Therapists in Cleveland, TN

Photo of Maddie Storz, Pre-Licensed Professional in Cleveland, TN
Maddie Storz
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, MFTI, AAMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Cleveland, TN 37312
Pregnancy, parenthood and fertility challenges can be so stressful and overwhelming it can be difficult to know how to manage all the emotions and intensity of the stress. It can feel like you're drowning! I would love to be there with you in the healing process. My passion is working with individuals navigating the perinatal (pertaining to the period between conception and 3 years postpartum) and parenthood stages of life. I have advanced training in postpartum mood and anxiety disorders, traumatic birth experiences, stillbirth, child loss, pregnancy loss, reproductive trauma, assisted fertility stress and fertility challenges.
Pregnancy, parenthood and fertility challenges can be so stressful and overwhelming it can be difficult to know how to manage all the emotions and intensity of the stress. It can feel like you're drowning! I would love to be there with you in the healing process. My passion is working with individuals navigating the perinatal (pertaining to the period between conception and 3 years postpartum) and parenthood stages of life. I have advanced training in postpartum mood and anxiety disorders, traumatic birth experiences, stillbirth, child loss, pregnancy loss, reproductive trauma, assisted fertility stress and fertility challenges.
(423) 564-5685 View (423) 564-5685
Photo of Hannah Manning, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Cleveland, TN
Hannah Manning
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MFT-I
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Cleveland, TN 37311
Waitlist for new clients
There are times in our lives that we can feel stuck, uncertain, scared, and immobilized. Coming to terms with your own story and the image of yourself can be daunting. We can feel this way maybe because of a break up, onset of depression, sexual issues, problems with connecting with others, or simply a life transition. You’re uncertain if you can experience healing, but I can tell you that there is hope! Therapy is an opportunity meant to be safe, secure, and a process to learn how to thrive again. I’m here to walk you through the process of finding meaning in your own story, working through shame and doubt, and finding connection.
There are times in our lives that we can feel stuck, uncertain, scared, and immobilized. Coming to terms with your own story and the image of yourself can be daunting. We can feel this way maybe because of a break up, onset of depression, sexual issues, problems with connecting with others, or simply a life transition. You’re uncertain if you can experience healing, but I can tell you that there is hope! Therapy is an opportunity meant to be safe, secure, and a process to learn how to thrive again. I’m here to walk you through the process of finding meaning in your own story, working through shame and doubt, and finding connection.
(423) 564-3485 View (423) 564-3485
Photo of Julie A Hook, Licensed Master Social Worker in Cleveland, TN
Julie A Hook
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cleveland, TN 37312
Not accepting new clients
Everyone has a story that is part of their journey in life. I work with people to recognize their potential and overcome life's issues by meeting them where they're at, and helping individuals realize that our past does not define us. I specialize in working with people that have struggled with addiction, trauma, self esteem, depression, anxiety, and relationship issues. I know that therapy is different for everyone so I like to use different approaches that are unique to client such as CBT, Motivational interviewing, Solution focused approach, and many more.
Everyone has a story that is part of their journey in life. I work with people to recognize their potential and overcome life's issues by meeting them where they're at, and helping individuals realize that our past does not define us. I specialize in working with people that have struggled with addiction, trauma, self esteem, depression, anxiety, and relationship issues. I know that therapy is different for everyone so I like to use different approaches that are unique to client such as CBT, Motivational interviewing, Solution focused approach, and many more.
(423) 537-6430 View (423) 537-6430
Photo of Kirstee Williams, Marriage & Family Therapist in Cleveland, TN
Kirstee Williams
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT, AAMFT
Verified Verified
Cleveland, TN 37311
Waitlist for new clients
Hope, healing and a future are possible. As a couples relationship expert, I specialize in the complex issues of sexual wellness and trauma resolution. I treat a wide range of sexual health concerns from performance anxiety, to infertility, painful sex and affair recovery. I also specialize in complex trauma resolution utilizing EMDR. In particular weight management issues that stem from childhood sexual abuse. Each situation is unique and together we will create a treatment plan that works for you.
Hope, healing and a future are possible. As a couples relationship expert, I specialize in the complex issues of sexual wellness and trauma resolution. I treat a wide range of sexual health concerns from performance anxiety, to infertility, painful sex and affair recovery. I also specialize in complex trauma resolution utilizing EMDR. In particular weight management issues that stem from childhood sexual abuse. Each situation is unique and together we will create a treatment plan that works for you.
(423) 393-2591 View (423) 393-2591
Photo of Steve Knapp, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cleveland, TN
Steve Knapp
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cleveland, TN 37312
Pain is an unavoidable reality in life, but it does not have to have the final word. If we are willing to step into our emerging story, new possibilities of healing and growth become achievable and lead us towards a more meaningful life. Whether it is dealing with the effects of trauma or other negative past life events, persistent or recurrent painful emotions, or a difficult season of life, we all have times where it is hard to find the path forward. But there is a path forward, especially when we are willing to reach out for help.
Pain is an unavoidable reality in life, but it does not have to have the final word. If we are willing to step into our emerging story, new possibilities of healing and growth become achievable and lead us towards a more meaningful life. Whether it is dealing with the effects of trauma or other negative past life events, persistent or recurrent painful emotions, or a difficult season of life, we all have times where it is hard to find the path forward. But there is a path forward, especially when we are willing to reach out for help.
(423) 345-9381 View (423) 345-9381
Photo of Mike Waldrop, Marriage & Family Therapist in Cleveland, TN
Mike Waldrop
Marriage & Family Therapist, MDiv, LMFT, MAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cleveland, TN 37311
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with 23 years of experience of working in the counseling field. My desire is to help individuals, couples, and families in their pursuit of healthy emotional living. In those 23 years, I have had the opportunity to work in several settings- school, church, a psychiatric hospital, and an intensive outpatient program.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with 23 years of experience of working in the counseling field. My desire is to help individuals, couples, and families in their pursuit of healthy emotional living. In those 23 years, I have had the opportunity to work in several settings- school, church, a psychiatric hospital, and an intensive outpatient program.
(423) 888-0302 View (423) 888-0302
Photo of Jessie Culpepper, Counselor in Cleveland, TN
Jessie Culpepper
Counselor, MS
Verified Verified
Cleveland, TN 37312  (Online Only)
I have a Masters in counseling and my goal in life is to help people heal and become whole.
I have a Masters in counseling and my goal in life is to help people heal and become whole.
(423) 561-3639 View (423) 561-3639
Photo of Christine Lawson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cleveland, TN
Christine Lawson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MACMHC, MDiv, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Cleveland, TN 37311  (Online Only)
Depression and anxiety can really affect every area of your life. Reaching out to seek help is sometimes hard, but it is an important step in self-care and healing. My name is Christine Lawson, and in addition to anxiety and depression, I have worked with those who are in crisis due to self-harming behaviors as well as thoughts of suicide. With 15+ years of experience as a special education teacher before refocusing on counseling in 2019, I have also worked extensively with autism, ADHD, learning disabilities and behavior disorders. If you need a safe space to work on those things that are blocking your joy, I'm here for you.
Depression and anxiety can really affect every area of your life. Reaching out to seek help is sometimes hard, but it is an important step in self-care and healing. My name is Christine Lawson, and in addition to anxiety and depression, I have worked with those who are in crisis due to self-harming behaviors as well as thoughts of suicide. With 15+ years of experience as a special education teacher before refocusing on counseling in 2019, I have also worked extensively with autism, ADHD, learning disabilities and behavior disorders. If you need a safe space to work on those things that are blocking your joy, I'm here for you.
(423) 523-8805 View (423) 523-8805
Photo of Leah Nowicki, Counselor in Cleveland, TN
Leah Nowicki
Counselor, MS, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Cleveland, TN 37311
Young adults are my passion! I've worked extensively with this population for the past 14 years as a Professional Counselor, with an approach that is relaxed, genuine, and honest. If you're looking for a counselor who genuinely cares, and will be relatively easy-going, I'm your person! Many clients see me specifically for a Christian approach, and that is also a specialty of mine. You CAN find healing, and this is a safe place to start! Life transitions, moves, women's issues, grief, anxiety, and uncertainty in life are all the areas I've worked with through the years, and I'm more than happy to help you through the same!
Young adults are my passion! I've worked extensively with this population for the past 14 years as a Professional Counselor, with an approach that is relaxed, genuine, and honest. If you're looking for a counselor who genuinely cares, and will be relatively easy-going, I'm your person! Many clients see me specifically for a Christian approach, and that is also a specialty of mine. You CAN find healing, and this is a safe place to start! Life transitions, moves, women's issues, grief, anxiety, and uncertainty in life are all the areas I've worked with through the years, and I'm more than happy to help you through the same!
(423) 515-5361 View (423) 515-5361
Photo of Candace Papke, Counselor in Cleveland, TN
Candace Papke
Counselor, MA, LPC, LMHC, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Cleveland, TN 37312  (Online Only)
It feels like no one understands you. You try to communicate your needs and in turn feel like you are crazy for even sharing. You scroll social media and see others who appear to have it all together and have no worries. You just want to not feel alone. You've done all that you can and feel like you're stuck. But there is help - you don't have to handle it alone. I can work with you and provide you with the support you need.
It feels like no one understands you. You try to communicate your needs and in turn feel like you are crazy for even sharing. You scroll social media and see others who appear to have it all together and have no worries. You just want to not feel alone. You've done all that you can and feel like you're stuck. But there is help - you don't have to handle it alone. I can work with you and provide you with the support you need.
(423) 454-3856 View (423) 454-3856
Photo of Courtney Liljekvist, Marriage & Family Therapist in Cleveland, TN
Courtney Liljekvist
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Cleveland, TN 37312
I work with children (ages 4-12), adolescents, families, and adults. My goal is to offer a safe space to those who are struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, suicidality, low self-esteem, family conflict, or attachment issues. While I like to draw from multiple approaches, including: attachment work, play therapy, mindfulness practices, art therapy, CBT, and family therapy. I ultimately tailor my approach to the needs of the person. Coming to therapy takes a significant step of bravery and I strive to create an environment that promotes acceptance and growth.
I work with children (ages 4-12), adolescents, families, and adults. My goal is to offer a safe space to those who are struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, suicidality, low self-esteem, family conflict, or attachment issues. While I like to draw from multiple approaches, including: attachment work, play therapy, mindfulness practices, art therapy, CBT, and family therapy. I ultimately tailor my approach to the needs of the person. Coming to therapy takes a significant step of bravery and I strive to create an environment that promotes acceptance and growth.
(423) 561-9914 View (423) 561-9914
Photo of Luke Campbell, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cleveland, TN
Luke Campbell
Licensed Professional Counselor, MDiv, MA, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Cleveland, TN 37311
As a clinical counselor and pastor I value creating space for intentional listening to discover and discern how personal uniqueness can find expression within the contours of life. I work collaboratively with individuals, families and adolescents to grow awareness around the stories we tell ourselves. Sometimes these are strong, positively thick stories, and I enjoy celebrating progression with another when this occurs. More often than not in counseling, I find that our normal human experiences bring with them the challenge of embracing life as it actually is.
As a clinical counselor and pastor I value creating space for intentional listening to discover and discern how personal uniqueness can find expression within the contours of life. I work collaboratively with individuals, families and adolescents to grow awareness around the stories we tell ourselves. Sometimes these are strong, positively thick stories, and I enjoy celebrating progression with another when this occurs. More often than not in counseling, I find that our normal human experiences bring with them the challenge of embracing life as it actually is.
(423) 455-9608 View (423) 455-9608
Photo of Rachel La Rea Hatchett, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cleveland, TN
Rachel La Rea Hatchett
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Cleveland, TN 37312
I have worked with children and families for 15 years with the last 5 years being in mental health. I have a desire to help people find their road to healing. I have worked with anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, self-harm, suicidal-ideations, phase of life changes, divorce and self-esteem struggles that often life brings. Together we will work to find your road to healing. I want to work with you to empower you to find the solutions and strength to overcome whatever obstacles you are facing.
I have worked with children and families for 15 years with the last 5 years being in mental health. I have a desire to help people find their road to healing. I have worked with anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, self-harm, suicidal-ideations, phase of life changes, divorce and self-esteem struggles that often life brings. Together we will work to find your road to healing. I want to work with you to empower you to find the solutions and strength to overcome whatever obstacles you are facing.
(423) 497-0841 View (423) 497-0841
Photo of Lauren Finch, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Cleveland, TN
Lauren Finch
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MS, MFT-I, AAMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Cleveland, TN 37312
Connection to ourselves and others gives us a sense of who we are. Feeling disconnected from ourselves can inhibit our intimacy with others. When we take relational risks, shame often lurks in the dark telling us to remain alone would be better - but I want to offer you and your relationships hope that it does not have to always be this way. If you are ready for the hard work, there is hope for you and your relationships.
Connection to ourselves and others gives us a sense of who we are. Feeling disconnected from ourselves can inhibit our intimacy with others. When we take relational risks, shame often lurks in the dark telling us to remain alone would be better - but I want to offer you and your relationships hope that it does not have to always be this way. If you are ready for the hard work, there is hope for you and your relationships.
(423) 454-3969 View (423) 454-3969
Photo of Carpe Diem Self Improvement Center, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cleveland, TN
Carpe Diem Self Improvement Center, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Cleveland, TN 37312
I understand that life doesn't always go as we planned. But unwanted changes don't define us. I see adaptation as one of our greatest abilities. I believe that we are all are entitled to unconditional positive regard and to be met where we are at in the quest to live our best life. I use a Client-centered approach to ensure we progress at a pace that is comfortable for you and helps you bring about your own positive changes.
I understand that life doesn't always go as we planned. But unwanted changes don't define us. I see adaptation as one of our greatest abilities. I believe that we are all are entitled to unconditional positive regard and to be met where we are at in the quest to live our best life. I use a Client-centered approach to ensure we progress at a pace that is comfortable for you and helps you bring about your own positive changes.
(423) 641-8519 View (423) 641-8519
Photo of Hannah Fraser, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Cleveland, TN
Hannah Fraser
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MFTI
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Cleveland, TN 37312
Hello! I am a therapist that specializes in family therapy and therapy for children and teens ages 3-18. I also enjoy working with adults of all ages who are experiencing grief. I believe that children and families are exceptionally resilient. However, there are times when circumstances become too overwhelming to bear alone. Children may have difficulty sharing their emotions verbally and will instead act out, causing stress in the family. My passion is creating a safe space for healing to occur. I have worked with children and families experiencing anxiety, depression, autism (levels 1 and 2), trauma, grief, divorce, and more.
Hello! I am a therapist that specializes in family therapy and therapy for children and teens ages 3-18. I also enjoy working with adults of all ages who are experiencing grief. I believe that children and families are exceptionally resilient. However, there are times when circumstances become too overwhelming to bear alone. Children may have difficulty sharing their emotions verbally and will instead act out, causing stress in the family. My passion is creating a safe space for healing to occur. I have worked with children and families experiencing anxiety, depression, autism (levels 1 and 2), trauma, grief, divorce, and more.
(423) 455-9751 View (423) 455-9751
Photo of Alicia Boggess, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Cleveland, TN
Alicia Boggess
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MS, MFT-I
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Cleveland, TN 37311
As your therapist, my goal will be to build a trusting relationship that allows you to feel safe, heard, seen, and valued so that you have the confidence to take steps towards your individual and relational growth. We will work together to identify the barriers that have left you feeling stuck and disconnected from yourself and others, and seek to create avenues for healthy and fulfilling relationships.
As your therapist, my goal will be to build a trusting relationship that allows you to feel safe, heard, seen, and valued so that you have the confidence to take steps towards your individual and relational growth. We will work together to identify the barriers that have left you feeling stuck and disconnected from yourself and others, and seek to create avenues for healthy and fulfilling relationships.
(423) 454-3722 View (423) 454-3722
Photo of Heal and Hope Counseling Services, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cleveland, TN
Heal and Hope Counseling Services, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, MFT, LPC, CTMH, CCTP
Verified Verified
Cleveland, TN 37312
We are more than a business, we are a ministry to any who come to us in need for help. We have multiple counselors: Glyndora Condon MS MFT LPC CTMH, CCTP EMDRIA ACS: specializing in behavioral, relational (marriage, couple, children, friendships) emotional, trauma, anger, autism, domestic violence, life transitions, dissociative, addictions, and provides certified classes for DV, Anger, A&D, and Parenting; also Kelly Brownlow, MS SW, who specializes Family/Children/Adolescent and behavioral issues. Amanda Teague MSW, trauma and DID; Lakita Quarles, LME; Family, adolescents, A&D issues. Cierra Cannaly MFT-Child and adult, multi-issue
We are more than a business, we are a ministry to any who come to us in need for help. We have multiple counselors: Glyndora Condon MS MFT LPC CTMH, CCTP EMDRIA ACS: specializing in behavioral, relational (marriage, couple, children, friendships) emotional, trauma, anger, autism, domestic violence, life transitions, dissociative, addictions, and provides certified classes for DV, Anger, A&D, and Parenting; also Kelly Brownlow, MS SW, who specializes Family/Children/Adolescent and behavioral issues. Amanda Teague MSW, trauma and DID; Lakita Quarles, LME; Family, adolescents, A&D issues. Cierra Cannaly MFT-Child and adult, multi-issue
(423) 380-0204 View (423) 380-0204
Photo of Making Changes Counseling, PLLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cleveland, TN
Making Changes Counseling, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cleveland, TN 37312
"Many times in life we are faced with challenges that we did not expect or even see coming. We may not have the personal experience or the background to know how to handle or cope with the situation. It may involve a life change or a lot of emotional pain. We may feel that our life will never be the same. We may not know what the next move needs to be. Maybe we just need an environment where we can work through the emotional pain. Maybe it is time to get a new direction in life.
"Many times in life we are faced with challenges that we did not expect or even see coming. We may not have the personal experience or the background to know how to handle or cope with the situation. It may involve a life change or a lot of emotional pain. We may feel that our life will never be the same. We may not know what the next move needs to be. Maybe we just need an environment where we can work through the emotional pain. Maybe it is time to get a new direction in life.
(423) 301-5182 View (423) 301-5182
Photo of Fred J. Smith Jr. in Cleveland, TN
Fred J. Smith Jr.
MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cleveland, TN 37311
I love working with people and especially enjoy offering help to the grieving, hurting, confused and overwhelmed. I am a certified facilitator of the Marriage and Pre-Marital program "Prepare/Enrich" and have worked with countless couples to restore, enhance and enrich their marriage relationships. I have worked with hundreds of college students, teens, adolescent's and their parents since April of 1987. I offer a faith-based approach in counseling but likewise respect the wishes of clients that prefer a non-faith, CBT method at my personal office, and work in a clinical setting under supervision at HMS.
I love working with people and especially enjoy offering help to the grieving, hurting, confused and overwhelmed. I am a certified facilitator of the Marriage and Pre-Marital program "Prepare/Enrich" and have worked with countless couples to restore, enhance and enrich their marriage relationships. I have worked with hundreds of college students, teens, adolescent's and their parents since April of 1987. I offer a faith-based approach in counseling but likewise respect the wishes of clients that prefer a non-faith, CBT method at my personal office, and work in a clinical setting under supervision at HMS.
(423) 455-0979 View (423) 455-0979

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Cleveland, TN

100+

Average cost per session

$100

Therapists in Cleveland, TN who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
80% Relationship Issues
78% Depression
77% Trauma and PTSD
74% Self Esteem
72% Stress
69% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

89% Cigna and Evernorth
68% Aetna
57% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Cleveland, TN see their clients

91% In Person and Online
9% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
26% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Cleveland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.