Therapists in Peace Dale, RI

Photo of Amanda L Oexner Fontaine, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Amanda L Oexner Fontaine
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Peace Dale, RI 02879
Amanda Fontaine, MS, is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who has been working with individuals, couples, children, teens, and families since 2001. She works with clients who may be struggling with a broad range of issues such as depression, anxiety, ADHD, and/or behavioral issues. She is a member of the Kink-Aware Professionals Directory. Amanda also currently serves on the board of the RI Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, our Rhode Island professional organization for MFT's.
Amanda Fontaine, MS, is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who has been working with individuals, couples, children, teens, and families since 2001. She works with clients who may be struggling with a broad range of issues such as depression, anxiety, ADHD, and/or behavioral issues. She is a member of the Kink-Aware Professionals Directory. Amanda also currently serves on the board of the RI Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, our Rhode Island professional organization for MFT's.
(401) 314-9344 View (401) 314-9344

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Jeffrey D Berthiaume, Counselor, MS, LMHC
Jeffrey D Berthiaume
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Johnston, RI 02919
I am a Licensed Child and Family Behavioral Therapist and received my Master's from New England College. I have been working with children, couples and families for over 20 years. I have spent the past 18 years using Behavioral Play Therapy with Preschool children, as well as with families utilizing a variety of treatment modalities which include Family Systems and Solution-Focused Brief Therapy. Issues I have years of experience treating both ADHD and ODD in young children. Over my eighteen years of experience, I have developed an unrelenting passion to help my clients achieve their personal goals.
I am a Licensed Child and Family Behavioral Therapist and received my Master's from New England College. I have been working with children, couples and families for over 20 years. I have spent the past 18 years using Behavioral Play Therapy with Preschool children, as well as with families utilizing a variety of treatment modalities which include Family Systems and Solution-Focused Brief Therapy. Issues I have years of experience treating both ADHD and ODD in young children. Over my eighteen years of experience, I have developed an unrelenting passion to help my clients achieve their personal goals.
(401) 329-9450 View (401) 329-9450
Photo of Luke Meier, Psychologist, LCP
Luke Meier
Psychologist, LCP
Serves Area
I believe in treating the whole person, recognizing that the mind, body, and spirit are deeply interconnected physically and emotionally. Many illnesses can be seen as direct results of repetitive negative thoughts and feelings. Through therapy, we embark on a journey together to enhance our perceptions of ourselves and our environment, fostering healing and personal growth.
I believe in treating the whole person, recognizing that the mind, body, and spirit are deeply interconnected physically and emotionally. Many illnesses can be seen as direct results of repetitive negative thoughts and feelings. Through therapy, we embark on a journey together to enhance our perceptions of ourselves and our environment, fostering healing and personal growth.
(909) 245-6367 View (909) 245-6367
Photo of Lindsay Doire, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, MHC-A
Lindsay Doire
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, MHC-A
1 Endorsed
Johnston, RI 02919
Now Accepting new patients- I recently received my Masters of Science in Clinical Mental Health Counseling (JWU). As a new grad, I have been working in private practice for over 1 year now at Polaris Counseling & Consulting LLC. During my internship and post-grad experiences, I have worked with a diverse range of clients, including adolescents, teens, families and adults. I have worked with many clients struggling with internal and external challenges and focus on giving my clients the tools necessary to navigate their ever-changing circumstances. I have my degree in Psychology with a minor in Gender & Sex from RWU.
Now Accepting new patients- I recently received my Masters of Science in Clinical Mental Health Counseling (JWU). As a new grad, I have been working in private practice for over 1 year now at Polaris Counseling & Consulting LLC. During my internship and post-grad experiences, I have worked with a diverse range of clients, including adolescents, teens, families and adults. I have worked with many clients struggling with internal and external challenges and focus on giving my clients the tools necessary to navigate their ever-changing circumstances. I have my degree in Psychology with a minor in Gender & Sex from RWU.
(401) 298-2443 View (401) 298-2443
Photo of Jenna Salines - Resilience Therapy, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Resilience Therapy, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Coventry, RI 02816
Jenna Salines is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker who supports clients of all ages navigating trauma, grief, depression, anxiety, family issues, and everyday stressors—with a particular focus on adults experiencing trauma-related symptoms. She is EMDR Basic Trained, using this impactful, evidence-based approach to help clients reprocess painful memories, reduce emotional distress, and build healthier patterns of thinking and feeling. Jenna’s client-centered style ensures that you set the pace, with sessions tailored to your needs in a safe and supportive space.
Jenna Salines is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker who supports clients of all ages navigating trauma, grief, depression, anxiety, family issues, and everyday stressors—with a particular focus on adults experiencing trauma-related symptoms. She is EMDR Basic Trained, using this impactful, evidence-based approach to help clients reprocess painful memories, reduce emotional distress, and build healthier patterns of thinking and feeling. Jenna’s client-centered style ensures that you set the pace, with sessions tailored to your needs in a safe and supportive space.
(401) 593-3745 View (401) 593-3745
Photo of Dykeman Eileen - LifeStance Health, Counselor, LHMC
LifeStance Health
Counselor, LHMC
Cranston, RI 02910
Making your first appointment can be one of the most challenging steps in your mental health journey. At LifeStance, we make it simple by offering both online and in-person therapy and psychiatry services, covered by major insurance plans.
Making your first appointment can be one of the most challenging steps in your mental health journey. At LifeStance, we make it simple by offering both online and in-person therapy and psychiatry services, covered by major insurance plans.
(401) 386-9013 View (401) 386-9013
Photo of Kasey Sarazin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCDP, CFRC, QMHP
Kasey Sarazin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCDP, CFRC, QMHP
2 Endorsed
North Kingstown, RI 02852
I believe therapy should be a safe, supportive space where you feel heard, valued, and empowered. I’m passionate about helping individuals navigate life’s challenges with empathy and understanding. Throughout my career, I’ve worked with individuals, families, and groups across different ages and backgrounds. My ultimate goal is to help you build on your strengths, develop new coping tools, and create lasting change in a way that feels right for you.
I believe therapy should be a safe, supportive space where you feel heard, valued, and empowered. I’m passionate about helping individuals navigate life’s challenges with empathy and understanding. Throughout my career, I’ve worked with individuals, families, and groups across different ages and backgrounds. My ultimate goal is to help you build on your strengths, develop new coping tools, and create lasting change in a way that feels right for you.
(401) 366-2426 View (401) 366-2426
Photo of April Lau - April Lau, LMHC Couples and CBT Therapist, Counselor, LMHC
April Lau, LMHC Couples and CBT Therapist
Counselor, LMHC
6 Endorsed
Providence, RI 02906
Connecting you with what matters to you. Too often our fears/worries limit our ability to deeply relate to others. Do you suspect others won't like what they see if you let them know you? Or do you have trouble liking yourself despite others saying you have a lot of strengths. Can't seem to stop judging yourself despite your accomplishments? Are you afraid to take chances with people, in your career, and in your personal development? I help people to stop judging themselves by how they think they fail to measure up. We'll free you from the baggage you've been carrying around and help you live in alignment with your values.
Connecting you with what matters to you. Too often our fears/worries limit our ability to deeply relate to others. Do you suspect others won't like what they see if you let them know you? Or do you have trouble liking yourself despite others saying you have a lot of strengths. Can't seem to stop judging yourself despite your accomplishments? Are you afraid to take chances with people, in your career, and in your personal development? I help people to stop judging themselves by how they think they fail to measure up. We'll free you from the baggage you've been carrying around and help you live in alignment with your values.
(401) 354-2744 View (401) 354-2744
Photo of Megan Booher, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, PMH-C
Megan Booher
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, PMH-C
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
My ultimate goal with everyone that I work with is to provide a space that feels safe and affirming and in which collaboration and openness feel natural. My approach to therapy is to focus on building a trusting relationship with each of my clients. Healing requires vulnerability and it is my goal to create an environment where all of my clients feel safe to be vulnerable. It is my goal to support you to deepen your understanding of your underlying emotional needs while feeling better equipped to create positive change in your relationships.
My ultimate goal with everyone that I work with is to provide a space that feels safe and affirming and in which collaboration and openness feel natural. My approach to therapy is to focus on building a trusting relationship with each of my clients. Healing requires vulnerability and it is my goal to create an environment where all of my clients feel safe to be vulnerable. It is my goal to support you to deepen your understanding of your underlying emotional needs while feeling better equipped to create positive change in your relationships.
(401) 249-4590 View (401) 249-4590
Photo of Annie Geissinger - Annie Geissinger, LMHC, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Annie Geissinger, LMHC
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Warren, RI 02885
Waitlist for new clients
Life crises or challenges can be times when spiritual and/or personal values are re-examined, and opportunities arise to find new balance and wellbeing. Caring for oneself, and discovering one's qualities or what matters most, are part of healing of mental, emotional and physical bodies. This work provides a safe, non-judgmental space to examine feelings, beliefs and questions - a place to unwind traumas that may have us stuck in patterns that are no longer healthy. We find a new way to align with inner dreams or the intention of happiness that is unique to each individual.
Life crises or challenges can be times when spiritual and/or personal values are re-examined, and opportunities arise to find new balance and wellbeing. Caring for oneself, and discovering one's qualities or what matters most, are part of healing of mental, emotional and physical bodies. This work provides a safe, non-judgmental space to examine feelings, beliefs and questions - a place to unwind traumas that may have us stuck in patterns that are no longer healthy. We find a new way to align with inner dreams or the intention of happiness that is unique to each individual.
(401) 298-9489 View (401) 298-9489
Photo of Dave Poland, Counselor, MS, LMHC, LCMHC, NSCA-PT, TF-CBT
Dave Poland
Counselor, MS, LMHC, LCMHC, NSCA-PT, TF-CBT
Barrington, RI 02806
You are high-functioning and resilient, but you are also tired. You belong to a generation promised that hard work equals happiness, but the math isn't adding up. I specialize in working with professionals who need more than a venting session. My integrative approach combines modern science with deep insight to tackle stress and relationship disconnects. We won't just slap a bandage on symptoms; we will curate a personalized roadmap for total well-being. Stop merely surviving your success. Let's integrate your achievements with your peace of mind.
You are high-functioning and resilient, but you are also tired. You belong to a generation promised that hard work equals happiness, but the math isn't adding up. I specialize in working with professionals who need more than a venting session. My integrative approach combines modern science with deep insight to tackle stress and relationship disconnects. We won't just slap a bandage on symptoms; we will curate a personalized roadmap for total well-being. Stop merely surviving your success. Let's integrate your achievements with your peace of mind.
(401) 373-3847 View (401) 373-3847
Photo of Kathleen Peña, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, CGS, LICSW
Kathleen Peña
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, CGS, LICSW
2 Endorsed
Online Only
As a human, especially if you are BIPOC and/or LGBTQIA+ who has experienced trauma and/or who struggles to cope with mental health concern(s), it can be hard to find a therapist that understands your unique identity. Wouldn't it feel nice to be seen, understood, empowered, and accepted for who you are? To have your identity celebrated and not be judged for simply being you. You are enough and you already have what you need within you to begin healing. Allow me to support you with tapping into that strength while providing you with a brave space to reach your goals.
As a human, especially if you are BIPOC and/or LGBTQIA+ who has experienced trauma and/or who struggles to cope with mental health concern(s), it can be hard to find a therapist that understands your unique identity. Wouldn't it feel nice to be seen, understood, empowered, and accepted for who you are? To have your identity celebrated and not be judged for simply being you. You are enough and you already have what you need within you to begin healing. Allow me to support you with tapping into that strength while providing you with a brave space to reach your goals.
(401) 358-5311 View (401) 358-5311
Photo of Jim Szabo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Jim Szabo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
People often reach out when they feel stuck—caught between stress, anxiety, or major changes and unsure how to move forward. They’re seeking clarity, effective strategies, and steady, measurable progress. They value a collaborative, structured approach that blends CBT, Motivational Enhancement Therapy, and client‑directed outcome measures to help them regain confidence and momentum.
People often reach out when they feel stuck—caught between stress, anxiety, or major changes and unsure how to move forward. They’re seeking clarity, effective strategies, and steady, measurable progress. They value a collaborative, structured approach that blends CBT, Motivational Enhancement Therapy, and client‑directed outcome measures to help them regain confidence and momentum.
(401) 425-7801 View (401) 425-7801
Photo of Calyn Acebes, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MA, LPC, LMHC
Calyn Acebes
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MA, LPC, LMHC
2 Endorsed
Little Compton, RI 02837
Welcome. I am glad you have found my page. My counseling approach is supportive, caring, honest, and client centered. I believe that the relationship between therapist and client is what brings change and growth. We will navigate whatever you bring to the client hour by incorporating body awareness, mindfulness, and experiential therapies. I work in the office with the option to work outside where we can walk on trails, and spend time in nature. I work with adults, focusing on relationship issues, attachment, trauma, grief, depression and anxiety.
Welcome. I am glad you have found my page. My counseling approach is supportive, caring, honest, and client centered. I believe that the relationship between therapist and client is what brings change and growth. We will navigate whatever you bring to the client hour by incorporating body awareness, mindfulness, and experiential therapies. I work in the office with the option to work outside where we can walk on trails, and spend time in nature. I work with adults, focusing on relationship issues, attachment, trauma, grief, depression and anxiety.
(401) 593-3982 View (401) 593-3982
Photo of Kathleen Mary Flynn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Kathleen Mary Flynn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
Therapy is an opportunity to learn more about your self. If you are facing conflicts, emotional challenges, or adjusting to changes in your life, let's work together. I have 25 years of clinical experience and use an eclectic, collaborative approach tailored to you. I provide a calm, welcoming and nonjudgmental environment where you can tell your story and start the journey to feeling better. Appointments are available via telehealth or for those who are home-bound, home visits are an option.
Therapy is an opportunity to learn more about your self. If you are facing conflicts, emotional challenges, or adjusting to changes in your life, let's work together. I have 25 years of clinical experience and use an eclectic, collaborative approach tailored to you. I provide a calm, welcoming and nonjudgmental environment where you can tell your story and start the journey to feeling better. Appointments are available via telehealth or for those who are home-bound, home visits are an option.
(401) 537-1085 View (401) 537-1085
Photo of Kelley Faria, Counselor, LMHC
Kelley Faria
Counselor, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My goal is to provide you with the highest quality service in order to help you achieve your goals in therapy and in life. I will work with you in a way that builds on your strengths and potential while challenging you to take your life to the next level. I believe the most productive therapy environment is one of mutual trust, respect, and collaboration. My approach is down to earth and direct, yet compassionate and caring.
My goal is to provide you with the highest quality service in order to help you achieve your goals in therapy and in life. I will work with you in a way that builds on your strengths and potential while challenging you to take your life to the next level. I believe the most productive therapy environment is one of mutual trust, respect, and collaboration. My approach is down to earth and direct, yet compassionate and caring.
(401) 491-4257 View (401) 491-4257
Photo of Melodie Harmon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Melodie Harmon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
I offer a sacred space for your sacred stories. This safe space allows you to do the courageous work of going within to know yourSelf deeper, understand yourSelf better, and bring your true self forth. Our work together is a collaborative, co-creative process in which we explore your present-day experiences as well as childhood and early adulthood experiences through your thoughts, feelings, body wisdom, and soul-knowing. I am a kind & gentle witness to you exploring your Self. I walk along beside you as you heal Inner Wounds, release stored trauma, and create a heart-centered, truthful, empowered, integrated Self.
I offer a sacred space for your sacred stories. This safe space allows you to do the courageous work of going within to know yourSelf deeper, understand yourSelf better, and bring your true self forth. Our work together is a collaborative, co-creative process in which we explore your present-day experiences as well as childhood and early adulthood experiences through your thoughts, feelings, body wisdom, and soul-knowing. I am a kind & gentle witness to you exploring your Self. I walk along beside you as you heal Inner Wounds, release stored trauma, and create a heart-centered, truthful, empowered, integrated Self.
(401) 812-4036 View (401) 812-4036
Streams of Hope Counseling
Counselor, MS , LHMC-A
1 Endorsed
Online Only
If you're here, it's because right now you may be facing a challenge that could be affecting your mental health, relational conflict, grief, addiction, stress, depression, anxiety, trauma, or even redefining personal goals. Perhaps you seek counseling to gain a new perspective, resolve personal or relational problems, manage difficult emotions, recover from painful experiences, and learn how to cope with stressful situations. In this time of personal challenge, we at Streams of Hope Counseling can offer you a safe counseling space to be heard and guided.
If you're here, it's because right now you may be facing a challenge that could be affecting your mental health, relational conflict, grief, addiction, stress, depression, anxiety, trauma, or even redefining personal goals. Perhaps you seek counseling to gain a new perspective, resolve personal or relational problems, manage difficult emotions, recover from painful experiences, and learn how to cope with stressful situations. In this time of personal challenge, we at Streams of Hope Counseling can offer you a safe counseling space to be heard and guided.
(401) 416-5900 View (401) 416-5900
Photo of Reem Koinis, Counselor, MA, LCMHC, LCPC, MHC
Reem Koinis
Counselor, MA, LCMHC, LCPC, MHC
Online Only
Reem Koinis, LCMHC is a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor (LCMHC - Vermont) practicing in Vermont, a licensed MHC - Rhode Island and also an LCPC - Maryland. Reem was awarded her Master of Arts Degree in Counseling and Psychological Services from Marymount University in Arlington, Virginia and has over 20 years of experience working with adults where therapy is implemented in a non-judgmental and warm environment. She utilizes an eclectic client-centered approach for treatment, which can include Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), Client-Centered, Culturally Sensitive and Solution-focused brief therapy.
Reem Koinis, LCMHC is a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor (LCMHC - Vermont) practicing in Vermont, a licensed MHC - Rhode Island and also an LCPC - Maryland. Reem was awarded her Master of Arts Degree in Counseling and Psychological Services from Marymount University in Arlington, Virginia and has over 20 years of experience working with adults where therapy is implemented in a non-judgmental and warm environment. She utilizes an eclectic client-centered approach for treatment, which can include Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), Client-Centered, Culturally Sensitive and Solution-focused brief therapy.
(802) 321-3045 View (802) 321-3045
Photo of Kelsey Gamble, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Kelsey Gamble
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
2 Endorsed
North Kingstown, RI 02852
Waitlist for new clients
Currently accepting new clients! I am a licensed independent clinical social worker and owner of Lux Behavioral Health in North Kingstown, Rhode Island. I accept both in person and online appointments. I work with clients ages 16+. In my practice, I provide an empathic and judgment free space that allows you to be your most authentic self. Through the use of humor and my own authenticity I help clients create a strategy to utilize existing inner strengths, foster resilience, and overcome challenges. Therapy sessions are aimed to feel welcoming and safe while encouraging you to reflect and make steps towards long term change.
Currently accepting new clients! I am a licensed independent clinical social worker and owner of Lux Behavioral Health in North Kingstown, Rhode Island. I accept both in person and online appointments. I work with clients ages 16+. In my practice, I provide an empathic and judgment free space that allows you to be your most authentic self. Through the use of humor and my own authenticity I help clients create a strategy to utilize existing inner strengths, foster resilience, and overcome challenges. Therapy sessions are aimed to feel welcoming and safe while encouraging you to reflect and make steps towards long term change.
(401) 336-6962 View (401) 336-6962

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Peace Dale, RI

< 10

Therapists in Peace Dale, RI who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Child
100% ADHD
100% Parenting
100% Sex Therapy

Gender breakdown

100% Female

How Therapists in Peace Dale, RI see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Peace Dale?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.