Psychoanalytic Therapists in Arizona

Photo of Shelley Newman, Pre-Licensed Professional in Arizona
Shelley Newman
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, CDBT
Not Verified Not Verified
Gilbert, AZ 85296  (Online Only)
Wherever you are, be right there. We get to generate healing in that very space. Whether therapy seems scary, or it has been a familiar experience for you, the clarity and tools gained in this process, are well worth it! I customize a range of therapeutic techniques depending on your needs. I see you as an individual, not a diagnosis. Over 7 years experienced in multiple therapeutic approaches (Psychoanalytic, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Trauma and Family Systems Theory), which are evidence-based approaches to treatment that focus on helping clients holistically, mind, body, and spirit.
Wherever you are, be right there. We get to generate healing in that very space. Whether therapy seems scary, or it has been a familiar experience for you, the clarity and tools gained in this process, are well worth it! I customize a range of therapeutic techniques depending on your needs. I see you as an individual, not a diagnosis. Over 7 years experienced in multiple therapeutic approaches (Psychoanalytic, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Trauma and Family Systems Theory), which are evidence-based approaches to treatment that focus on helping clients holistically, mind, body, and spirit.
(480) 771-2834 View (480) 771-2834
Photo of Alliance Counseling LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Arizona
Alliance Counseling LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC, LMHC, NBCC
Verified Verified
Peoria, AZ 85383
I invite you to interview me at No Charge by phone. As a WA licensed mental health counselor/AZ licensed professional counselor (master's degree in counseling) I respect clients regardless of their life challenges and recognize them as the one in charge of the counseling. All individuals will have emotional issues at one time or another. I believe those who seek counseling exemplify traits of personal courage & strength. I employ a variety of therapeutic techniques from the cognitive-behavioral & psychoanalytic approaches & address codependency & addiction.
I invite you to interview me at No Charge by phone. As a WA licensed mental health counselor/AZ licensed professional counselor (master's degree in counseling) I respect clients regardless of their life challenges and recognize them as the one in charge of the counseling. All individuals will have emotional issues at one time or another. I believe those who seek counseling exemplify traits of personal courage & strength. I employ a variety of therapeutic techniques from the cognitive-behavioral & psychoanalytic approaches & address codependency & addiction.
(928) 323-0937 View (928) 323-0937
Photo of David Blackstone, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arizona
David Blackstone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85028
My approach to doing psychotherapy is a contemporary psychoanalytic approach. This approach is a form of psychotherapy which helps patients heal through the safe, mutual exploration of previous life experiences and current life circumstances. More importantly, transformation in psychoanalytic therapy occurs through the participation by the patient in a relationship with the therapist in which the two partners, through their mutual exploration of life history, relationships, and the here-and-now experience of relating in therapy, come to help patients heal wounds, know themselves better, and lead healthier and more satisfying lives.
My approach to doing psychotherapy is a contemporary psychoanalytic approach. This approach is a form of psychotherapy which helps patients heal through the safe, mutual exploration of previous life experiences and current life circumstances. More importantly, transformation in psychoanalytic therapy occurs through the participation by the patient in a relationship with the therapist in which the two partners, through their mutual exploration of life history, relationships, and the here-and-now experience of relating in therapy, come to help patients heal wounds, know themselves better, and lead healthier and more satisfying lives.
(480) 409-2411 View (480) 409-2411
Photo of Alicja B Stewart, Psychologist in Arizona
Alicja B Stewart
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
I use intense and long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy; for short-term I use clinical hypnosis to ease pain and anxiety.
Life with its transitions can be stressful and overwhelming. Even positive changes trigger distress. On this challenging path I offer my extensive training and experience to provide guidance helping you overcome obstacles to feeling better, to increase your curiosity and exploration of your self-growth, to understand yourself deeply, your relationship concerns; to make possible your working through the difficult situation. I have been successfully working with adolescents, adults, couples, and families. Together we identify long or short-term life difficulties such as helplessness, low self-esteem, relationship problems; we work them through, and increase satisfaction and meaning of life.
I use intense and long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy; for short-term I use clinical hypnosis to ease pain and anxiety.
Life with its transitions can be stressful and overwhelming. Even positive changes trigger distress. On this challenging path I offer my extensive training and experience to provide guidance helping you overcome obstacles to feeling better, to increase your curiosity and exploration of your self-growth, to understand yourself deeply, your relationship concerns; to make possible your working through the difficult situation. I have been successfully working with adolescents, adults, couples, and families. Together we identify long or short-term life difficulties such as helplessness, low self-esteem, relationship problems; we work them through, and increase satisfaction and meaning of life.
(928) 298-4912 View (928) 298-4912
Photo of Liesl Elizabeth Scalzitti, Psychologist in Arizona
Liesl Elizabeth Scalzitti
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85704
In my practice, I use psychodynamic, and psychoanalytic theory to guide my practice.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist working as a depth psychologist. I enjoy working with people to find meaningful insights and fresh perspectives in effort to break old patterns of life experiences such as dissatisfying relationships, loneliness, unhappiness, fear of failure, feeling misunderstood, emotional hurt, disappointment, loss, depression and/or anxiety. I strive to create the feeling of being well understood so that we may proceed together in exploring and uncovering what lies beneath the initial symptoms that are presented. From there, I hope that effective and lasting changes eventually take place.
In my practice, I use psychodynamic, and psychoanalytic theory to guide my practice.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist working as a depth psychologist. I enjoy working with people to find meaningful insights and fresh perspectives in effort to break old patterns of life experiences such as dissatisfying relationships, loneliness, unhappiness, fear of failure, feeling misunderstood, emotional hurt, disappointment, loss, depression and/or anxiety. I strive to create the feeling of being well understood so that we may proceed together in exploring and uncovering what lies beneath the initial symptoms that are presented. From there, I hope that effective and lasting changes eventually take place.
(520) 447-2495 View (520) 447-2495
Photo of Dr. Christine Sparacino, Psychologist in Arizona
Dr. Christine Sparacino
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85255
As an experienced psychologist, I believe that psychoanalytic therapy allows us to understand ourselves more fully and to use that understanding to change our lives.
Do you find yourself experiencing a life transition that has you feeling overwhelmed and anxious? You may be fed up with feeling this way. You might not even remember a time when things didn’t feel this way. You’re ready for some relief. You’re ready to feel confident. You’re ready to find peace.
As an experienced psychologist, I believe that psychoanalytic therapy allows us to understand ourselves more fully and to use that understanding to change our lives.
Do you find yourself experiencing a life transition that has you feeling overwhelmed and anxious? You may be fed up with feeling this way. You might not even remember a time when things didn’t feel this way. You’re ready for some relief. You’re ready to feel confident. You’re ready to find peace.
(480) 933-0458 View (480) 933-0458
Photo of Christopher Schmelzle, Psychologist in Arizona
Christopher Schmelzle
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Flagstaff, AZ 86004  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist with over 10 years of experience in mental health. I have worked and trained in a wide variety of professional settings including private practice, outpatient and inpatient treatment facilities (UCSD's Co-Occurring Disorders Clinic and the Community Research Foundation), college counseling centers, and post-doctoral studies at the San Diego Psychoanalytic Center where I have received advanced training in psychodynamic psychotherapy. I have a doctorate in clinical psychology from the California School of Professional Psychology. Also, I am licensed in Arizona and California.
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist with over 10 years of experience in mental health. I have worked and trained in a wide variety of professional settings including private practice, outpatient and inpatient treatment facilities (UCSD's Co-Occurring Disorders Clinic and the Community Research Foundation), college counseling centers, and post-doctoral studies at the San Diego Psychoanalytic Center where I have received advanced training in psychodynamic psychotherapy. I have a doctorate in clinical psychology from the California School of Professional Psychology. Also, I am licensed in Arizona and California.
(619) 473-2578 View (619) 473-2578
Photo of David Leslie Lewis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Arizona
David Leslie Lewis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LISAC, MC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85712
Working together in a psychoanalytic, psycho dynamic approach will assist those attending therapy with the outcome they seek.
Everyone has their own questions, ideas, thoughts and feelings about their own issues, needs and wants. Exploring these and resolving them is what we will do together
Working together in a psychoanalytic, psycho dynamic approach will assist those attending therapy with the outcome they seek.
Everyone has their own questions, ideas, thoughts and feelings about their own issues, needs and wants. Exploring these and resolving them is what we will do together
(520) 600-6604 View (520) 600-6604
Photo of Pamela Hays, Counselor in Arizona
Pamela Hays
Counselor, MBA, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85704
For more detail about my work with adolescents, autistic spectrum disorders eating disorders, addictions, as well as information on psychoanalytic psychotherapy and mentalization based treatment, please visit my website at www.
I provide psychotherapy to individuals, couples, families, adolescents and children. My general areas of interest are autistic spectrum disorders, anxiety, depression, addictions, relationships, eating disorders and trauma, and obsessive compulsive problems. My experience has been that psychological change and changes in life circumstances become possible and more probable when a person understands how their mind works; how thoughts and feelings influence what happens internally and in relation to others. Therapy can help a patient obtain a greater degree of control in managing feeling states and the thoughts related to these.
For more detail about my work with adolescents, autistic spectrum disorders eating disorders, addictions, as well as information on psychoanalytic psychotherapy and mentalization based treatment, please visit my website at www.
I provide psychotherapy to individuals, couples, families, adolescents and children. My general areas of interest are autistic spectrum disorders, anxiety, depression, addictions, relationships, eating disorders and trauma, and obsessive compulsive problems. My experience has been that psychological change and changes in life circumstances become possible and more probable when a person understands how their mind works; how thoughts and feelings influence what happens internally and in relation to others. Therapy can help a patient obtain a greater degree of control in managing feeling states and the thoughts related to these.
(520) 549-4145 View (520) 549-4145
Photo of Susan Reese, Psychologist in Arizona
Susan Reese
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85718  (Online Only)
With over 40 years of experience as a psychologist and an additional intensive training to become a psychoanalyst, I consider myself fortunate in that my professional life is also my passion. I'm immersed in the study and practice of insight oriented psychotherapy and psychoanalysis and am currently on the Board and Faculty of the Arizona Center for Psychoanalytic Studies. Additionally I'm an adjunct faculty member with an appointment at the level of Clinical Assistant Professor at Arizona Health Sciences Center. There I have been involved in the training and supervision of psychiatric residents for more than a decade.
With over 40 years of experience as a psychologist and an additional intensive training to become a psychoanalyst, I consider myself fortunate in that my professional life is also my passion. I'm immersed in the study and practice of insight oriented psychotherapy and psychoanalysis and am currently on the Board and Faculty of the Arizona Center for Psychoanalytic Studies. Additionally I'm an adjunct faculty member with an appointment at the level of Clinical Assistant Professor at Arizona Health Sciences Center. There I have been involved in the training and supervision of psychiatric residents for more than a decade.
(520) 299-7191 View (520) 299-7191
Photo of Rudy L Oldeschulte in Arizona
Rudy L Oldeschulte
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85255
My view of the psychoanalytic process encompasses the developmental nature of our life - of our present and past experiences. Through our communication, we work toward the discovery of one’s independence, creativity, and individuality - that is, becoming a person. The goal with children and with adolescents is to restore them to the path of normal development. A developmental approach is utilized in assessment and planning. The therapeutic time may include play, talk, and meeting with parents. Parental involvement is crucial to the outcome of the endeavor.
My view of the psychoanalytic process encompasses the developmental nature of our life - of our present and past experiences. Through our communication, we work toward the discovery of one’s independence, creativity, and individuality - that is, becoming a person. The goal with children and with adolescents is to restore them to the path of normal development. A developmental approach is utilized in assessment and planning. The therapeutic time may include play, talk, and meeting with parents. Parental involvement is crucial to the outcome of the endeavor.
(480) 690-2308 View (480) 690-2308
Photo of Leslie Vriesman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Arizona
Leslie Vriesman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Prescott, AZ 86305
My approach is primarily relational but borrows from psychodynamic, psychoanalytic and attachment therapies.
**CURRENTLY OFFERING TELETHERAPY SESSIONS in ARIZONA & WASHINGTON** Relationships can be challenging, particularly the ones that are most important to us. We want to feel known, connected and loved but often end up hurt and lonely, stuck in patterns which aren't working. Relational pain can show up as anxiety, fear, depression or grief among other things. I have extensive training in Psychodyamic Therapy. I have also learned directly from masters in the field of Couples Therapy: John & Julie Gottman and Phil Ringstrom to address these very issues.
My approach is primarily relational but borrows from psychodynamic, psychoanalytic and attachment therapies.
**CURRENTLY OFFERING TELETHERAPY SESSIONS in ARIZONA & WASHINGTON** Relationships can be challenging, particularly the ones that are most important to us. We want to feel known, connected and loved but often end up hurt and lonely, stuck in patterns which aren't working. Relational pain can show up as anxiety, fear, depression or grief among other things. I have extensive training in Psychodyamic Therapy. I have also learned directly from masters in the field of Couples Therapy: John & Julie Gottman and Phil Ringstrom to address these very issues.
(602) 560-2460 View (602) 560-2460
Photo of Element Counseling, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Arizona
Element Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85041  (Online Only)
We use a combination of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART), Exposure Response Prevention (ERP), Mindfulness Training, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and Psychoanalytic approaches to help our clients discover their best self and increase stability in their lives while building healthy relationships and connection.
Element Counseling is now accepting new clients in ARIZONA and TEXAS! All VIRTUAL appointments including groups! In addition, we are now offering Autism and ADHD testing in the Dallas/Fort Worth, TX area. Element Counseling has a team of therapists to providing family, individual, and couples therapy using a variety of therapeutic approaches to meet your needs. We offer holistic and empirically based treatment focused on specific client needs. Our client focus is veterans and first responders, LGBTQ+ community members, perinatal mental health and women's issues, Autism, complex trauma, OCD, eating disorders, and behavioral problems.
We use a combination of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART), Exposure Response Prevention (ERP), Mindfulness Training, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and Psychoanalytic approaches to help our clients discover their best self and increase stability in their lives while building healthy relationships and connection.
Element Counseling is now accepting new clients in ARIZONA and TEXAS! All VIRTUAL appointments including groups! In addition, we are now offering Autism and ADHD testing in the Dallas/Fort Worth, TX area. Element Counseling has a team of therapists to providing family, individual, and couples therapy using a variety of therapeutic approaches to meet your needs. We offer holistic and empirically based treatment focused on specific client needs. Our client focus is veterans and first responders, LGBTQ+ community members, perinatal mental health and women's issues, Autism, complex trauma, OCD, eating disorders, and behavioral problems.
(432) 355-8530 View (432) 355-8530
Photo of Tami Fuller, Licensed Professional Counselor in Arizona
Tami Fuller
Licensed Professional Counselor, MC, LPC, CCTS-I
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85715  (Online Only)
I believe we are all capable of positive change, healing, and growth and enjoy working with individuals who share this mindset. Sometimes we get stuck in life's challenges and would benefit from the compassion and skill of a therapist. I received my Master of Counseling in 2006. Since then, I have worked in a variety of behavioral health settings. The majority of my work has been with teens and adults struggling with behavioral health issues including but not limited to depression, anxiety, trauma, self-harm, and co-occurring disorders.
I believe we are all capable of positive change, healing, and growth and enjoy working with individuals who share this mindset. Sometimes we get stuck in life's challenges and would benefit from the compassion and skill of a therapist. I received my Master of Counseling in 2006. Since then, I have worked in a variety of behavioral health settings. The majority of my work has been with teens and adults struggling with behavioral health issues including but not limited to depression, anxiety, trauma, self-harm, and co-occurring disorders.
(520) 277-0613 View (520) 277-0613
Photo of Empower Mental Health, PLLC, Psychologist in Arizona
Empower Mental Health, PLLC
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85012
Welcome to Empower Mental Health. Our guiding principal is to empower our clients to thrive well past the time when counseling is concluded. From the first session we focus on working ourselves out of a job. A focus we take pride in is working with veterans and their families. We accept insurances to include Optum/United, Aetna, Cigna, BCBS, Medicare and Triwest. We are available for both in-person and telehealth sessions. Services can be scheduled outside of business hours including mornings, nights, and weekends. Please take a look at our website: https://empowermh.co
Welcome to Empower Mental Health. Our guiding principal is to empower our clients to thrive well past the time when counseling is concluded. From the first session we focus on working ourselves out of a job. A focus we take pride in is working with veterans and their families. We accept insurances to include Optum/United, Aetna, Cigna, BCBS, Medicare and Triwest. We are available for both in-person and telehealth sessions. Services can be scheduled outside of business hours including mornings, nights, and weekends. Please take a look at our website: https://empowermh.co
(602) 755-3800 View (602) 755-3800
Photo of Emily Hines, Licensed Professional Counselor in Arizona
Emily Hines
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85027
I truly care about what you are experiencing. Having the right support is the key to being able to overcome areas that are keeping you stuck. You have managed to cope and survive this long, but perhaps it feels like you don't have all of the tools or insights to find true relief from symptoms or difficulties you are experiencing. You are constantly weighed down by anxiety, holding yourself to high standards with little time for restoration, or haunted by the lingering effects of trauma. You are ready for change - perhaps you have tried therapy before and wonder how to really get the most of it.
I truly care about what you are experiencing. Having the right support is the key to being able to overcome areas that are keeping you stuck. You have managed to cope and survive this long, but perhaps it feels like you don't have all of the tools or insights to find true relief from symptoms or difficulties you are experiencing. You are constantly weighed down by anxiety, holding yourself to high standards with little time for restoration, or haunted by the lingering effects of trauma. You are ready for change - perhaps you have tried therapy before and wonder how to really get the most of it.
(623) 304-4015 View (623) 304-4015
Photo of Caitlyn Tirella, Licensed Professional Counselor in Arizona
Caitlyn Tirella
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85254
Hello! My name is Caitlyn, I grew up in Orange County, California and have been living in Arizona for the last ten years. I believe I was meant to be in the helping profession and this position aligns with my spirit and being. Therapy can seem overwhelming to begin with and I'm here to provide that comfort and space for the difficulties anyone may be facing. Clients that want to challenge their discomfort and move forwards will yield the most success working with me.
Hello! My name is Caitlyn, I grew up in Orange County, California and have been living in Arizona for the last ten years. I believe I was meant to be in the helping profession and this position aligns with my spirit and being. Therapy can seem overwhelming to begin with and I'm here to provide that comfort and space for the difficulties anyone may be facing. Clients that want to challenge their discomfort and move forwards will yield the most success working with me.
(602) 362-7444 View (602) 362-7444
Photo of Shay Zimmer LCSW-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arizona
Shay Zimmer LCSW-S
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
While experiencing pain is a part of the human experience, long term suffering does not have to be. Life brings with it a rich and vast set of experiences which can include complex and confusing family dynamics, navigating relationships, death of a loved one or an animal, an end of a relationship or friendship and existential questions around who we are, what our purpose(s) are in life and why we matter. For some people these existential questions and the emotions that accompany them have come closer to awareness in the face of climate change.
While experiencing pain is a part of the human experience, long term suffering does not have to be. Life brings with it a rich and vast set of experiences which can include complex and confusing family dynamics, navigating relationships, death of a loved one or an animal, an end of a relationship or friendship and existential questions around who we are, what our purpose(s) are in life and why we matter. For some people these existential questions and the emotions that accompany them have come closer to awareness in the face of climate change.
(512) 872-3072 View (512) 872-3072
Photo of Dr. Sharon von Lentz, Psychologist in Arizona
Dr. Sharon von Lentz
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85028
ACCEPTING Saturday appointments, New therapy clients, in person and virtual. Telemedicine certified. CBT certified. I enjoy working with children, and adults. I have 35 years' experience helping people regain hope and passion in their lives. Are you or a loved one experiencing anxiety, depression and/or social isolation? Do you need to make a decision about staying in a relationship? Do you need assistance with finding your passion in life? I am experienced with mood disorders, issues affecting children and adolescents as well as parenting. I am only a phone call away.
ACCEPTING Saturday appointments, New therapy clients, in person and virtual. Telemedicine certified. CBT certified. I enjoy working with children, and adults. I have 35 years' experience helping people regain hope and passion in their lives. Are you or a loved one experiencing anxiety, depression and/or social isolation? Do you need to make a decision about staying in a relationship? Do you need assistance with finding your passion in life? I am experienced with mood disorders, issues affecting children and adolescents as well as parenting. I am only a phone call away.
(602) 353-7701 View (602) 353-7701
Photo of Carrie Appleby Kittle, Licensed Professional Counselor in Arizona
Carrie Appleby Kittle
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LISAC
Verified Verified
Williams, AZ 86046  (Online Only)
I am always honored to have the opportunity to share someone’s path with them as they seek personal growth and wellness. I am dually licensed as a 'Licensed Professional Counselor' and 'Licensed Independent Substance Abuse Counselor' in the state of Arizona. I am seasoned with over 20-years experience in working with individuals, children, youth, young adults, as well as families in various settings.
I am always honored to have the opportunity to share someone’s path with them as they seek personal growth and wellness. I am dually licensed as a 'Licensed Professional Counselor' and 'Licensed Independent Substance Abuse Counselor' in the state of Arizona. I am seasoned with over 20-years experience in working with individuals, children, youth, young adults, as well as families in various settings.
(928) 766-0656 View (928) 766-0656
Psychoanalytic Therapists

Does psychoanalytic therapy work?

Psychoanalytic therapy derives from the work of Sigmund Freud. In this type of therapy, discovering buried thoughts and emotions from the unconscious will help a person work through their difficulties and negative behaviors. Research shows that psychoanalytic therapy can be highly effective, with patients reporting improvement in mood, quality of life, and overall well-being.

How long are people typically in psychoanalytic therapy?

Traditional psychoanalysis is in-depth and is conducted in five sessions every week. Today, modern psychoanalytic therapy is less intense and normally incorporates as few as one or two sessions a week. In some cases, positive change can occur quickly. However, if the condition, difficulty, or behavior is deep-seated, improvement may require many months or years of therapy.

Is psychoanalytic therapy suitable for young people?

Children and adolescents can benefit from this type of therapy. Many kids and teens are often unable to form and communicate their thoughts and emotions. Psychoanalytic therapy uses specific techniques such as dream analysis, symbolism, and free association or word association; all of which can be useful tools for less-communicative young people. Through this therapy, a patient will hopefully make connections between what they feel inside and how the world works outside.

Can psychoanalytic therapy be done online?

Modern-day psychoanalytic therapy is very different from traditional psychoanalysis. While an individual can sit face-to-face with the psychoanalyst for multiple sessions a week, they do not have to. Today, psychoanalytic therapy can be effectively conducted online or by phone. The key is that the individual confronts what is repressed and avoided, and this can be done whether in person or over online video.