Therapists in New York, NY

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Photo of Lauren Berke, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Lauren Berke
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-I
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
Lauren is a psychotherapist working with adults, couples/partners and families; using mental health and wellness frameworks to support clients in processing the past, embracing the present and designing the future. Specifically, this orientation integrates trauma-informed care, psychodynamic theory, behavioral theories and strengths-based approaches to champion clients in their healing/cognitive processing, and empower their authenticity, self-awareness and intimate relationships. She is pursuing a Masters of Arts in Counseling for Mental Health and Wellness at New York University; earning a 4.0 GPA for seven consecutive terms.
Lauren is a psychotherapist working with adults, couples/partners and families; using mental health and wellness frameworks to support clients in processing the past, embracing the present and designing the future. Specifically, this orientation integrates trauma-informed care, psychodynamic theory, behavioral theories and strengths-based approaches to champion clients in their healing/cognitive processing, and empower their authenticity, self-awareness and intimate relationships. She is pursuing a Masters of Arts in Counseling for Mental Health and Wellness at New York University; earning a 4.0 GPA for seven consecutive terms.
(929) 296-8236 View (929) 296-8236
Photo of Lauren Klayman, Psychologist in New York, NY
Lauren Klayman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024
Often, clients enter my practice seeking relief from painful internal states, including sadness, unshakeable anger, anxiousness, or feelings of “stuckness.” Challenging relationships and life circumstances are typically part of their struggles. As a therapist, I honor the singularity of each person’s experience in the world. I am dedicated to helping clients explore themselves truthfully, with intimate curiosity, so that they can achieve whatever change or goals are meaningful to them.
Often, clients enter my practice seeking relief from painful internal states, including sadness, unshakeable anger, anxiousness, or feelings of “stuckness.” Challenging relationships and life circumstances are typically part of their struggles. As a therapist, I honor the singularity of each person’s experience in the world. I am dedicated to helping clients explore themselves truthfully, with intimate curiosity, so that they can achieve whatever change or goals are meaningful to them.
(914) 306-8856 View (914) 306-8856
Photo of Alexa Pena, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Alexa Pena
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
New York, NY 10017  (Online Only)
Have you noticed patterns that are preventing you from achieving personal goals and living life fully and joyfully? Do sensations of panic or pervasive critical thoughts hold you back? Do you miss out on what's happening in your life because you feel flooded with thoughts of "what if"?
Have you noticed patterns that are preventing you from achieving personal goals and living life fully and joyfully? Do sensations of panic or pervasive critical thoughts hold you back? Do you miss out on what's happening in your life because you feel flooded with thoughts of "what if"?
(646) 760-6051 View (646) 760-6051
Photo of Wellsprings Social Work Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Wellsprings Social Work Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
Searching for safe space to reflect and build your understanding of yourself? Are you struggling with loss and grief, break downs in relationships? Are you a new mother struggling with adjusting? You have arrived to the right place. Let’s work on establishing a trusting working relationship to break these habits and continuing on your growth.
Searching for safe space to reflect and build your understanding of yourself? Are you struggling with loss and grief, break downs in relationships? Are you a new mother struggling with adjusting? You have arrived to the right place. Let’s work on establishing a trusting working relationship to break these habits and continuing on your growth.
(917) 909-6170 View (917) 909-6170
Photo of Gurpreet Gill, Counselor in New York, NY
Gurpreet Gill
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10004  (Online Only)
I specialize in helping you process through emotions and develop healthy coping skills to promote growth. I take pride in helping individuals like yourself, figure out who you are by helping you cope with feelings of anxiety, depression, and self esteem. As a South Asian American, stigma and judgment from family and friends can stop people from seeking counseling. This is why it is important for people of color to feel comfortable reaching out for support. I have a passion for working with women, most specifically women of color, to help process through feelings.
I specialize in helping you process through emotions and develop healthy coping skills to promote growth. I take pride in helping individuals like yourself, figure out who you are by helping you cope with feelings of anxiety, depression, and self esteem. As a South Asian American, stigma and judgment from family and friends can stop people from seeking counseling. This is why it is important for people of color to feel comfortable reaching out for support. I have a passion for working with women, most specifically women of color, to help process through feelings.
(516) 530-9629 View (516) 530-9629
Photo of Gajan Gugendiran, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Gajan Gugendiran
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
As a South Asian TCK psychotherapist who grew up in both the US and Europe, I deeply understand the complexities of adapting to new cultures while holding onto the core values that form an integral part of our identities. Navigating life's transitions often leaves us without time to process the shifts in our emotional world. My primary mission in therapy is to guide you in exploring and resolving pent up feelings with compassionate awareness and care. Our sessions will be a collaborative exploration of tough emotional experiences, in a space that is safe and connected.
As a South Asian TCK psychotherapist who grew up in both the US and Europe, I deeply understand the complexities of adapting to new cultures while holding onto the core values that form an integral part of our identities. Navigating life's transitions often leaves us without time to process the shifts in our emotional world. My primary mission in therapy is to guide you in exploring and resolving pent up feelings with compassionate awareness and care. Our sessions will be a collaborative exploration of tough emotional experiences, in a space that is safe and connected.
(929) 389-0922 View (929) 389-0922
Photo of Andrew Harris Beecher, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Andrew Harris Beecher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011  (Online Only)
A person who comes to me for therapy is having problems related to their emotions (ie. anxiety, depression); relationships with family and others, and whose goal is to work in therapy on developing strategies to deal with these problems so as to feel more comfortable within themselves and their world.
A person who comes to me for therapy is having problems related to their emotions (ie. anxiety, depression); relationships with family and others, and whose goal is to work in therapy on developing strategies to deal with these problems so as to feel more comfortable within themselves and their world.
(347) 462-0549 View (347) 462-0549
Photo of Josh Dodes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Josh Dodes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
17 Endorsed
New York, NY 10011  (Online Only)
Deciding to begin psychotherapy is one of the kindest and most important choices you can make for yourself. It can be a turning point in your life, but it can also feel scary to talk to someone you don't know well. I work with individuals and couples, providing a warm, safe, confidential environment where I will listen carefully and where we will work together to understand and resolve the issues you are struggling with--both in terms of how they affect your current life and in terms of how they became issues in the first place.
Deciding to begin psychotherapy is one of the kindest and most important choices you can make for yourself. It can be a turning point in your life, but it can also feel scary to talk to someone you don't know well. I work with individuals and couples, providing a warm, safe, confidential environment where I will listen carefully and where we will work together to understand and resolve the issues you are struggling with--both in terms of how they affect your current life and in terms of how they became issues in the first place.
(646) 495-9705 View (646) 495-9705
Photo of Arnild Moise in New York, NY
Arnild Moise
MHC-LP, MSEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010
Navigating life and transitioning through ups and downs can be very difficult. We at times feel fear, frustration, and confusion but suppress those emotions because we think it will pass. This causes a great strain on our self-development and self-care. As we embark on these new stages of change in our lives, it is important to maintain awareness, avoid self-neglect, and engage in self-compassion. In trying to keep everything afloat you may feel like you’re drowning in the process. Allow me to extend a life jacket for you.
Navigating life and transitioning through ups and downs can be very difficult. We at times feel fear, frustration, and confusion but suppress those emotions because we think it will pass. This causes a great strain on our self-development and self-care. As we embark on these new stages of change in our lives, it is important to maintain awareness, avoid self-neglect, and engage in self-compassion. In trying to keep everything afloat you may feel like you’re drowning in the process. Allow me to extend a life jacket for you.
(347) 801-0114 View (347) 801-0114
Photo of Anna Ebrani, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Anna Ebrani
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10017  (Online Only)
I have a holistic approach where I address the individual's physical well-being such as nutritional habits, sleep hygiene, activity level, social factors as well as one's emotional well-being. I utilize a combination of modalities in treatment.
I have a holistic approach where I address the individual's physical well-being such as nutritional habits, sleep hygiene, activity level, social factors as well as one's emotional well-being. I utilize a combination of modalities in treatment.
(929) 416-0335 View (929) 416-0335
Photo of Kimarie Knowles, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Kimarie Knowles
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011  (Online Only)
If you are living with or beyond illness and loss or caring for someone who is, either as a family member/friend or professional, seeking out therapy is one way to take care of yourself as you navigate the challenges that come with these experiences. I believe that even in the most difficult times of life, people have an amazing capacity to grow, learn, connect, love, and find meaning and purpose. This can be balanced with the more uncomfortable feelings that come along with illness, survivorship, loss, and caregiving. I offer a non-judgemental and empathic therapeutic space where we will work together to find this balance.
If you are living with or beyond illness and loss or caring for someone who is, either as a family member/friend or professional, seeking out therapy is one way to take care of yourself as you navigate the challenges that come with these experiences. I believe that even in the most difficult times of life, people have an amazing capacity to grow, learn, connect, love, and find meaning and purpose. This can be balanced with the more uncomfortable feelings that come along with illness, survivorship, loss, and caregiving. I offer a non-judgemental and empathic therapeutic space where we will work together to find this balance.
(201) 552-3486 View (201) 552-3486
Photo of Marissa Sappho, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Marissa Sappho
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD, CEDS
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024
I am a warm, supportive and non-judgmental therapist. We will work together to come to new understandings about your feelings, relationships, and behavior patterns. I favor an empathic and supportive approach which integrates psychodynamic and psychoanalytic techniques in order to help clients not only reduce symptoms, but to also explore and understand the underlying issues. I believe in helping clients identify their strengths to enable them to overcome these issues. I collaborate with and provide referrals to nutritionists, psychiatrists, and physicians as needed.
I am a warm, supportive and non-judgmental therapist. We will work together to come to new understandings about your feelings, relationships, and behavior patterns. I favor an empathic and supportive approach which integrates psychodynamic and psychoanalytic techniques in order to help clients not only reduce symptoms, but to also explore and understand the underlying issues. I believe in helping clients identify their strengths to enable them to overcome these issues. I collaborate with and provide referrals to nutritionists, psychiatrists, and physicians as needed.
(646) 600-8092 View (646) 600-8092
Photo of Amy C. Storey, Creative Arts Therapist in New York, NY
Amy C. Storey
Creative Arts Therapist, MA, MFA, LCAT, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10014  (Online Only)
My intention is to help clients create the lives they wish for themselves. Living with integrity, agency and authenticity usually entails relinquishing deep seated habits of accommodating others. This often involves grief, depression, identity crises, issues with self-esteem, existential anxiety, creative blocks, life transitions and crises of faith. In addition to moving beyond the residue of past trauma, together we will identify narratives and patterns that are no longer helpful and will focus on what, specifically, YOU want for yourself in this life. I enjoy working with people in the arts.
My intention is to help clients create the lives they wish for themselves. Living with integrity, agency and authenticity usually entails relinquishing deep seated habits of accommodating others. This often involves grief, depression, identity crises, issues with self-esteem, existential anxiety, creative blocks, life transitions and crises of faith. In addition to moving beyond the residue of past trauma, together we will identify narratives and patterns that are no longer helpful and will focus on what, specifically, YOU want for yourself in this life. I enjoy working with people in the arts.
(917) 924-6735 View (917) 924-6735
Photo of Stephanie Sukhdeo, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Stephanie Sukhdeo
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-I
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
Stephanie Sukhdeo is a dedicated psychotherapist with a deep commitment to her client's well-being, currently pursuing her MA in Mental Health Counseling at The City College of New York. She has honed her expertise through rigorous training and practical experience, positioning herself as a rising professional in the field of mental health counseling. Guided by the distinguished team at Evolve Integrative Psychotherapy, Stephanie applies her extensive knowledge of evidence-based interventions to her practice, working diligently toward her goal of becoming a licensed mental health counselor.
Stephanie Sukhdeo is a dedicated psychotherapist with a deep commitment to her client's well-being, currently pursuing her MA in Mental Health Counseling at The City College of New York. She has honed her expertise through rigorous training and practical experience, positioning herself as a rising professional in the field of mental health counseling. Guided by the distinguished team at Evolve Integrative Psychotherapy, Stephanie applies her extensive knowledge of evidence-based interventions to her practice, working diligently toward her goal of becoming a licensed mental health counselor.
(929) 298-4117 View (929) 298-4117
Bonnie Herskovitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, RN, BCD, CASAC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
I am a licensed clinical social worker who provides psychotherapy for adults and couples.Although my speciality is treating clients who are in recovery from addictions; my practice also includes treatment which covers a wide range of problems including depression, anxiety, relationship issues and self doubt. I provide a safe and supportive environment where you can explore your current concerns and discover solutions that are right for you. Choosing the right therapist that is experienced and empathic and with whom you can collaborate can be a life changing experience. I look forward to meeting with you and discussing how I can help.
I am a licensed clinical social worker who provides psychotherapy for adults and couples.Although my speciality is treating clients who are in recovery from addictions; my practice also includes treatment which covers a wide range of problems including depression, anxiety, relationship issues and self doubt. I provide a safe and supportive environment where you can explore your current concerns and discover solutions that are right for you. Choosing the right therapist that is experienced and empathic and with whom you can collaborate can be a life changing experience. I look forward to meeting with you and discussing how I can help.
(646) 480-6612 View (646) 480-6612
Photo of Deloria Berks, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Deloria Berks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10038  (Online Only)
Are you seeking to enhance your happiness or prosperity? Do you find that your rational thoughts conflict with your emotional responses? Are you experiencing anxiety, depression, or struggling in your relationships? Is OCD creating obstacles? Are you facing issues with alcohol? I provide a gentle method for uncovering your genuine and empowered self. Rather than seeking a cure, life can be managed, explored and comprehended. We can learn to listen, be effective and meet our needs. Leadership and transformation require intention and attention. It may be time to explore your emotional well-being, and take charge of your life.
Are you seeking to enhance your happiness or prosperity? Do you find that your rational thoughts conflict with your emotional responses? Are you experiencing anxiety, depression, or struggling in your relationships? Is OCD creating obstacles? Are you facing issues with alcohol? I provide a gentle method for uncovering your genuine and empowered self. Rather than seeking a cure, life can be managed, explored and comprehended. We can learn to listen, be effective and meet our needs. Leadership and transformation require intention and attention. It may be time to explore your emotional well-being, and take charge of your life.
(646) 350-0669 View (646) 350-0669
Photo of Rebecca Grijalva, Counselor in New York, NY
Rebecca Grijalva
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10003
Hi and welcome! I’m glad you’re here. I'm happy that you've taken this step towards seeking support. As a therapist, I strive to embody qualities that are essential for our therapeutic journey together: warmth, directness, and honesty. My goal is to create a safe and secure environment that is judgment free while nurturing and supporting you as you navigate your challenges. Recognizing that each person's story is unique, I'm dedicated to meeting you exactly where you are in your life. I hold the belief that the struggles we face in our everyday lives often have roots in our past experiences, early connections, and attachments.
Hi and welcome! I’m glad you’re here. I'm happy that you've taken this step towards seeking support. As a therapist, I strive to embody qualities that are essential for our therapeutic journey together: warmth, directness, and honesty. My goal is to create a safe and secure environment that is judgment free while nurturing and supporting you as you navigate your challenges. Recognizing that each person's story is unique, I'm dedicated to meeting you exactly where you are in your life. I hold the belief that the struggles we face in our everyday lives often have roots in our past experiences, early connections, and attachments.
(646) 825-6809 View (646) 825-6809
Photo of Amanda Caird, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Amanda Caird
Pre-Licensed Professional, BS, MEd, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10028
Welcome, in any way that you arrived here or following any situation that may have led you to therapy. My goal will be to support you in the process of exploring, processing, and aligning with your authentic self. I have experience and interest in helping those suffering from disordered eating and/or eating disorders and hope to act as a tool in leading you forward in your recovery journey. I would be honored to join you in your next steps in discovering yourself, your values, and the qualities of a life that you have the full potential to achieve.
Welcome, in any way that you arrived here or following any situation that may have led you to therapy. My goal will be to support you in the process of exploring, processing, and aligning with your authentic self. I have experience and interest in helping those suffering from disordered eating and/or eating disorders and hope to act as a tool in leading you forward in your recovery journey. I would be honored to join you in your next steps in discovering yourself, your values, and the qualities of a life that you have the full potential to achieve.
(914) 800-7276 View (914) 800-7276
Photo of Camille Holmes, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Camille Holmes
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10038  (Online Only)
Ever feel like your anxious-thoughts and low mood are hijacking your life's journey? I get it. At times, our inner critic can get the best out of us and present as a barrier to achieving our goals. Hi, I'm Camille, your Faith-Based Therapist. I specialize in tackling crippling emotions, thoughts, and behaviors by integrating prayers, scriptures, and spiritual disciplines. Together, let's reclaim your wellness goals, overcome hurdles, and create a safe space to release hurt and worries. It's time to boost your confidence and self-awareness as we embark on this journey towards the life you desire. I cannot wait to work with you!
Ever feel like your anxious-thoughts and low mood are hijacking your life's journey? I get it. At times, our inner critic can get the best out of us and present as a barrier to achieving our goals. Hi, I'm Camille, your Faith-Based Therapist. I specialize in tackling crippling emotions, thoughts, and behaviors by integrating prayers, scriptures, and spiritual disciplines. Together, let's reclaim your wellness goals, overcome hurdles, and create a safe space to release hurt and worries. It's time to boost your confidence and self-awareness as we embark on this journey towards the life you desire. I cannot wait to work with you!
(646) 679-6313 View (646) 679-6313
Photo of Jamie Leone, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Jamie Leone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024
Encountering struggles in our lives is a universal part of our humanity. Sometimes we feel overwhelmed and alone, whether going through a painful breakup, dealing with grief from a tragic loss, coping with the pressures of career or chronic illness, or dealing with family and relationship situations. Sometimes we just need someone to talk to, who is impartial, can listen, and who can help us somehow make sense of it all. Therapy can act as a bridge of compassion and hope, to get us through to the other side to a greater understanding of our authentic selves and to help us reach the potential to live our best lives.
Encountering struggles in our lives is a universal part of our humanity. Sometimes we feel overwhelmed and alone, whether going through a painful breakup, dealing with grief from a tragic loss, coping with the pressures of career or chronic illness, or dealing with family and relationship situations. Sometimes we just need someone to talk to, who is impartial, can listen, and who can help us somehow make sense of it all. Therapy can act as a bridge of compassion and hope, to get us through to the other side to a greater understanding of our authentic selves and to help us reach the potential to live our best lives.
(646) 760-7248 View (646) 760-7248

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.