Photo of Stephanie Beaton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Novi, MI
Stephanie Beaton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
Novi, MI 48375  (Online Only)
My practice draws from a variety of fields including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Self Compassion, Mindfulness, Positive Psychology, and Psychodynamic Therapy from a trauma-sensitive approach.
My primary goal as a therapist is to assist you in achieving your goals and support you through any adversities that may come your way. Therapy is not a “one size fits all” approach—each client is unique and has different techniques that work and do not work to achieve their goals. I am passionate and dedicated to the mental health field, and I believe each client is more than their symptoms and should be treated with dignity and respect. I graduated with a BA in Psychology and received my MSW from the University of Michigan, where I specialized in the area of Interpersonal Practice with a concentration in Mental Health.
My practice draws from a variety of fields including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Self Compassion, Mindfulness, Positive Psychology, and Psychodynamic Therapy from a trauma-sensitive approach.
My primary goal as a therapist is to assist you in achieving your goals and support you through any adversities that may come your way. Therapy is not a “one size fits all” approach—each client is unique and has different techniques that work and do not work to achieve their goals. I am passionate and dedicated to the mental health field, and I believe each client is more than their symptoms and should be treated with dignity and respect. I graduated with a BA in Psychology and received my MSW from the University of Michigan, where I specialized in the area of Interpersonal Practice with a concentration in Mental Health.
(313) 789-3604 View (313) 789-3604
Photo of Priya K Rao, Psychologist in Novi, MI
Priya K Rao
Psychologist, PhD, JD
Verified Verified
Novi, MI 48375
I am trained in using modalities like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Brief Solution-Focused therapy, Psychodynamic therapy, Behavior Modification, and Marital Counseling.
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist with over 20 years of experience providing psychotherapy and psychological testing services to adults, adolescents, children, and couples. I have a special interest in working with mood disorders, anxiety/trauma/stress disorders, adjustment issues, ADHD, behavioral/school issues, learning disabilities, family conflict, race/gender issues, grief/loss therapy, abuse, domestic violence, custody/forensic issues, psychosis, and marital/couples issues. I also perform return to work and custody evaluations
I am trained in using modalities like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Brief Solution-Focused therapy, Psychodynamic therapy, Behavior Modification, and Marital Counseling.
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist with over 20 years of experience providing psychotherapy and psychological testing services to adults, adolescents, children, and couples. I have a special interest in working with mood disorders, anxiety/trauma/stress disorders, adjustment issues, ADHD, behavioral/school issues, learning disabilities, family conflict, race/gender issues, grief/loss therapy, abuse, domestic violence, custody/forensic issues, psychosis, and marital/couples issues. I also perform return to work and custody evaluations
(248) 989-3005 View (248) 989-3005
Photo of Colleen Crane, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Novi, MI
Colleen Crane
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Novi, MI 48374
I use techniques like cognitive behavioral, psychoeducational, psychodynamic and interpersonal.
For over 20 years I have worked with individuals, couples and families. Because I also teach at the University of Michigan I have been trained in a variety of therapeutic techniques for working with everyone! I enjoy my work and I find that teaching provides a unique perspective to keep me up to date on new interventions which I often utilize in my private practice work. In 2013, I completed training as a sex therapist and sexual health educator. This program has given me highly specialized training in working with a variety of sexual health issues including low sex drive, fertility issues and everything in between!
I use techniques like cognitive behavioral, psychoeducational, psychodynamic and interpersonal.
For over 20 years I have worked with individuals, couples and families. Because I also teach at the University of Michigan I have been trained in a variety of therapeutic techniques for working with everyone! I enjoy my work and I find that teaching provides a unique perspective to keep me up to date on new interventions which I often utilize in my private practice work. In 2013, I completed training as a sex therapist and sexual health educator. This program has given me highly specialized training in working with a variety of sexual health issues including low sex drive, fertility issues and everything in between!
(248) 330-3585 View (248) 330-3585
Photo of Kristen N Moore, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Novi, MI
Kristen N Moore
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Novi, MI 48374  (Online Only)
Some modalities I integrate into my practice include, but are not limited to, CBT, DBT, ACT, IFS, and Psychodynamic theories.
As a therapist, I am privileged to be in the role of facilitator of change. But, the actual expert and change-maker in your life is you. A person-centered approach is the pillar of my practice. I am here to empower you to make the changes you want to see. I know anyone who walks into my office or steps onto my screen has already walked through one of the most difficult steps in therapy - the beginning. I admire you taking this step and thank you for allowing me along for the journey. I am confident working together we can figure anything out.
Some modalities I integrate into my practice include, but are not limited to, CBT, DBT, ACT, IFS, and Psychodynamic theories.
As a therapist, I am privileged to be in the role of facilitator of change. But, the actual expert and change-maker in your life is you. A person-centered approach is the pillar of my practice. I am here to empower you to make the changes you want to see. I know anyone who walks into my office or steps onto my screen has already walked through one of the most difficult steps in therapy - the beginning. I admire you taking this step and thank you for allowing me along for the journey. I am confident working together we can figure anything out.
(734) 304-0771 View (734) 304-0771
Photo of Matt Waddell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Novi, MI
Matt Waddell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Novi, MI 48374  (Online Only)
I like to integrate various styles tailored to each clients needs which might include CBT, psychodynamic, insight-oriented, and strengths-based work among others.
Openings available! I take an approach to therapy that is centered on building trust and a belief that clients know themselves the best. I feel it is important to form a relationship that becomes the framework that leads to understanding and change. I have provided therapy to young adults/adults in various settings and worked with individuals facing different concerns including anxiety, depression, substance use, adjustment-related stress, difficult relationship dynamics, grief/loss, and identity development. I also specialize in working with those who have been impacted by a loved one's addiction.
I like to integrate various styles tailored to each clients needs which might include CBT, psychodynamic, insight-oriented, and strengths-based work among others.
Openings available! I take an approach to therapy that is centered on building trust and a belief that clients know themselves the best. I feel it is important to form a relationship that becomes the framework that leads to understanding and change. I have provided therapy to young adults/adults in various settings and worked with individuals facing different concerns including anxiety, depression, substance use, adjustment-related stress, difficult relationship dynamics, grief/loss, and identity development. I also specialize in working with those who have been impacted by a loved one's addiction.
(734) 436-3972 View (734) 436-3972
Photo of Gayle Shotkin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Novi, MI
Gayle Shotkin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Novi, MI 48375
Emotional and physical connection play a significantly HUGE role in our everyday lives, and yet, so many people are apprehensive and scared to talk about these topics. Let's talk about it! I work with ALL individuals and couples, and have training and experience as an AASSECT certified Sex Therapist, and Clinical Social Worker. I see many individuals struggling with Desire discrepancies, Sexual pain, Trauma, Compulsive sexual behaviors, Infidelity, Gender, and sexual identity etc. My unique and meaningful education in Sex Therapy allows me to address sexual well-being issues that often overlap with general mental health concerns.
Emotional and physical connection play a significantly HUGE role in our everyday lives, and yet, so many people are apprehensive and scared to talk about these topics. Let's talk about it! I work with ALL individuals and couples, and have training and experience as an AASSECT certified Sex Therapist, and Clinical Social Worker. I see many individuals struggling with Desire discrepancies, Sexual pain, Trauma, Compulsive sexual behaviors, Infidelity, Gender, and sexual identity etc. My unique and meaningful education in Sex Therapy allows me to address sexual well-being issues that often overlap with general mental health concerns.
(248) 450-0340 View (248) 450-0340
Photo of Dr. Jolin B. Yamin, Psychologist in Novi, MI
Dr. Jolin B. Yamin
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Novi, MI 48375  (Online Only)
I am a licensed clinical psychologist dedicated to working collaboratively with individuals to navigate life’s stressors and transitions, improve their mood and relationships, and find fulfillment in their life experiences. I have special expertise in treating anxiety, trauma- and stress-related symptoms, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), depression, chronic pain, and mind-body disorders. I will work with you to understand your symptoms, develop coping skills, and create a plan for recovery.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist dedicated to working collaboratively with individuals to navigate life’s stressors and transitions, improve their mood and relationships, and find fulfillment in their life experiences. I have special expertise in treating anxiety, trauma- and stress-related symptoms, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), depression, chronic pain, and mind-body disorders. I will work with you to understand your symptoms, develop coping skills, and create a plan for recovery.
(734) 562-6930 View (734) 562-6930
Photo of Nicole Cotton Takla, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Novi, MI
Nicole Cotton Takla
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW-C, C-DBT, CCATP
Verified Verified
Novi, MI 48375
Nicole uses an integrative approach to therapy, blending styles in a way that accommodates the unique needs of each individual. She is a certified Child and Adolescent Anxiety Treatment Professional and also certified in Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and enjoys encorporating its modalities into therapy when appropriate (mindfulness, emotional regulation, distress tolerance and interpersonal effectiveness). Nicole has a deep understanding of school issues, special education, behavior analysis and interventions, self-concept, parent-coaching, girl-issues, ADHD, ASD and improving overall social, emotional and behavioral functioning.
Nicole uses an integrative approach to therapy, blending styles in a way that accommodates the unique needs of each individual. She is a certified Child and Adolescent Anxiety Treatment Professional and also certified in Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and enjoys encorporating its modalities into therapy when appropriate (mindfulness, emotional regulation, distress tolerance and interpersonal effectiveness). Nicole has a deep understanding of school issues, special education, behavior analysis and interventions, self-concept, parent-coaching, girl-issues, ADHD, ASD and improving overall social, emotional and behavioral functioning.
(248) 985-8271 View (248) 985-8271
Photo of Martha Poenaru, Limited Licensed Psychologist in Novi, MI
Martha Poenaru
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP
Verified Verified
Novi, MI 48374  (Online Only)
Do you feel you are preoccupied with various areas of your life? So much so that it leaves you feeling anxious, drained, and overwhelmed? If you are feeling anxious you are not alone. There are a variety of ways to address these feelings you are having. I would be honored to work with you to address anxiety about family, work, health, or any other facet of your life that is creating distress. I take my cues from you and what you bring to the sessions to develop helpful strategies to alleviate anxiety.
Do you feel you are preoccupied with various areas of your life? So much so that it leaves you feeling anxious, drained, and overwhelmed? If you are feeling anxious you are not alone. There are a variety of ways to address these feelings you are having. I would be honored to work with you to address anxiety about family, work, health, or any other facet of your life that is creating distress. I take my cues from you and what you bring to the sessions to develop helpful strategies to alleviate anxiety.
(734) 396-4461 View (734) 396-4461
Photo of Rebecca Navarre, LMSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Novi, MI
Rebecca Navarre, LMSW, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Novi, MI 48375  (Online Only)
Let's face it. Life likes to throw us curve balls. Are you dealing with unresolved childhood issues or trauma? Do you have trouble in social situations?Do you often feel isolated and alone? Is your anxiety and depression dominating your daily routine? I work with individuals who struggle with low moods, uneasiness and loneliness. If you need helping getting control over your feelings, contact me. I can help you. I also am experienced with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, fear of the future, and constant worry. I am able to complete psychological testing for Driver's License Restoration as well as counseling/management of addictions.
Let's face it. Life likes to throw us curve balls. Are you dealing with unresolved childhood issues or trauma? Do you have trouble in social situations?Do you often feel isolated and alone? Is your anxiety and depression dominating your daily routine? I work with individuals who struggle with low moods, uneasiness and loneliness. If you need helping getting control over your feelings, contact me. I can help you. I also am experienced with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, fear of the future, and constant worry. I am able to complete psychological testing for Driver's License Restoration as well as counseling/management of addictions.
(734) 875-8580 View (734) 875-8580
Photo of Megan Spees, Limited Licensed Psychologist in Novi, MI
Megan Spees
Limited Licensed Psychologist, LLP, CAADC, CCTSI, CSAT-c, CCPS-c
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Novi, MI 48377
Mental health is just as important as physical health to our overall well-being. I am a Limited Licensed Psychologist and a certified trauma specialist as well as a marriage counselor. I can work with you to develop a wide variety of coping skills to help you work towards your goals of living your best life. Are you noticing mental health symptoms like nightmares, flashbacks, irritability, anxiety, depression or self-harm? I utilize a humanistic, holistic, strength-based approach to help increase your level of tolerance for dealing with these complicated mental health symptoms. I also offer EMDR for the treatment of complex PTSD.
Mental health is just as important as physical health to our overall well-being. I am a Limited Licensed Psychologist and a certified trauma specialist as well as a marriage counselor. I can work with you to develop a wide variety of coping skills to help you work towards your goals of living your best life. Are you noticing mental health symptoms like nightmares, flashbacks, irritability, anxiety, depression or self-harm? I utilize a humanistic, holistic, strength-based approach to help increase your level of tolerance for dealing with these complicated mental health symptoms. I also offer EMDR for the treatment of complex PTSD.
(248) 290-6322 View (248) 290-6322
Photo of James N Cass, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Novi, MI
James N Cass
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, DCSW, BCD, CCADC, CCJP
Verified Verified
Novi, MI 48377
I provide the following services to those whom need, individual, couple, family and group therapy for the following mental health issues, Depression, PTSD, Anxiety disorders, grief and loss and case management with your psychiatrist, if you take medication and need it to be manage for example. I also, provide treatment for those whom are suffering from alcoholism and drugs.
I provide the following services to those whom need, individual, couple, family and group therapy for the following mental health issues, Depression, PTSD, Anxiety disorders, grief and loss and case management with your psychiatrist, if you take medication and need it to be manage for example. I also, provide treatment for those whom are suffering from alcoholism and drugs.
(248) 213-8422 View (248) 213-8422
Photo of Stephanie Minaudo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Novi, MI
Stephanie Minaudo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Novi, MI 48375  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
You've experienced the pain caused by trauma and it continues to weigh you down, impacting your daily life and relationships. You're tired of feeling stuck in negative patterns and replaying painful memories. You've seen one or more “trauma” therapists that didn’t actually know how to truly help. You experience a constant tug-of-war between logic and what your emotions seem to dictate. Your mind and body have tremendous potential to heal, and your spirit is ready to guide you; if you’re ready to stop the guesswork in finding the right trauma therapist and to fully embark on your healing journey, I am here to help.
You've experienced the pain caused by trauma and it continues to weigh you down, impacting your daily life and relationships. You're tired of feeling stuck in negative patterns and replaying painful memories. You've seen one or more “trauma” therapists that didn’t actually know how to truly help. You experience a constant tug-of-war between logic and what your emotions seem to dictate. Your mind and body have tremendous potential to heal, and your spirit is ready to guide you; if you’re ready to stop the guesswork in finding the right trauma therapist and to fully embark on your healing journey, I am here to help.
(248) 283-4964 View (248) 283-4964
Photo of John Sternfels, Counselor in Novi, MI
John Sternfels
Counselor, LPC, NCC, CSAT, C-SASI, CCPS
Verified Verified
Novi, MI 48377  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and a National Board-Certified Counselor. I have extensive experience working with men, women, and couples. I specialize in working with marital issues, sexual/pornography addiction, and betrayal partner trauma. I provide compassion, care, and empathy, which are foundational in helping clients successfully work through personal and relational life challenges. I am also the author of the book entitled, "A Partner’s Guide To Truth & Healing" (2021). The book explains a therapeutic disclosure process that helps both partner and spouse achieve truth and healing within their relationship.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and a National Board-Certified Counselor. I have extensive experience working with men, women, and couples. I specialize in working with marital issues, sexual/pornography addiction, and betrayal partner trauma. I provide compassion, care, and empathy, which are foundational in helping clients successfully work through personal and relational life challenges. I am also the author of the book entitled, "A Partner’s Guide To Truth & Healing" (2021). The book explains a therapeutic disclosure process that helps both partner and spouse achieve truth and healing within their relationship.
(248) 782-6039 View (248) 782-6039
Photo of Allante' Burnell, Limited Licensed Psychologist in Novi, MI
Allante' Burnell
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MS, LLP, CTP
Verified Verified
Novi, MI 48377
Therapy serves different purposes for many people. For some, it is to reduce specific symptoms that negatively impact their lives, and for others, it provides them with space to learn tools or establish goals to improve their everyday life. Many of us need a safe space to investigate who we were, who we are, and who we would like to be. Therapy serves as this space. Together in therapy, we can take the first step to improvement but it first starts with your decision to begin.
Therapy serves different purposes for many people. For some, it is to reduce specific symptoms that negatively impact their lives, and for others, it provides them with space to learn tools or establish goals to improve their everyday life. Many of us need a safe space to investigate who we were, who we are, and who we would like to be. Therapy serves as this space. Together in therapy, we can take the first step to improvement but it first starts with your decision to begin.
(248) 916-1894 View (248) 916-1894
Photo of Sollars and Associates, Psychologist in Novi, MI
Sollars and Associates
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Novi, MI 48377
I am a licensed psychologist and the clinical director of Sollars and Associates Integrative Counseling and Psychological Services. I have been providing counseling and psychotherapy for over 30 years in the Metro Detroit area and our group practice spans across the state of Michigan. With support, encouragement and expert insight many people begin to feel better after their first session.
I am a licensed psychologist and the clinical director of Sollars and Associates Integrative Counseling and Psychological Services. I have been providing counseling and psychotherapy for over 30 years in the Metro Detroit area and our group practice spans across the state of Michigan. With support, encouragement and expert insight many people begin to feel better after their first session.
(248) 862-1171 View (248) 862-1171
Photo of Dejan Jancevski, Limited Licensed Psychologist in Novi, MI
Dejan Jancevski
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Novi, MI 48375
These days, it's understandable to have difficulties with isolation, and having "nothing to do." But are those "difficulties" interfering with your ability to function? Is it preventing you from working as efficiently as you normally do? Have you had difficulty getting or staying motivated? Are you having an issue concentrating or focusing on a task? Parents, are you struggling to keep up with your child's educational performance while managing your own job? Are you having trouble in other areas of life (e.g., substance use, incarceration)? Are you angry/irritable? If you answered yes to any of the above, I can help.
These days, it's understandable to have difficulties with isolation, and having "nothing to do." But are those "difficulties" interfering with your ability to function? Is it preventing you from working as efficiently as you normally do? Have you had difficulty getting or staying motivated? Are you having an issue concentrating or focusing on a task? Parents, are you struggling to keep up with your child's educational performance while managing your own job? Are you having trouble in other areas of life (e.g., substance use, incarceration)? Are you angry/irritable? If you answered yes to any of the above, I can help.
(947) 800-5146 x4136 View (947) 800-5146 x4136
Photo of Ranya Al-Jamal, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Novi, MI
Ranya Al-Jamal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Novi, MI 48375  (Online Only)
Finding a therapist that you connect with to address your life stressors, trauma, and mental health struggles is crucial. I aim to assist individuals in carrying out changes that promote life fulfillment. I offer a unique perspective I acquired through experiences in providing trauma therapy to survivors of domestic violence and sexual abuse with a focus on mindfulness. Traumatic experiences from any phase in life can keep one feeling emotionally numb. I aim to heal wounds left by childhood trauma, toxic relationships, and self-sabotaging patterns. Experiencing trauma can disrupt one's ability to establish healthy relationships.
Finding a therapist that you connect with to address your life stressors, trauma, and mental health struggles is crucial. I aim to assist individuals in carrying out changes that promote life fulfillment. I offer a unique perspective I acquired through experiences in providing trauma therapy to survivors of domestic violence and sexual abuse with a focus on mindfulness. Traumatic experiences from any phase in life can keep one feeling emotionally numb. I aim to heal wounds left by childhood trauma, toxic relationships, and self-sabotaging patterns. Experiencing trauma can disrupt one's ability to establish healthy relationships.
(248) 970-9556 View (248) 970-9556
Photo of Faith Makris Becker, Counselor in Novi, MI
Faith Makris Becker
Counselor, LMHC, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Novi, MI 48375
Taking the first step towards making a change is the most difficult step but most important. What one needs most during this time is a space of safety, empathy and encouragement. I would like to join you in your self discovery and provide an opportunity for self-understanding to take place in attempt to accept the past, make sense of the present and mold for a better future. It would be a privilege to unite with you in this therapeutic journey, so to help you find change, peace and much deserved happiness.
Taking the first step towards making a change is the most difficult step but most important. What one needs most during this time is a space of safety, empathy and encouragement. I would like to join you in your self discovery and provide an opportunity for self-understanding to take place in attempt to accept the past, make sense of the present and mold for a better future. It would be a privilege to unite with you in this therapeutic journey, so to help you find change, peace and much deserved happiness.
(480) 907-9324 View (480) 907-9324
Photo of Mary DiPaolo, Limited Licensed Psychologist in Novi, MI
Mary DiPaolo
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP
Verified Verified
Novi, MI 48374
My blog is my calling card. Healing, positive change, and personal growth from the inside out is not for cowards. Read my blog to understand where I am coming from. Even if you believe you already know "everything" there is to understand about your specific circumstances, guess what? There is always another way to look at what you are struggling through. My job is to come up along side you and assist you in recognizing what you need to learn (and then do!)---as well as what you need to let go of (once and for all!). You will learn how to set yourself free from those chains that bind you. Live in peace, not in pieces anymore.
My blog is my calling card. Healing, positive change, and personal growth from the inside out is not for cowards. Read my blog to understand where I am coming from. Even if you believe you already know "everything" there is to understand about your specific circumstances, guess what? There is always another way to look at what you are struggling through. My job is to come up along side you and assist you in recognizing what you need to learn (and then do!)---as well as what you need to let go of (once and for all!). You will learn how to set yourself free from those chains that bind you. Live in peace, not in pieces anymore.
(248) 513-8210 View (248) 513-8210
Psychodynamic Therapists

Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?

Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.

How long does psychodynamic therapy last?

Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.

Does psychodynamic therapy work?

Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.

What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?

Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.