Therapists in Rochester, NY

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Photo of Michelle Lentine, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rochester, NY
Michelle Lentine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Rochester, NY 14618
All persons engage in life better with feeling capable and having flourishing connections with others. However sometimes current or previous life experiences create disconnection, friction and isolation. Are you struggling with personal behaviors, relationship challenges or coping with stress? Not feeling like you are the best version of yourself? Do your emotions overwhelm you at times? I hope to support you in understanding your unique experiences and developing a healthy path for healing and coping. I want to empower you to move from surviving life to thriving.
All persons engage in life better with feeling capable and having flourishing connections with others. However sometimes current or previous life experiences create disconnection, friction and isolation. Are you struggling with personal behaviors, relationship challenges or coping with stress? Not feeling like you are the best version of yourself? Do your emotions overwhelm you at times? I hope to support you in understanding your unique experiences and developing a healthy path for healing and coping. I want to empower you to move from surviving life to thriving.
(585) 986-8044 View (585) 986-8044
Photo of Cheryl J Woods, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rochester, NY
Cheryl J Woods
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CASAC, CSAT
Verified Verified
Rochester, NY 14607
I value providing you with a safe space and the freedom to open at your own pace, cultivating a healthy therapeutic relationship to support change and healing. As you reveal what's not working in your life and relationships, I select the best motivational therapeutic approach to help you effectively address these challenges. My guidance, while compassionate, is also honest and direct so you take responsibility for establishing and maintaining your emotional well-being. Doing so helps to reduce the impact of long-term emotional distress in your life.
I value providing you with a safe space and the freedom to open at your own pace, cultivating a healthy therapeutic relationship to support change and healing. As you reveal what's not working in your life and relationships, I select the best motivational therapeutic approach to help you effectively address these challenges. My guidance, while compassionate, is also honest and direct so you take responsibility for establishing and maintaining your emotional well-being. Doing so helps to reduce the impact of long-term emotional distress in your life.
(585) 672-6395 x7 View (585) 672-6395 x7
Photo of Elena Pilato, Counselor in Rochester, NY
Elena Pilato
Counselor, MS, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Rochester, NY 14618  (Online Only)
Welcome! I am so glad you are here! It can be very difficult to reach out at times and takes much courage! You are one step closer to realizing and discovering your full potential! I am here to help you through any challenges you may be experiencing. I am dedicated and excited to take this journey with you, as you gain skills, build on your inner strengths, and gain peace of mind.
Welcome! I am so glad you are here! It can be very difficult to reach out at times and takes much courage! You are one step closer to realizing and discovering your full potential! I am here to help you through any challenges you may be experiencing. I am dedicated and excited to take this journey with you, as you gain skills, build on your inner strengths, and gain peace of mind.
(585) 460-3019 View (585) 460-3019
Photo of Julia Massay-Donato, Marriage & Family Therapist in Rochester, NY
Julia Massay-Donato
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Rochester, NY 14607  (Online Only)
Hi there! I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and have been practicing for over 9 years with individuals, couples, parents and children. I specialize in issues around anxiety, life transitions, relationships, self-esteem, trauma, women and families. I have most experience working with young adults and couples and always work to initially create trust and comfort, so clients can gain strength in their vulnerability. I feel strongly that all individuals deserve to feel and experience their best selves, no matter what has happened in their lives. We have one life, and I want everyone to feel like they can enjoy theirs.
Hi there! I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and have been practicing for over 9 years with individuals, couples, parents and children. I specialize in issues around anxiety, life transitions, relationships, self-esteem, trauma, women and families. I have most experience working with young adults and couples and always work to initially create trust and comfort, so clients can gain strength in their vulnerability. I feel strongly that all individuals deserve to feel and experience their best selves, no matter what has happened in their lives. We have one life, and I want everyone to feel like they can enjoy theirs.
(315) 825-6257 View (315) 825-6257
Photo of William A Kelly, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rochester, NY
William A Kelly
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWR, DST
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rochester, NY 14625
Are you seeking help with sexual or relationship concerns? Some fear that sexual issues will isolate them from others or cause rifts in their relationships. Do you wish to connect with others in a more positive way? Are you seeking a richer connection with your own sexuality, either within yourself or within your relationships? If you have experienced isolation, anxiety, and depression related to sexual concerns, I am eager to help you move to a place of deeper intimacy and peace. My 40+ years in the mental health field has focused on helping clients in a variety of contexts with sexual issues as a Certified Sex Therapist
Are you seeking help with sexual or relationship concerns? Some fear that sexual issues will isolate them from others or cause rifts in their relationships. Do you wish to connect with others in a more positive way? Are you seeking a richer connection with your own sexuality, either within yourself or within your relationships? If you have experienced isolation, anxiety, and depression related to sexual concerns, I am eager to help you move to a place of deeper intimacy and peace. My 40+ years in the mental health field has focused on helping clients in a variety of contexts with sexual issues as a Certified Sex Therapist
(585) 332-5325 View (585) 332-5325
Photo of Patricia E Goodspeed, Counselor in Rochester, NY
Patricia E Goodspeed
Counselor, EdD, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Rochester, NY 14607
Not accepting new clients
The decision to begin therapy can be an isolating and anxious time, especially in these current crazy times that seem to have no end. Am I the only one who feels this way? These feelings may even at times shut you down. You may be experiencing losses and transitions of all kinds, or have weight and eating concerns, gambling concerns, relationship problems or who just want career counseling. We can explore these together. I work with men, women, and adolescents of diverse backgrounds, who might not believe that counseling can be sensitive to their needs. We can either meet in person or online.
The decision to begin therapy can be an isolating and anxious time, especially in these current crazy times that seem to have no end. Am I the only one who feels this way? These feelings may even at times shut you down. You may be experiencing losses and transitions of all kinds, or have weight and eating concerns, gambling concerns, relationship problems or who just want career counseling. We can explore these together. I work with men, women, and adolescents of diverse backgrounds, who might not believe that counseling can be sensitive to their needs. We can either meet in person or online.
(585) 687-6463 View (585) 687-6463
Photo of Erica Pardi, Counselor in Rochester, NY
Erica Pardi
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rochester, NY 14623
Intrusive and scary thoughts, over-analyzing, mental reviewing of events, repetitive behaviors, and skin-picking. These are all symptoms of anxiety. Anxiety is natural, but when severe, it can be hard to cope with — often getting in the way of things we want in our lives! My passion is to help others begin the journey of working through the anxiety, toward the life they want to have. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, OCD, and related illnesses such as BFRB’s.
Intrusive and scary thoughts, over-analyzing, mental reviewing of events, repetitive behaviors, and skin-picking. These are all symptoms of anxiety. Anxiety is natural, but when severe, it can be hard to cope with — often getting in the way of things we want in our lives! My passion is to help others begin the journey of working through the anxiety, toward the life they want to have. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, OCD, and related illnesses such as BFRB’s.
(585) 577-5599 View (585) 577-5599
Photo of Morgan Camman, Mental Health Counselor in Rochester, NY
Morgan Camman
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Rochester, NY 14618
Welcome, I'm Morgan (they/she)! Since 2019, I've been working in community mental health and now have decided to take my experiences into a private setting. I enjoy serving those in the queer community, non-monogamous relationship structures, and BDSM/kink dynamics. I also enjoy working with young people by giving them a safe space in which to explore their identity, and have begun supporting those with late diagnosed Autism. My additional passion is supervising/guiding new therapists in the field to develop as professionals.
Welcome, I'm Morgan (they/she)! Since 2019, I've been working in community mental health and now have decided to take my experiences into a private setting. I enjoy serving those in the queer community, non-monogamous relationship structures, and BDSM/kink dynamics. I also enjoy working with young people by giving them a safe space in which to explore their identity, and have begun supporting those with late diagnosed Autism. My additional passion is supervising/guiding new therapists in the field to develop as professionals.
(585) 572-7017 View (585) 572-7017
Photo of Christina Rose Mannion, Psychologist in Rochester, NY
Christina Rose Mannion
Psychologist, MA, PsyD, LCP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Rochester, NY 14607
Waitlist for new clients
Many of my clients find me because they have tried "everything" and nothing seems to work. With long histories of challenging experiences, negative thought patterns, and emotional overload, it can be hard to know where to start. I help clients identify the root causes of their negative emotional states, learn skills to cope with current distress, and assist in processing through past traumas to find a place of healing. Paying equal attention to mind and body, I help bring a sense of calm to both. Not sure if I'm a good fit? Email & we'll chat to find out. I'll provide information and resources if we don't match.
Many of my clients find me because they have tried "everything" and nothing seems to work. With long histories of challenging experiences, negative thought patterns, and emotional overload, it can be hard to know where to start. I help clients identify the root causes of their negative emotional states, learn skills to cope with current distress, and assist in processing through past traumas to find a place of healing. Paying equal attention to mind and body, I help bring a sense of calm to both. Not sure if I'm a good fit? Email & we'll chat to find out. I'll provide information and resources if we don't match.
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Photo of Heather Elston, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rochester, NY
Heather Elston
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rochester, NY 14625
Are you looking for an experienced therapist to help you feel better and live better? Are you hoping to improve communication with your partner or in your family relationships? I'd like to help you find a pathway to lasting change. I have more than 20 years of experience working with people across the lifespan, across genders and orientations, and facing varied stressors.
Are you looking for an experienced therapist to help you feel better and live better? Are you hoping to improve communication with your partner or in your family relationships? I'd like to help you find a pathway to lasting change. I have more than 20 years of experience working with people across the lifespan, across genders and orientations, and facing varied stressors.
(585) 357-4815 View (585) 357-4815
Photo of Stacey E Kulik, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rochester, NY
Stacey E Kulik
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Rochester, NY 14610
Welcome to my practice. Therapy with children is a specialized area of focus and requires unique skills and specific training. I have spent the last fifteen years gaining expertise with children of all ages and have done extensive work with preschool children. Child therapy requires creativity, flexibility, developmental knowledge, and the ability to partner with parents. As your child's therapist, I will share my expertise and provide you with the tools you need to ensure your child's success.
Welcome to my practice. Therapy with children is a specialized area of focus and requires unique skills and specific training. I have spent the last fifteen years gaining expertise with children of all ages and have done extensive work with preschool children. Child therapy requires creativity, flexibility, developmental knowledge, and the ability to partner with parents. As your child's therapist, I will share my expertise and provide you with the tools you need to ensure your child's success.
(585) 496-1525 View (585) 496-1525
Photo of Howard B. Adler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rochester, NY
Howard B. Adler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, CSAT
Verified Verified
Rochester, NY 14610
Waitlist for new clients
If you are struggling with anxiety, depression, low self-worth, a tough inner critic, or preoccupied with unwanted urges, thoughts or behaviors, I'm here to help. I will assist you in getting to know yourself better and transform the parts of you that are currently getting in the way of your happiness and aspirations for a better life. Let's work together to relieve your fears, insecurities, depression, anxiety, and intimacy issues. In addition, I am certified to help those struggling with the disruptive impact of sex & pornography addiction and betrayal trauma. This too can be healed for both you and your partner.
If you are struggling with anxiety, depression, low self-worth, a tough inner critic, or preoccupied with unwanted urges, thoughts or behaviors, I'm here to help. I will assist you in getting to know yourself better and transform the parts of you that are currently getting in the way of your happiness and aspirations for a better life. Let's work together to relieve your fears, insecurities, depression, anxiety, and intimacy issues. In addition, I am certified to help those struggling with the disruptive impact of sex & pornography addiction and betrayal trauma. This too can be healed for both you and your partner.
(585) 268-3491 View (585) 268-3491
Photo of Kerry Bauer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rochester, NY
Kerry Bauer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Rochester, NY 14618
Would you like to manage your anxiety better? Perhaps you are struggling with changes in your life or relationship? I help individuals and couples through these difficult challenges, with specific steps toward healing and regaining balance. I understand how frustrating and confusing shifts in life can become, and how challenges can impact our self-esteem and our relationships, as well as cloud the meaning in our lives. Whether you are managing a new life transition such as parenthood, a career or school change, or are working to have a better relationship, I am here to support and guide you toward stability and balance again.
Would you like to manage your anxiety better? Perhaps you are struggling with changes in your life or relationship? I help individuals and couples through these difficult challenges, with specific steps toward healing and regaining balance. I understand how frustrating and confusing shifts in life can become, and how challenges can impact our self-esteem and our relationships, as well as cloud the meaning in our lives. Whether you are managing a new life transition such as parenthood, a career or school change, or are working to have a better relationship, I am here to support and guide you toward stability and balance again.
(585) 294-4861 View (585) 294-4861
Photo of Nadine Heitz, Psychologist in Rochester, NY
Nadine Heitz
Psychologist, EdD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rochester, NY 14623
Dr. Nadine Heitz brings a wealth of experience in psychology and education to her work as a compassionate and skillful psychologist. She started her career as a high school Biology and Chemistry teacher and soon discovered her love of helping students navigate their paths to becoming well-adjusted young adults. She subsequently pursued her master’s and doctoral degrees in psychology and continued her work as a professor and clinician. Throughout her career, Dr. Heitz has supported, coached and mentored people of all ages through her clinical work in hospitals, K-12 schools, universities, and private practice settings.
Dr. Nadine Heitz brings a wealth of experience in psychology and education to her work as a compassionate and skillful psychologist. She started her career as a high school Biology and Chemistry teacher and soon discovered her love of helping students navigate their paths to becoming well-adjusted young adults. She subsequently pursued her master’s and doctoral degrees in psychology and continued her work as a professor and clinician. Throughout her career, Dr. Heitz has supported, coached and mentored people of all ages through her clinical work in hospitals, K-12 schools, universities, and private practice settings.
(585) 460-4958 x1 View (585) 460-4958 x1
Photo of Tantenisha James, Counselor in Rochester, NY
Tantenisha James
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Rochester, NY 14618
I graduated from Pace University with my Master's Degree as a Licensed Mental Health Therapist and Substance Abuse Counselor. I do not believe in a one-size-fits-all approach to therapy as each individual has specific treatment needs as each person's experiences and the emotional impact of those experiences are unique to that individual. This is why my theoretical approach is humanistic and client-centered. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Adler, and Gestalt.
I graduated from Pace University with my Master's Degree as a Licensed Mental Health Therapist and Substance Abuse Counselor. I do not believe in a one-size-fits-all approach to therapy as each individual has specific treatment needs as each person's experiences and the emotional impact of those experiences are unique to that individual. This is why my theoretical approach is humanistic and client-centered. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Adler, and Gestalt.
(585) 440-7934 View (585) 440-7934
Photo of Morgan Kennell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rochester, NY
Morgan Kennell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rochester, NY 14618
Hello and welcome! If you’ve landed here, you’ve taken the first step in seeking support for yourself or a loved one, and that effort should be celebrated. The idea of sharing details about personal lives with a stranger can be scary. Many people make the choice to connect with a trained therapist and end up finding value in having an unbiased person outside of their friend/family group listen, validate, and share helpful strategies. I have been practicing as a licensed therapist since 2016 and I find great meaning in being able to partner with people as they move closer towards healing and growth.
Hello and welcome! If you’ve landed here, you’ve taken the first step in seeking support for yourself or a loved one, and that effort should be celebrated. The idea of sharing details about personal lives with a stranger can be scary. Many people make the choice to connect with a trained therapist and end up finding value in having an unbiased person outside of their friend/family group listen, validate, and share helpful strategies. I have been practicing as a licensed therapist since 2016 and I find great meaning in being able to partner with people as they move closer towards healing and growth.
(585) 601-2687 View (585) 601-2687
Photo of Boice Counseling, LCSW, P.C., Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rochester, NY
Boice Counseling, LCSW, P.C.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Rochester, NY 14617
Why do so many couples choose Boice Counseling? I help couples similar to you get results, improve communication, reduce conflict and some are helped through an affair. Results are helpful if you, the couple, sustain the progress. You don’t need weekly sessions to do that. I help you prompt yourselves to sustain the gains and I reinforce the process with a feedback loop and boosters. We regularly evaluate progress and I show you how to do it without me. Quickly you know how to successfully get back on track. You, like me, value that. My practice is male-friendly, as well as female-friendly. Men feel comfortable and don't drop out.
Why do so many couples choose Boice Counseling? I help couples similar to you get results, improve communication, reduce conflict and some are helped through an affair. Results are helpful if you, the couple, sustain the progress. You don’t need weekly sessions to do that. I help you prompt yourselves to sustain the gains and I reinforce the process with a feedback loop and boosters. We regularly evaluate progress and I show you how to do it without me. Quickly you know how to successfully get back on track. You, like me, value that. My practice is male-friendly, as well as female-friendly. Men feel comfortable and don't drop out.
(585) 412-8159 View (585) 412-8159
Photo of Amy Stephens Heutmaker in Rochester, NY
Amy Stephens Heutmaker
MHC-LP, MS, MBA
Verified Verified
Rochester, NY 14625
My practice focuses on individuals and families who are dealing with anxiety, depression, PTSD, and substance abuse. I have worked with individuals and their loved ones to explore what it means to live fully authentically in a world where that is not always valued.
My practice focuses on individuals and families who are dealing with anxiety, depression, PTSD, and substance abuse. I have worked with individuals and their loved ones to explore what it means to live fully authentically in a world where that is not always valued.
(585) 653-3997 View (585) 653-3997
Photo of Hannah Colbert Kalampoukas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rochester, NY
Hannah Colbert Kalampoukas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, C-DBT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Rochester, NY 14618
How do you feel right now? What do you need? What do you want? Change in our lives can only come from a better understanding of who we really are. Validation of past experiences, wounds and traumas. Through exploration, comes a willingness to work to change. Not who you are, but how you are; in relationships, at work, with your family and with yourself. Reducing anxiety, feeling less depressed, better able to deal with overwhelming emotions. Contentment.
How do you feel right now? What do you need? What do you want? Change in our lives can only come from a better understanding of who we really are. Validation of past experiences, wounds and traumas. Through exploration, comes a willingness to work to change. Not who you are, but how you are; in relationships, at work, with your family and with yourself. Reducing anxiety, feeling less depressed, better able to deal with overwhelming emotions. Contentment.
(646) 921-3992 View (646) 921-3992
Photo of Tree of Life Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rochester, NY
Tree of Life Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSWR
Verified Verified
Rochester, NY 14618
Why suffer in silence and alone? Let's work together to get you on a path toward healing so you can stop existing and start living again. Working with an experienced clinician who is empathetic and solution focused can make all the difference.
Why suffer in silence and alone? Let's work together to get you on a path toward healing so you can stop existing and start living again. Working with an experienced clinician who is empathetic and solution focused can make all the difference.
(585) 443-8062 View (585) 443-8062

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Rochester, NY

800+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Rochester, NY who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
71% Coping Skills
71% Stress
69% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
56% Cigna and Evernorth
52% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Rochester, NY see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Rochester?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.