Therapists in San Antonio, TX

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Photo of Megan Luke, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Antonio, TX
Megan Luke
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78230
Waitlist for new clients
Are you struggling with changes or challenges in life where you need more support? Would you like to manage difficult emotions more effectively? Are you ready to make a change? Megan works with trauma using EMDR therapy as well as DBT for finding balance in life. Megan has experience working with people who have attachment problems, relationship problems, and are struggling with their identity in our complex world. Megan is part of the LGBTQIA+ community and believes strongly in walking the difficult paths with people as they navigate life and mental health challenges.
Are you struggling with changes or challenges in life where you need more support? Would you like to manage difficult emotions more effectively? Are you ready to make a change? Megan works with trauma using EMDR therapy as well as DBT for finding balance in life. Megan has experience working with people who have attachment problems, relationship problems, and are struggling with their identity in our complex world. Megan is part of the LGBTQIA+ community and believes strongly in walking the difficult paths with people as they navigate life and mental health challenges.
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Photo of Clifford Cantu, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Antonio, TX
Clifford Cantu
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78247
I am dedicated to helping adults, adolescents, and families navigate the various life challenges we all experience. I work with those experiencing mood disorders (such as depression and anxiety), substance use, and trauma as well as challenges surrounding adulthood (such as fatherhood, parenting, blended families, and family dynamics). I strive to empower others to reach their goals using evidence-based practices and fostering an environment of genuine human interaction.
I am dedicated to helping adults, adolescents, and families navigate the various life challenges we all experience. I work with those experiencing mood disorders (such as depression and anxiety), substance use, and trauma as well as challenges surrounding adulthood (such as fatherhood, parenting, blended families, and family dynamics). I strive to empower others to reach their goals using evidence-based practices and fostering an environment of genuine human interaction.
(726) 227-2601 View (726) 227-2601
Photo of Jean D Souza, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Antonio, TX
Jean D Souza
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78247  (Online Only)
If you need a safe, comfortable place to re-assess and re-tool, if you are thinking about giving up and calling a lawyer, if you have forgotten how to play and find pleasure together, or if you have lost the fun and closeness you used to have, counseling can help. If you want to come apart peacefully or are planning to share custody, if you want to avoid repeating same issues in your next relationship, I can also help with those issues. Counseling support, just a little time, attention and a few small changes can make a big difference.
If you need a safe, comfortable place to re-assess and re-tool, if you are thinking about giving up and calling a lawyer, if you have forgotten how to play and find pleasure together, or if you have lost the fun and closeness you used to have, counseling can help. If you want to come apart peacefully or are planning to share custody, if you want to avoid repeating same issues in your next relationship, I can also help with those issues. Counseling support, just a little time, attention and a few small changes can make a big difference.
(210) 429-9047 View (210) 429-9047
Photo of Jessie Mae Estrada, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Jessie Mae Estrada
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CEDS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78213  (Online Only)
Are you or a loved one struggling with an eating disorder? Do you feel no one understands or do you feel too much shame to talk about it? Let us help. Our goal is to provide you with a safe, confidential and understanding environment that allows you to explore these struggles through our therapeutic relationship. With valuable feedback and gentle guidance you can be empowered to reach your potential. Whether you are experiencing current struggles, are having trouble letting go of the past or are seeking a change in your life overall; we look forward to helping you find the inner strength to navigate your own path to recovery.
Are you or a loved one struggling with an eating disorder? Do you feel no one understands or do you feel too much shame to talk about it? Let us help. Our goal is to provide you with a safe, confidential and understanding environment that allows you to explore these struggles through our therapeutic relationship. With valuable feedback and gentle guidance you can be empowered to reach your potential. Whether you are experiencing current struggles, are having trouble letting go of the past or are seeking a change in your life overall; we look forward to helping you find the inner strength to navigate your own path to recovery.
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Photo of Tiffany Frias, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Tiffany Frias
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78247
Let's be honest for a minute - you are currently reading this because there is something in your life that is causing you pain. That "something" may be a major life transition; such as a divorce, the growing pains of new parenthood, or a major career change. Maybe its some sort of repeating pattern you experience in relationships. It could be that the sheer weight of our current world feels heavy each day. Depression, anxiety, and grief are other common pain points; perhaps you are struggling with one of these.
Let's be honest for a minute - you are currently reading this because there is something in your life that is causing you pain. That "something" may be a major life transition; such as a divorce, the growing pains of new parenthood, or a major career change. Maybe its some sort of repeating pattern you experience in relationships. It could be that the sheer weight of our current world feels heavy each day. Depression, anxiety, and grief are other common pain points; perhaps you are struggling with one of these.
(210) 774-6627 View (210) 774-6627
Photo of Kathleen Frank, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Kathleen Frank
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78258
Going to therapy and talking to a stranger about your inner most thoughts and feelings is difficult. So, congrats on taking this first step. My name is Kathleen and I am a licensed counselor in the states of Texas. I approach each client based on their needs, situation, culture, lived experiences, and goals. I tend to move fluidly through the following approaches: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing, Client-Centered, Dialectic-Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Gestalt, and Psychodynamic. What does that all mean? I try to bend and move with my clients' needs and where they are in their therapeutic process.
Going to therapy and talking to a stranger about your inner most thoughts and feelings is difficult. So, congrats on taking this first step. My name is Kathleen and I am a licensed counselor in the states of Texas. I approach each client based on their needs, situation, culture, lived experiences, and goals. I tend to move fluidly through the following approaches: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing, Client-Centered, Dialectic-Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Gestalt, and Psychodynamic. What does that all mean? I try to bend and move with my clients' needs and where they are in their therapeutic process.
(708) 729-5880 View (708) 729-5880
Photo of Prof. Tommie A. Colin, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Prof. Tommie A. Colin
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78216
Truth be told: "You matter. I'm here to listen & help. It's ok to speak your truth, and seek ways to feel better. Your story is yours to tell/change/pause/continue. Truth is: your thoughts, feelings, experiences, and behaviors are a unique and valid part of your life story journey. I am Tommie A. Colin, MFT, MA, LPC, an experienced psychotherapist, & mental health practitioner. well-prepared, to provide counseling therapy services & supportive assistance in a non-judgmental, open-minded, tolerant way. As a therapist, I'll be present, helping navigate, with you, in the paths you choose to explore. A new journey is waiting to begin."
Truth be told: "You matter. I'm here to listen & help. It's ok to speak your truth, and seek ways to feel better. Your story is yours to tell/change/pause/continue. Truth is: your thoughts, feelings, experiences, and behaviors are a unique and valid part of your life story journey. I am Tommie A. Colin, MFT, MA, LPC, an experienced psychotherapist, & mental health practitioner. well-prepared, to provide counseling therapy services & supportive assistance in a non-judgmental, open-minded, tolerant way. As a therapist, I'll be present, helping navigate, with you, in the paths you choose to explore. A new journey is waiting to begin."
(210) 970-7496 View (210) 970-7496
Photo of Mustard Seed Family Life Center LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Mustard Seed Family Life Center LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78248
The focus on mental health
The focus on mental health
(210) 934-7516 View (210) 934-7516
Photo of Karen Gulde, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Karen Gulde
Licensed Professional Counselor, JD, MA, CCPS
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78209
Waitlist for new clients
I believe a solid counseling relationship must grow out of authentic connection. I will laugh with you, I will cry with you, and most importantly, I will listen. I am inspired by each of my clients; I consider our time together to be a sacred space. As my client, I believe you have the strength within to make positive and constructive choices. I also know it takes courage to seek counseling. We will work collaboratively to develop goals for our time together. This is your time, your safe space to process difficult feelings, explore conflicting thoughts, and find new meaning.
I believe a solid counseling relationship must grow out of authentic connection. I will laugh with you, I will cry with you, and most importantly, I will listen. I am inspired by each of my clients; I consider our time together to be a sacred space. As my client, I believe you have the strength within to make positive and constructive choices. I also know it takes courage to seek counseling. We will work collaboratively to develop goals for our time together. This is your time, your safe space to process difficult feelings, explore conflicting thoughts, and find new meaning.
(210) 361-9375 View (210) 361-9375
Photo of Zainab Lailah Johnson, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Zainab Lailah Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78254  (Online Only)
Embracing Change, Cultivating Growth: Viktor E. Frankl famously remarked, "When we are no longer able to change a situation, we are challenged to change ourselves." This quote echoes the essence of my journey into mental health therapy—a path that serendipitously unfolded before me. I'm thrilled you've found your way here! My own journey to becoming a mental health therapist was far from straightforward, but it consistently drew me back to this profound calling. There's an irresistible pull for me in walking alongside individuals as they navigate life's ups and downs. I didn't stumble into this career by accident it called out to
Embracing Change, Cultivating Growth: Viktor E. Frankl famously remarked, "When we are no longer able to change a situation, we are challenged to change ourselves." This quote echoes the essence of my journey into mental health therapy—a path that serendipitously unfolded before me. I'm thrilled you've found your way here! My own journey to becoming a mental health therapist was far from straightforward, but it consistently drew me back to this profound calling. There's an irresistible pull for me in walking alongside individuals as they navigate life's ups and downs. I didn't stumble into this career by accident it called out to
(210) 934-0655 View (210) 934-0655
Photo of Quaryonna Wright, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Quaryonna Wright
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, LPCMHSP, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78253  (Online Only)
I'm committed to helping others in their life’s journey to increase rest, become refreshed, and develop confidence in renewing their lives. I believe everyone should have a safe place to increase a sense of balance in everyday activities, process major life transitions, and to find themselves. This is done by increasing knowledge while restoring/boosting self-confidence and developing motivation for change. Sometimes we feel stuck/lost regardless of status or accomplishments. We can work as a team to put the puzzle pieces together to produce much needed answers and move towards the future.
I'm committed to helping others in their life’s journey to increase rest, become refreshed, and develop confidence in renewing their lives. I believe everyone should have a safe place to increase a sense of balance in everyday activities, process major life transitions, and to find themselves. This is done by increasing knowledge while restoring/boosting self-confidence and developing motivation for change. Sometimes we feel stuck/lost regardless of status or accomplishments. We can work as a team to put the puzzle pieces together to produce much needed answers and move towards the future.
(210) 791-9013 View (210) 791-9013
Photo of Esther C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Antonio, TX
Esther C
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78251  (Online Only)
You deserve to live a healthy life. I am a clinical social worker and supervisor who has worked with adults and older adults for over a decade.
You deserve to live a healthy life. I am a clinical social worker and supervisor who has worked with adults and older adults for over a decade.
(830) 376-7654 View (830) 376-7654
Photo of Tina Sustaeta, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Tina Sustaeta
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78230
My ideal client is someone that is willing to look at the big picture of life and is open to collaborating with me leverging my expertise as well as, with my help, learning to use their own instinct. When it comes to children my approach is to collaborate with parents to best identify what coping tools and skillset are needed. When appropriate I follow a family systems approach and incorporate working with multiple family members at once, such as in family conflict or sibling rivalry.
My ideal client is someone that is willing to look at the big picture of life and is open to collaborating with me leverging my expertise as well as, with my help, learning to use their own instinct. When it comes to children my approach is to collaborate with parents to best identify what coping tools and skillset are needed. When appropriate I follow a family systems approach and incorporate working with multiple family members at once, such as in family conflict or sibling rivalry.
(210) 880-2487 View (210) 880-2487
Photo of Mal Diaz, LPC Associate in San Antonio, TX
Mal Diaz
LPC Associate, MS
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78212  (Online Only)
Hi Folks! My name is Mal, l'm deeply passionate about health access, with my life's work centered around bridging the gap to affordable, compassionate, and accessible health care for all. With a strong background in promoting equity and inclusivity, I strive to create a safe and supportive space for individuals seeking guidance. My approach to counseling integrates empathy, active listening, and evidence-based techniques, empowering clients to navigate life's challenges and foster personal growth. Proudly identifying as non-binary, I actively promote inclusivity and understanding in both my personal and professional life.
Hi Folks! My name is Mal, l'm deeply passionate about health access, with my life's work centered around bridging the gap to affordable, compassionate, and accessible health care for all. With a strong background in promoting equity and inclusivity, I strive to create a safe and supportive space for individuals seeking guidance. My approach to counseling integrates empathy, active listening, and evidence-based techniques, empowering clients to navigate life's challenges and foster personal growth. Proudly identifying as non-binary, I actively promote inclusivity and understanding in both my personal and professional life.
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Photo of Taylor Twitchell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Antonio, TX
Taylor Twitchell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78253  (Online Only)
Hi, I'm Taylor, a licensed clinical social worker specializing in trauma, depression, anxiety, and grief and loss. Through specialized experience and training, I am uniquely able to provide relief to first responders, hospital workers, and individuals who have experienced medical accidents and trauma. On top of this, I am devoted to helping any individual find their way through the darkest moments of depression, anxiety, and grief.
Hi, I'm Taylor, a licensed clinical social worker specializing in trauma, depression, anxiety, and grief and loss. Through specialized experience and training, I am uniquely able to provide relief to first responders, hospital workers, and individuals who have experienced medical accidents and trauma. On top of this, I am devoted to helping any individual find their way through the darkest moments of depression, anxiety, and grief.
(210) 985-9751 View (210) 985-9751
Photo of Olimpia Calaway, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Olimpia Calaway
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78201  (Online Only)
Hi there, I’m Olimpia Do you ever feel hopeless? Are you struggling to keep up with day to day basic routines? Is it hard to give yourself some love? I help to manage symptoms of anxiety and depression by learning and identifying triggers , looking at it from a different perspective, and how to have a better relationship with yourself. I do have an eclectic approach that involves mindfulness, diet, exercise, meditation, and awareness.
Hi there, I’m Olimpia Do you ever feel hopeless? Are you struggling to keep up with day to day basic routines? Is it hard to give yourself some love? I help to manage symptoms of anxiety and depression by learning and identifying triggers , looking at it from a different perspective, and how to have a better relationship with yourself. I do have an eclectic approach that involves mindfulness, diet, exercise, meditation, and awareness.
(210) 942-6837 View (210) 942-6837
Photo of Peace of Mind Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Peace of Mind Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78240  (Online Only)
Change is what human development is all about-enormous, fantastic change. The most influential approaches to psychotherapy is psychoanalyisis and Client-centered therapy. Where problems arise from unhealthy interactions with others and could be alleviated in private between therapist and client. Together we can increase your ability to think, feel and learn new coping skills.
Change is what human development is all about-enormous, fantastic change. The most influential approaches to psychotherapy is psychoanalyisis and Client-centered therapy. Where problems arise from unhealthy interactions with others and could be alleviated in private between therapist and client. Together we can increase your ability to think, feel and learn new coping skills.
(210) 429-8162 View (210) 429-8162
Photo of Oscar David Montoya Jr Lcsw-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Antonio, TX
Oscar David Montoya Jr Lcsw-S
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78264  (Online Only)
We live in a society that has made vulnerability seen as weakness, ironically, it is what allows us to be human and make connections. Do you feel a struggle in making connections? Do you struggle with overwhelming feelings of pain, anger, anxiety or depression, and feel like these are what define you? Do you feel like no one will ever understand, like you are detached from the world? Have you been through a traumatic experience, that robs you of freedom? Is motivation the issue, are you fatigued from attempts at change, but never having a guiding light?
We live in a society that has made vulnerability seen as weakness, ironically, it is what allows us to be human and make connections. Do you feel a struggle in making connections? Do you struggle with overwhelming feelings of pain, anger, anxiety or depression, and feel like these are what define you? Do you feel like no one will ever understand, like you are detached from the world? Have you been through a traumatic experience, that robs you of freedom? Is motivation the issue, are you fatigued from attempts at change, but never having a guiding light?
(830) 429-5394 View (830) 429-5394
Photo of Rosario (Rosie) Ortiz, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Rosario (Rosie) Ortiz
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78215
Waitlist for new clients
My desire is to invest in people’s mental health and their well-being by working together to achieve goals, find their highest potential, and become whole. I work with my clients as they transition in life, working in unison to fulfill a positive, energetic, and meaningful life. My intentions are to join and meet my clients where they find themselves in life. It is my humble desire to help individuals seek opportunities for self discovery. Whether you are a student, have a professional career, seeking direction in life, and/or require a safe, empathetic, and understanding atmosphere, I am ready to assist you.
My desire is to invest in people’s mental health and their well-being by working together to achieve goals, find their highest potential, and become whole. I work with my clients as they transition in life, working in unison to fulfill a positive, energetic, and meaningful life. My intentions are to join and meet my clients where they find themselves in life. It is my humble desire to help individuals seek opportunities for self discovery. Whether you are a student, have a professional career, seeking direction in life, and/or require a safe, empathetic, and understanding atmosphere, I am ready to assist you.
(210) 791-6585 View (210) 791-6585
Photo of Stillwater Counseling & Coaching Services, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Stillwater Counseling & Coaching Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78238
Are you searching for ways to reduce anxiety, depression or trauma-related symptoms? Are you searching for counselors who are kind, positive and open to your experiences? Our office offers an ethnically diverse and multi-dimensional team that can work together to meet your needs for therapy. We have a mix of military veterans, former educators, former school counselors, licensed social workers, life coaches and licensed chemical/dependency counselors with a wide range of experience and specialties. We can work with your therapeutic needs and match you up the counselor that can help you gain a better sense of well-being.
Are you searching for ways to reduce anxiety, depression or trauma-related symptoms? Are you searching for counselors who are kind, positive and open to your experiences? Our office offers an ethnically diverse and multi-dimensional team that can work together to meet your needs for therapy. We have a mix of military veterans, former educators, former school counselors, licensed social workers, life coaches and licensed chemical/dependency counselors with a wide range of experience and specialties. We can work with your therapeutic needs and match you up the counselor that can help you gain a better sense of well-being.
(210) 851-9813 View (210) 851-9813

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Antonio, TX

2,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in San Antonio, TX who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
73% Self Esteem
72% Coping Skills
70% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% Aetna
78% BlueCross and BlueShield
77% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in San Antonio, TX see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Antonio?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.