have experience working within a variety of settings and with a variety of presenting concerns. I enjoy working with individuals who are struggling with depression, anxiety, life transitions, interpersonal concerns, trauma, and historically oppressed identities. My ideal client is someone who is motivated to explore the ways in which their past and current experiences may be affecting their relationships and overall mental health.
(701) 712-6560 View (701) 712-6560
Photo of Tarah Cavett, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fargo, ND
Tarah Cavett
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58104
Everyone deserves a trustworthy and inclusive environment for personal exploration. Respect, compassion, and acceptance is at the heart of care you will experience working together.
Everyone deserves a trustworthy and inclusive environment for personal exploration. Respect, compassion, and acceptance is at the heart of care you will experience working together.
(701) 436-9957 View (701) 436-9957
Photo of Jesse Lamm - Dakota Family Services, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fargo, ND
Jesse Lamm - Dakota Family Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58104  (Online Only)
I provide therapy for adolescents and adults ages 16-40. I believe in meeting clients where they are and guiding them as they work toward their individual goals and needs. I am very open to processing anything that a client brings to our time together and exploring underlying issues related to trauma. I work with clients to discover the root of their symptoms and identify how those symptoms are impacting their life and daily functioning. I also help clients discover useful coping skills to further promote their ability to cope and improve daily functioning.
I provide therapy for adolescents and adults ages 16-40. I believe in meeting clients where they are and guiding them as they work toward their individual goals and needs. I am very open to processing anything that a client brings to our time together and exploring underlying issues related to trauma. I work with clients to discover the root of their symptoms and identify how those symptoms are impacting their life and daily functioning. I also help clients discover useful coping skills to further promote their ability to cope and improve daily functioning.
(701) 436-2640 View (701) 436-2640
Photo of Cassie Wehseler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fargo, ND
Cassie Wehseler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58103
I’m happy you’re here considering mental health services. I am a Licensed Master Social Worker in the state of North Dakota & Licensed Graduate Social Worker in the state of Minnesota. As your practitioner, my goal is to help you celebrate your strengths, process the areas in your life that you’d like to improve & learn about what makes you, you! I specialize in adolescents & young adults ranging in age from about 9-22 years. During this stage in life, you or your loved one may be experiencing anxiety, depression, difficult life transitions, conflict at school, or stressful friendships & relationships.
I’m happy you’re here considering mental health services. I am a Licensed Master Social Worker in the state of North Dakota & Licensed Graduate Social Worker in the state of Minnesota. As your practitioner, my goal is to help you celebrate your strengths, process the areas in your life that you’d like to improve & learn about what makes you, you! I specialize in adolescents & young adults ranging in age from about 9-22 years. During this stage in life, you or your loved one may be experiencing anxiety, depression, difficult life transitions, conflict at school, or stressful friendships & relationships.
(701) 401-0695 View (701) 401-0695
Photo of Rachel Blumhardt, Counselor in Fargo, ND
Rachel Blumhardt
Counselor, MEd, LPCC, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Fargo, ND 58104
My overall focus is on helping women be well--physically, emotionally, spiritually, socially. My areas of focus include: trauma, depression, anxiety, work-life balance, grief, self-esteem, and relationship issues. I gravitate towards Cognitive Behavioral and Humanistic therapies in my clinical work. I primarily serve clients individually; however, I am experienced in offering couple's and group therapy. I am passionate about working with those experiencing PTSD and helping improve their quality of life. In addition to seeing clients I provide supervision for ND and MN counselors seeking their LPCCs.
My overall focus is on helping women be well--physically, emotionally, spiritually, socially. My areas of focus include: trauma, depression, anxiety, work-life balance, grief, self-esteem, and relationship issues. I gravitate towards Cognitive Behavioral and Humanistic therapies in my clinical work. I primarily serve clients individually; however, I am experienced in offering couple's and group therapy. I am passionate about working with those experiencing PTSD and helping improve their quality of life. In addition to seeing clients I provide supervision for ND and MN counselors seeking their LPCCs.
(701) 248-8368 View (701) 248-8368
Photo of Dr. Jenna Therapy, PLLC, Counselor in Fargo, ND
Dr. Jenna Therapy, PLLC
Counselor, PhD, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58104
Waitlist for new clients
Hello, my name is Jenna. My approach to counseling is primarily relational and trauma-informed with a specialization in addressing relationship issues, attachment, childhood trauma, PTSD, and related challenges.
Hello, my name is Jenna. My approach to counseling is primarily relational and trauma-informed with a specialization in addressing relationship issues, attachment, childhood trauma, PTSD, and related challenges.
(701) 581-1596 View (701) 581-1596
Photo of Jennifer J Schumacher, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fargo, ND
Jennifer J Schumacher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW ND, LICSWmn
Verified Verified
Fargo, ND 58103
Hello, I am excited to work with you and walk on your journey towards positive mental health. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in North Dakota and Licensed Independent Social Worker in Minnesota.
Hello, I am excited to work with you and walk on your journey towards positive mental health. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in North Dakota and Licensed Independent Social Worker in Minnesota.
(701) 253-1486 View (701) 253-1486
Photo of Kyle Edward Sundberg, Counselor in Fargo, ND
Kyle Edward Sundberg
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58103
Are you grappling with chronic pain, health conditions, anxiety, or depression? Seeking genuine relief from the complexities of both physical and emotional challenges? Do you desire effective tools to not only manage your conditions but also to alleviate distress and elevate your overall well-being? I understand the weight of these struggles, and I'm here to offer you a guiding hand. By providing individualized support, I am dedicated to helping you regain control over your life, fostering resilience that lasts, and assisting you in rediscovering a profound sense of purpose. Together, we'll navigate your journey towards healing.
Are you grappling with chronic pain, health conditions, anxiety, or depression? Seeking genuine relief from the complexities of both physical and emotional challenges? Do you desire effective tools to not only manage your conditions but also to alleviate distress and elevate your overall well-being? I understand the weight of these struggles, and I'm here to offer you a guiding hand. By providing individualized support, I am dedicated to helping you regain control over your life, fostering resilience that lasts, and assisting you in rediscovering a profound sense of purpose. Together, we'll navigate your journey towards healing.
(701) 645-5896 View (701) 645-5896
Photo of Emily M. Jones, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fargo, ND
Emily M. Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fargo, ND 58103
Do you constantly feel like you're trying to fit in? For creative thinkers it can be so hard to find our place in the world. We get lost in the daily shuffle and can often lose a sense of who we are and who we want to be. So often past trauma and harmful relationships completely change our views of ourselves. We feel disconnected, unmotivated, and lost. Change and healing CAN happen. Sometimes, it just takes a little bit of creativity.
Do you constantly feel like you're trying to fit in? For creative thinkers it can be so hard to find our place in the world. We get lost in the daily shuffle and can often lose a sense of who we are and who we want to be. So often past trauma and harmful relationships completely change our views of ourselves. We feel disconnected, unmotivated, and lost. Change and healing CAN happen. Sometimes, it just takes a little bit of creativity.
(701) 515-0120 View (701) 515-0120
Photo of Kasidy Hollands, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fargo, ND
Kasidy Hollands
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW
Verified Verified
Fargo, ND 58103
I wholeheartedly understand the stigma surrounding mental health and the courage it takes to seek support. I recognize that reaching out can be incredibly challenging. That's why I am dedicated to creating a safe and non-judgmental space where clients feel empowered to share their experiences openly. Through a strength-based perspective, I partner with my clients to harness their inner resilience and capabilities, guiding them towards healing and personal growth. Together, we navigate the journey towards mental wellness with compassion, empathy, and strength.
I wholeheartedly understand the stigma surrounding mental health and the courage it takes to seek support. I recognize that reaching out can be incredibly challenging. That's why I am dedicated to creating a safe and non-judgmental space where clients feel empowered to share their experiences openly. Through a strength-based perspective, I partner with my clients to harness their inner resilience and capabilities, guiding them towards healing and personal growth. Together, we navigate the journey towards mental wellness with compassion, empathy, and strength.
(701) 599-4968 View (701) 599-4968
Photo of Shanti Wellness, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fargo, ND
Shanti Wellness, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LICSW, CIMHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fargo, ND 58104
Not accepting new clients
Welcome to the next chapter in your personal story! Reaching out for help can be scary, hard and overwhelming so congrats on taking this step to take care of You. My name is Melissa Shigematsu and I work with my clients to develop a plan based on their goals incorporating both eastern and western interventions. For example, we may utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or Eye Movement Desensitization Therapy (EMDR) coupled with yoga or mindfulness techniques, and may also explore the connection between mood and food. If this sounds good to you, take the next step and we can work together to move you from surviving to thriving!
Welcome to the next chapter in your personal story! Reaching out for help can be scary, hard and overwhelming so congrats on taking this step to take care of You. My name is Melissa Shigematsu and I work with my clients to develop a plan based on their goals incorporating both eastern and western interventions. For example, we may utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or Eye Movement Desensitization Therapy (EMDR) coupled with yoga or mindfulness techniques, and may also explore the connection between mood and food. If this sounds good to you, take the next step and we can work together to move you from surviving to thriving!
(701) 419-0122 View (701) 419-0122

Nearby Searches for Fargo

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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Fargo, ND

100+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Fargo, ND who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
78% Stress
75% Coping Skills
73% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

90% BlueCross and BlueShield
85% Sanford Health Plan
56% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Fargo, ND see their clients

86% In Person and Online
14% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
16% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Fargo?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.