Therapists in Scranton, PA

Photo of Matthew Schaffer, Psychologist in Scranton, PA
Matthew Schaffer
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Scranton, PA 18509
It takes a great deal of courage to seek out psychological services. I admire anyone who seeks out services with me. I wholeheartedly believe that if I had the same biology and the same life experiences, I would be in the exact same position. While I offer general psychotherapy in my office on the grounds of Marywood University where I am an Assistant Professor, I specialize in treatment of intimate partner violence; a pervasive and destructive force in our culture. It is my passion to treat both offenders and those who have been impacted by violence.
It takes a great deal of courage to seek out psychological services. I admire anyone who seeks out services with me. I wholeheartedly believe that if I had the same biology and the same life experiences, I would be in the exact same position. While I offer general psychotherapy in my office on the grounds of Marywood University where I am an Assistant Professor, I specialize in treatment of intimate partner violence; a pervasive and destructive force in our culture. It is my passion to treat both offenders and those who have been impacted by violence.
(272) 225-5556 View (272) 225-5556
Photo of Dr. Mitch and Lisa Marriages/Couples Workshops in Scranton, PA
Dr. Mitch and Lisa Marriages/Couples Workshops
PsyD, MSW, Life, Coach
Verified Verified
Scranton, PA 18503
Relationships in Crisis: We Have Several Private Couples/Marriage Workshops & Individual Sessions, in order to Rapidly Accelerate Your Healing & Your Communication Process (Traditional 45 min. session Simply Does Not Work). During these 2 to 4 weeks, we will see both of you Together & Individually, as well as Help each of you Learn the Art of Empathy, Sensitivity & Compassion. These Workshops are Informative & Powerful, in order to Accelerate the Healing Process & Stop any further Damage from Occurring. In Addition, Our Success RATE is 85% of Our Couples that have Successfully Completed Our Couples Workshops or Alcohol Treatment.
Relationships in Crisis: We Have Several Private Couples/Marriage Workshops & Individual Sessions, in order to Rapidly Accelerate Your Healing & Your Communication Process (Traditional 45 min. session Simply Does Not Work). During these 2 to 4 weeks, we will see both of you Together & Individually, as well as Help each of you Learn the Art of Empathy, Sensitivity & Compassion. These Workshops are Informative & Powerful, in order to Accelerate the Healing Process & Stop any further Damage from Occurring. In Addition, Our Success RATE is 85% of Our Couples that have Successfully Completed Our Couples Workshops or Alcohol Treatment.
(570) 514-4584 View (570) 514-4584
Photo of Hannah McMinn, Pre-Licensed Professional in Scranton, PA
Hannah McMinn
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18504
Hello! My name is Hannah McMinn, and I hold a Master of Science in Community and Trauma Counseling. My area of focus is trauma and helping people to find peace and balance, despite early experiences of adversity and hardship. I've worked with people of all ages and have an affinity for working with adolescents, young adults, and parents who's children are struggling with behavioral health and/or trauma. I also have experience working with adolescents who do not traditionally like therapy or who have been mandated to therapy by Children and Youth or Juvenile Probation.
Hello! My name is Hannah McMinn, and I hold a Master of Science in Community and Trauma Counseling. My area of focus is trauma and helping people to find peace and balance, despite early experiences of adversity and hardship. I've worked with people of all ages and have an affinity for working with adolescents, young adults, and parents who's children are struggling with behavioral health and/or trauma. I also have experience working with adolescents who do not traditionally like therapy or who have been mandated to therapy by Children and Youth or Juvenile Probation.
(272) 203-7535 View (272) 203-7535
Photo of Ziv Ben-Dov, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scranton, PA
Ziv Ben-Dov
Licensed Professional Counselor, MFA, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18503
Ziv Ben-Dov, MFA, MS, NCC, LPC. - a bilingual therapist. You and I will identify your life's meaning. We will create a unique formula that will help you realize your personal needs and aspirations. In partnership with me you will gain confidence and a capacity to achieve your goals. We will focus on gaining the freedom to love and be loved without fears and finding your life's purpose by developing goal oriented plans for success.
Ziv Ben-Dov, MFA, MS, NCC, LPC. - a bilingual therapist. You and I will identify your life's meaning. We will create a unique formula that will help you realize your personal needs and aspirations. In partnership with me you will gain confidence and a capacity to achieve your goals. We will focus on gaining the freedom to love and be loved without fears and finding your life's purpose by developing goal oriented plans for success.
(570) 861-6482 View (570) 861-6482
Photo of Leah Losavich, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scranton, PA
Leah Losavich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Scranton, PA 18503
Life can become overwhelming, sometimes we forget it is a work in progress. The last few years have been a wild ride! Detours can happen making it easy to forget that the detours may be necessary to help us move forward. I enjoy having the privilege of helping individuals reach their full potential by helping to recognize their strengths through therapeutic intervention, self care, identifying coping strategies and learning to stay in the moment. The work can be difficult but that does not mean there may not be laughter, tears and progress.
Life can become overwhelming, sometimes we forget it is a work in progress. The last few years have been a wild ride! Detours can happen making it easy to forget that the detours may be necessary to help us move forward. I enjoy having the privilege of helping individuals reach their full potential by helping to recognize their strengths through therapeutic intervention, self care, identifying coping strategies and learning to stay in the moment. The work can be difficult but that does not mean there may not be laughter, tears and progress.
(272) 268-7453 View (272) 268-7453
Photo of Megan Greenwald, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scranton, PA
Megan Greenwald
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, , CGCS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18504
Waitlist for new clients
I have experience working with adolescents and adults, who experience situations or symptoms related to grief work, trauma, eating disorders, anxiety, depression, codependency, anger management, bipolar disorder and attachment work. I work to provide a warm and unconditional environment that will allow clients to feel safe, accepted and free to explore their current life circumstances and come to know the strength within them. I currently work in office and telehealth sessions if needed.
I have experience working with adolescents and adults, who experience situations or symptoms related to grief work, trauma, eating disorders, anxiety, depression, codependency, anger management, bipolar disorder and attachment work. I work to provide a warm and unconditional environment that will allow clients to feel safe, accepted and free to explore their current life circumstances and come to know the strength within them. I currently work in office and telehealth sessions if needed.
(272) 206-2860 View (272) 206-2860
Photo of Dorothy A Dean, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scranton, PA
Dorothy A Dean
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCP, LPC
Verified Verified
Scranton, PA 18505
Entering therapy for the first time can initially feel stressful or overwhelming until the process unfolds and you realize that you made the right choice; to take care of yourself. Something doesn't feel quite right; maybe your relationships lack fulfillment, you have no goals, you dread your future, or maybe you stopped looking forward to waking up and facing the day. Therapy is a step by step process that requires time and hard work. Together we will explore the mystery that surrounds you as you accept the challenge that is necessary to develop a new sense of health and well-being.
Entering therapy for the first time can initially feel stressful or overwhelming until the process unfolds and you realize that you made the right choice; to take care of yourself. Something doesn't feel quite right; maybe your relationships lack fulfillment, you have no goals, you dread your future, or maybe you stopped looking forward to waking up and facing the day. Therapy is a step by step process that requires time and hard work. Together we will explore the mystery that surrounds you as you accept the challenge that is necessary to develop a new sense of health and well-being.
(570) 279-4886 View (570) 279-4886
Photo of Barbara Macleod, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scranton, PA
Barbara Macleod
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CAACD, MAC
Verified Verified
Scranton, PA 18505
As a young adult I sought out counseling to help me navigate my life's issues. It felt most beneficial when a therapist, by listening and understanding me, in a nonjudgmental, supportive and educational way, seemed to meet me where I was at both emotionally and mentally- giving me hope, the tools, the time and the motivation I needed to heal.These healing experiences gave me the desire to help others. Thus following their positive examples, I have approached everyone's treatment on an individual basis- knowing everyone is different emotionally and mentally, and are coming from different life experiences.
As a young adult I sought out counseling to help me navigate my life's issues. It felt most beneficial when a therapist, by listening and understanding me, in a nonjudgmental, supportive and educational way, seemed to meet me where I was at both emotionally and mentally- giving me hope, the tools, the time and the motivation I needed to heal.These healing experiences gave me the desire to help others. Thus following their positive examples, I have approached everyone's treatment on an individual basis- knowing everyone is different emotionally and mentally, and are coming from different life experiences.
(570) 216-5575 View (570) 216-5575
Photo of Tammy Lee Rade, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scranton, PA
Tammy Lee Rade
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18509
I have a passion for listening to people and helping them unpack their current struggles to develop skills needed to grow and move forward. I take pride in creating a non-judgemental and safe space to explore struggles with my clients. I graduated with my masters in social work from the University of Chicago and my masters in theology from the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago. I have worked with people who were coming from many different walks of life and facing many different challenges. I have worked with children as well as families, couples, and individual adults.
I have a passion for listening to people and helping them unpack their current struggles to develop skills needed to grow and move forward. I take pride in creating a non-judgemental and safe space to explore struggles with my clients. I graduated with my masters in social work from the University of Chicago and my masters in theology from the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago. I have worked with people who were coming from many different walks of life and facing many different challenges. I have worked with children as well as families, couples, and individual adults.
(570) 609-2873 View (570) 609-2873
Photo of Marsinlen Blackwell Counseling LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scranton, PA
Marsinlen Blackwell Counseling LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18503
My mission is to provide you for with compassion and clarity when you need it most. If you’ve been feeling hopeless or lost lately, or struggling with a problem in your life that feels unsurmountable, individual therapy could help you improve your everyday life. Individual therapy helps you win against whatever you’re battling by putting a real expert in your corner by means of a professional therapist. Sometimes you just need someone to listen to your concerns and help you problem solve, process emotions in a healthy way.
My mission is to provide you for with compassion and clarity when you need it most. If you’ve been feeling hopeless or lost lately, or struggling with a problem in your life that feels unsurmountable, individual therapy could help you improve your everyday life. Individual therapy helps you win against whatever you’re battling by putting a real expert in your corner by means of a professional therapist. Sometimes you just need someone to listen to your concerns and help you problem solve, process emotions in a healthy way.
(570) 535-3267 View (570) 535-3267
Photo of Monica Cantrell, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scranton, PA
Monica Cantrell
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, CRC, LPC
Verified Verified
Scranton, PA 18505
Life involves many experiences – Some good, some bad, and some in-between. Regardless of its type, it never hurts to have someone in your corner with whom you can safely share and process these experiences with. In my 10+ years of working in the counseling field, I have worked with individuals in a variety of areas, such as drug and alcohol addiction, treatment, and recovery, corrections and rehabilitation, mental health concerns, and other life experiences.
Life involves many experiences – Some good, some bad, and some in-between. Regardless of its type, it never hurts to have someone in your corner with whom you can safely share and process these experiences with. In my 10+ years of working in the counseling field, I have worked with individuals in a variety of areas, such as drug and alcohol addiction, treatment, and recovery, corrections and rehabilitation, mental health concerns, and other life experiences.
(272) 206-2625 View (272) 206-2625
Photo of Deana Tigue, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scranton, PA
Deana Tigue
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW, MSW, MEd, CAMS-II
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18503  (Online Only)
Do you struggle with feelings like anxiety, depression, anger, or past traumas? Maybe you're facing tough relationships, work stress, or burnout. You might feel lonely and isolated, grappling with questions about who you are and what lies ahead. It's a path that can feel off, and you know change is needed, but you're unsure of what to change or how to begin. You're not alone in this; many share these challenges. It's okay to seek help and explore new paths to find peace and direction in your life.
Do you struggle with feelings like anxiety, depression, anger, or past traumas? Maybe you're facing tough relationships, work stress, or burnout. You might feel lonely and isolated, grappling with questions about who you are and what lies ahead. It's a path that can feel off, and you know change is needed, but you're unsure of what to change or how to begin. You're not alone in this; many share these challenges. It's okay to seek help and explore new paths to find peace and direction in your life.
(272) 206-2632 View (272) 206-2632
Photo of Heather Stuart, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scranton, PA
Heather Stuart
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18503
My approach to counseling is from a humanistic perspective which places importance on looking at the whole person. By creating an atmosphere of safety and security, I assist the person in examining current difficulties, reconnecting to forgotten strengths and discovering their full potential. I believe that this is best achieved through understanding an individual's relationship to persons, places, things and events and how those relationships affect the person mentally, emotionally and physically.
My approach to counseling is from a humanistic perspective which places importance on looking at the whole person. By creating an atmosphere of safety and security, I assist the person in examining current difficulties, reconnecting to forgotten strengths and discovering their full potential. I believe that this is best achieved through understanding an individual's relationship to persons, places, things and events and how those relationships affect the person mentally, emotionally and physically.
(570) 279-4560 View (570) 279-4560
Photo of Kiersten Murrin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scranton, PA
Kiersten Murrin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Scranton, PA 18503
Not accepting new clients
You may be seeking therapy for a wide variety of reasons. Perhaps you are facing a tough time, feeling overwhelmed, or even lost? Has someone else taken the power from your own life? Therapy can be a powerful healing tool to help us all reach our full potential and establish control where it may be missing.
You may be seeking therapy for a wide variety of reasons. Perhaps you are facing a tough time, feeling overwhelmed, or even lost? Has someone else taken the power from your own life? Therapy can be a powerful healing tool to help us all reach our full potential and establish control where it may be missing.
(272) 268-3603 View (272) 268-3603
Photo of Puglisi Counseling, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scranton, PA
Puglisi Counseling, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18503
Feeling overwhelmed in a world filled with uncertainties? You're not alone. The increasing anxiety and deepening depression can take a toll on our lives, straining relationships both personally and professionally. But here's the good news: there is hope! Imagine the empowering feeling of facing life's challenges with a newfound ability to pause, reflect, and respond in a positive way. Change is not only possible, but it is also within your reach. You deserve the support and guidance to cultivate resilience on your journey. We are here and ready to help you.
Feeling overwhelmed in a world filled with uncertainties? You're not alone. The increasing anxiety and deepening depression can take a toll on our lives, straining relationships both personally and professionally. But here's the good news: there is hope! Imagine the empowering feeling of facing life's challenges with a newfound ability to pause, reflect, and respond in a positive way. Change is not only possible, but it is also within your reach. You deserve the support and guidance to cultivate resilience on your journey. We are here and ready to help you.
(272) 227-2613 View (272) 227-2613
Photo of Kelli Anne Marie Cali, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scranton, PA
Kelli Anne Marie Cali
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS, NCC, CRC
Verified Verified
Scranton, PA 18505
Working from an eclectic and integrated approach I am present to support clients as they grow to access their own inner resources. I believe that every person has the answers they are searching for within themselves, we all just need a little help recognizing them sometimes.
Working from an eclectic and integrated approach I am present to support clients as they grow to access their own inner resources. I believe that every person has the answers they are searching for within themselves, we all just need a little help recognizing them sometimes.
(272) 200-5370 View (272) 200-5370
Photo of Thaxton Holistic Wellness Center, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scranton, PA
Thaxton Holistic Wellness Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, EMDR
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18504
You can reach us at 570-904-7363 and get to know our therapists at thaxtonholisticwellness.com. At THWC it is our mission to create a soothing, client-focused, healing-centered environment, committed and focused on you as a whole person. With over 75 years of combined experience, our skilled and compassionate therapists offer virtual and in-person individual, couple, family, and group counseling services for all ages and concerns. Supported by years of experience and training, we'll work with you to develop specific, tailored strategies using effective approaches to help you quickly achieve and sustain results and feel relief.
You can reach us at 570-904-7363 and get to know our therapists at thaxtonholisticwellness.com. At THWC it is our mission to create a soothing, client-focused, healing-centered environment, committed and focused on you as a whole person. With over 75 years of combined experience, our skilled and compassionate therapists offer virtual and in-person individual, couple, family, and group counseling services for all ages and concerns. Supported by years of experience and training, we'll work with you to develop specific, tailored strategies using effective approaches to help you quickly achieve and sustain results and feel relief.
(570) 354-0508 View (570) 354-0508
Photo of Dr. Chet Muklewicz, Psychologist in Scranton, PA
Dr. Chet Muklewicz
Psychologist, EdD
Verified Verified
Scranton, PA 18509
I partner with my patients to find solutions to their life challenges. Often, they want to feel better, improve relationship communication, help a child, handle a situational problem, or cope with a difficult life transition. I treat both children and adults for anxiety, depression, OCD, relationship problems, emotional dysregulation and problems related to separation and divorce. I also provide couples counseling, co-parenting, and parent coaching. Think of me as a copilot helping patients navigate their way to a better place. I rely on a variety of evidence-based therapeutic orientations to craft customized treatment plans.
I partner with my patients to find solutions to their life challenges. Often, they want to feel better, improve relationship communication, help a child, handle a situational problem, or cope with a difficult life transition. I treat both children and adults for anxiety, depression, OCD, relationship problems, emotional dysregulation and problems related to separation and divorce. I also provide couples counseling, co-parenting, and parent coaching. Think of me as a copilot helping patients navigate their way to a better place. I rely on a variety of evidence-based therapeutic orientations to craft customized treatment plans.
(570) 284-3507 View (570) 284-3507
Photo of Jessica McDonough, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scranton, PA
Jessica McDonough
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Scranton, PA 18503
Not accepting new clients
Hello! I work with individuals and couples sharing my expertise and assisting them on the path to living their happiest, most fulfilling life. During our time together you will gain a deeper understanding of how you developed into the person you are today & why you have been struggling. Additionally, you will learn how to effectively reduce the severity of your symptoms while improving your relationship with yourself and others.
Hello! I work with individuals and couples sharing my expertise and assisting them on the path to living their happiest, most fulfilling life. During our time together you will gain a deeper understanding of how you developed into the person you are today & why you have been struggling. Additionally, you will learn how to effectively reduce the severity of your symptoms while improving your relationship with yourself and others.
(570) 559-3447 View (570) 559-3447
Photo of Annmarie Kopec, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scranton, PA
Annmarie Kopec
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18503  (Online Only)
Do you ever find yourself saying, “Anxiety seems to control my life” and It seems like the weight of past traumas is too much to bear? Coping with distress can feel like an uphill battle. It's the sleepless nights spent worrying, the constant feeling of unease, and the haunting memories that linger. You may be longing for a way to regain control, to step out from the shadows of past traumas, and to find inner peace. You find yourself saying something has to change, but you’re just not sure what to do to overcome these feelings.
Do you ever find yourself saying, “Anxiety seems to control my life” and It seems like the weight of past traumas is too much to bear? Coping with distress can feel like an uphill battle. It's the sleepless nights spent worrying, the constant feeling of unease, and the haunting memories that linger. You may be longing for a way to regain control, to step out from the shadows of past traumas, and to find inner peace. You find yourself saying something has to change, but you’re just not sure what to do to overcome these feelings.
(272) 225-6711 View (272) 225-6711

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Scranton, PA

100+

Average cost per session

$115

Therapists in Scranton, PA who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
88% Depression
87% Self Esteem
81% Relationship Issues
76% Trauma and PTSD
74% Coping Skills
68% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Highmark
78% Geisinger
76% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Scranton, PA see their clients

79% In Person and Online
21% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
23% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Scranton?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.