Psychoanalytic Therapists in Fuquay Varina, NC

Photo of Suzanna Marie Nagy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fuquay Varina, NC
Suzanna Marie Nagy
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fuquay Varina, NC 27526
My approach combines holistic, person-centered, and psychoanalytic therapies.
I work with individual adult/child clients and couples who are facing anxiety, depression, life transitions, loss, trauma, ADHD, Bipolar disorder, and challenges at work or in relationships. I have counseled adults, couples, and groups in community-based and school-based mental health, as well as private practice. I have also conducted in-depth research on trauma, hopelessness, empathy, attachment, and intimacy. Above all, I believe that my clients, not I, hold the key to their growth and that emotional pain and anxiety, when given respect and non-judgmental attention, can often provide some of the best opportunities for learning.
My approach combines holistic, person-centered, and psychoanalytic therapies.
I work with individual adult/child clients and couples who are facing anxiety, depression, life transitions, loss, trauma, ADHD, Bipolar disorder, and challenges at work or in relationships. I have counseled adults, couples, and groups in community-based and school-based mental health, as well as private practice. I have also conducted in-depth research on trauma, hopelessness, empathy, attachment, and intimacy. Above all, I believe that my clients, not I, hold the key to their growth and that emotional pain and anxiety, when given respect and non-judgmental attention, can often provide some of the best opportunities for learning.
(919) 373-6795 View (919) 373-6795
Photo of New Moon Counseling and Wellness PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fuquay Varina, NC
New Moon Counseling and Wellness PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fuquay Varina, NC 27526
Hello! My passion is working with clients to help them reach their goals of self-love, acceptance, and establishing a life that they love - which looks different for everyone! We will first work to build our therapeutic alliance, then begin to identify and explore cyclical behaviors, patterns, and past experiences that are currently impacting your life. Through the practice of unconditional positive regard, you are completely accepted for wherever you are emotionally - whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, impulsivity, self-esteem, and more. Allow me to meet you where you are and walk alongside you in healing.
Hello! My passion is working with clients to help them reach their goals of self-love, acceptance, and establishing a life that they love - which looks different for everyone! We will first work to build our therapeutic alliance, then begin to identify and explore cyclical behaviors, patterns, and past experiences that are currently impacting your life. Through the practice of unconditional positive regard, you are completely accepted for wherever you are emotionally - whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, impulsivity, self-esteem, and more. Allow me to meet you where you are and walk alongside you in healing.
(919) 426-2672 View (919) 426-2672
Photo of Emily Childress, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fuquay Varina, NC
Emily Childress
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fuquay Varina, NC 27526
Not accepting new clients at this time. Therapy for trauma, anxiety, phobias, depression, grief, eating disorders, and difficulty in relationships. A therapist can be someone separate from friends and family who offers a listening ear while remaining empathetic, curious, nonjudgmental, and objective.
Not accepting new clients at this time. Therapy for trauma, anxiety, phobias, depression, grief, eating disorders, and difficulty in relationships. A therapist can be someone separate from friends and family who offers a listening ear while remaining empathetic, curious, nonjudgmental, and objective.
(984) 203-9064 View (984) 203-9064

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Integrity Counseling & Wellness, PLLC in Fuquay Varina, NC
Integrity Counseling & Wellness, PLLC
LCMHCS
Verified Verified
Holly Springs, NC 27540
Accepting New Patients Immediately! Our counselors utilize an integrative approach to therapy and strive to create a trusting and open counseling environment. We are experienced in treating depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and many other concerns. Your comfort with self-expression is a top priority, so you will find our counselors are inviting and non-judgmental with those whom they serve. We enjoy providing new insight and guidance and prove to be individualized in meeting each client's needs.
Accepting New Patients Immediately! Our counselors utilize an integrative approach to therapy and strive to create a trusting and open counseling environment. We are experienced in treating depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and many other concerns. Your comfort with self-expression is a top priority, so you will find our counselors are inviting and non-judgmental with those whom they serve. We enjoy providing new insight and guidance and prove to be individualized in meeting each client's needs.
(919) 372-0850 View (919) 372-0850
Photo of Geoffrey Stagg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fuquay Varina, NC
Geoffrey Stagg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, ADHD-, CCSP
Verified Verified
Holly Springs, NC 27540
I am looking to help any individual who expresses a want, or a desire, for a change in their life. I want to be able to assist others on their journey towards growth and happiness. To be able to work together to identify what helps the individual as it relates to their specific self.
I am looking to help any individual who expresses a want, or a desire, for a change in their life. I want to be able to assist others on their journey towards growth and happiness. To be able to work together to identify what helps the individual as it relates to their specific self.
(919) 346-0080 x4 View (919) 346-0080 x4
Photo of Wendy Lehnertz, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fuquay Varina, NC
Wendy Lehnertz
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27603
As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I believe it's not only important but essential for individuals and couples to have a safe, non-judgemental space to share and work through problems. I have nearly twenty years of experience working with individuals and couples struggling with destructive relationship patterns, post traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, sexual and intimacy disruptions (such as infidelity, sexual addiction, past sexual abuse, etc), trauma and abuse, domestic violence, depression, and grief.
As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I believe it's not only important but essential for individuals and couples to have a safe, non-judgemental space to share and work through problems. I have nearly twenty years of experience working with individuals and couples struggling with destructive relationship patterns, post traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, sexual and intimacy disruptions (such as infidelity, sexual addiction, past sexual abuse, etc), trauma and abuse, domestic violence, depression, and grief.
(919) 343-9011 View (919) 343-9011
Photo of Stonebridge Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fuquay Varina, NC
Stonebridge Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, PLLC
Verified Verified
Holly Springs, NC 27540
Asking for help is the first step towards feeling better and leading a happier, healthier life. Mental health is an important part of overall well-being. Most of us, at one time or another, are impacted by mental health concerns. We have therapists that treat adults, children, and teens. If you don't even know where to start call or e-mail the office and we will help guide you in choosing the right therapist and check your insurance benefits. To learn more about each of our therapists and their individual specialties, please visit our website www.sbcounseling.com/therapists
Asking for help is the first step towards feeling better and leading a happier, healthier life. Mental health is an important part of overall well-being. Most of us, at one time or another, are impacted by mental health concerns. We have therapists that treat adults, children, and teens. If you don't even know where to start call or e-mail the office and we will help guide you in choosing the right therapist and check your insurance benefits. To learn more about each of our therapists and their individual specialties, please visit our website www.sbcounseling.com/therapists
(919) 434-6398 View (919) 434-6398
Photo of Stacy Baker, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Fuquay Varina, NC
Stacy Baker
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27539  (Online Only)
You’re holding it together with duck tape and happy thoughts. From being everybody’s everything: therapist, sage, cheerleader, caregiver, warrior. Even their villain. Sometimes you find yourself pondering ‘how did I get here.’ You believed. Knew, even. Life, your life, would be- different. You can’t put your finger on what it is...and then. Swoosh! Like pulling the ripcord on a parachute. In all of your quests for knowledge, climbing in your industry, and doing, well, life. You realize you’re scared, lonely, and hidden. You’re constantly overthinking, overdoing, and you’re fuckin over it. You desire more from your exchanges.
You’re holding it together with duck tape and happy thoughts. From being everybody’s everything: therapist, sage, cheerleader, caregiver, warrior. Even their villain. Sometimes you find yourself pondering ‘how did I get here.’ You believed. Knew, even. Life, your life, would be- different. You can’t put your finger on what it is...and then. Swoosh! Like pulling the ripcord on a parachute. In all of your quests for knowledge, climbing in your industry, and doing, well, life. You realize you’re scared, lonely, and hidden. You’re constantly overthinking, overdoing, and you’re fuckin over it. You desire more from your exchanges.
(984) 231-8492 View (984) 231-8492
Photo of Joan Stauffer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fuquay Varina, NC
Joan Stauffer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Holly Springs, NC 27540
​I have 13+ years of experience in providing individual, family, & group mental health therapy to adults, with specialties in geriatric mental health & post-traumatic stress. Other areas of interest include, anxiety, chronic mood symptoms, obsessive compulsive disorder, caregiver stress, dementia processes, co-occurring illnesses, grief & loss, & trauma.
​I have 13+ years of experience in providing individual, family, & group mental health therapy to adults, with specialties in geriatric mental health & post-traumatic stress. Other areas of interest include, anxiety, chronic mood symptoms, obsessive compulsive disorder, caregiver stress, dementia processes, co-occurring illnesses, grief & loss, & trauma.
(919) 336-0798 View (919) 336-0798
Photo of Adam Carlson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fuquay Varina, NC
Adam Carlson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCASA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Holly Springs, NC 27540  (Online Only)
I am a neurodivergent therapist and my neurotype, ADHD, informs my therapy style. I'll follow you down those rabbit holes and tangents, reign it in when necessary, and keep an eye out for connections and common themes related to your goals for therapy. I'm all about personal agency and autonomy. I believe YOU have the answers and solutions inside you already, it's just a matter of finding them!
I am a neurodivergent therapist and my neurotype, ADHD, informs my therapy style. I'll follow you down those rabbit holes and tangents, reign it in when necessary, and keep an eye out for connections and common themes related to your goals for therapy. I'm all about personal agency and autonomy. I believe YOU have the answers and solutions inside you already, it's just a matter of finding them!
(252) 512-4407 View (252) 512-4407
Photo of John Martin Swails, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fuquay Varina, NC
John Martin Swails
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, DBTC, Apr Sup
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27603
When to ask for help: Are you feeling overwhelmed? ​ Are you experiencing nightmares, flashbacks, and trouble sleeping at nights? ​ Are you anxious, irritable, and withdrawn from others and activities you once enjoyed? ​ Are you having thoughts of harming yourself or someone else? ​ Have you recently experienced grief or loss? ​ Are you having feelings of hopelessness, diminished self-worth and sadness most days? ​ Are you finding it difficult to focus, trouble concentrating, and plagued with negative thoughts on a daily basis? ​ Are you experiencing relationship issues? Are you having feelings of hopelessness, low self esteem?
When to ask for help: Are you feeling overwhelmed? ​ Are you experiencing nightmares, flashbacks, and trouble sleeping at nights? ​ Are you anxious, irritable, and withdrawn from others and activities you once enjoyed? ​ Are you having thoughts of harming yourself or someone else? ​ Have you recently experienced grief or loss? ​ Are you having feelings of hopelessness, diminished self-worth and sadness most days? ​ Are you finding it difficult to focus, trouble concentrating, and plagued with negative thoughts on a daily basis? ​ Are you experiencing relationship issues? Are you having feelings of hopelessness, low self esteem?
(984) 459-7677 View (984) 459-7677
Photo of MBS Restorative Centre PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fuquay Varina, NC
MBS Restorative Centre PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
Apex, NC 27539  (Online Only)
Has life challenges, left you feeling overwhelm, unable to cope? MBS Restorative Centre employs a holistic approach of psycho-therapy counseling by incorporating the mind, body and spirit. Strength is the ability to recognize when to ask for help as asking for helping is the number one coping skill MBS Restorative Centre is a three clinicians, you can visit our website at MBs Restorative Centre Instagram.
Has life challenges, left you feeling overwhelm, unable to cope? MBS Restorative Centre employs a holistic approach of psycho-therapy counseling by incorporating the mind, body and spirit. Strength is the ability to recognize when to ask for help as asking for helping is the number one coping skill MBS Restorative Centre is a three clinicians, you can visit our website at MBs Restorative Centre Instagram.
(919) 336-0334 View (919) 336-0334
Photo of Viveck Patel, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Fuquay Varina, NC
Viveck Patel
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LMFTA
Verified Verified
Holly Springs, NC 27540
Clients tend to focus on the problem and want to "fix" the problem and reach their end goal. What I try to challenge my clients here is that instead of focusing on the problem, let us try focusing on solutions. Instead of focusing on an end goal, let us try walking through this life changing journey together. As a therapist, a positive therapeutic relationship and patience is key to fully understand and slowly opening up the shell of vulnerability. Once the client has allowed the therapist into their vulnerability, positive change can start to occur.
Clients tend to focus on the problem and want to "fix" the problem and reach their end goal. What I try to challenge my clients here is that instead of focusing on the problem, let us try focusing on solutions. Instead of focusing on an end goal, let us try walking through this life changing journey together. As a therapist, a positive therapeutic relationship and patience is key to fully understand and slowly opening up the shell of vulnerability. Once the client has allowed the therapist into their vulnerability, positive change can start to occur.
(984) 464-4970 View (984) 464-4970
Photo of Johanna E Bridges, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Fuquay Varina, NC
Johanna E Bridges
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Angier, NC 27501  (Online Only)
Johanna Bridges is a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor with 20 years of experience. The majority of the clients she works with are experiencing transitions in their lives; divorce or marriage, retirement, grief from loss, and work transitions, just to name a few. From her many years of experience, Johanna has had the opportunity to work in the areas of military, relationships, life plans, trauma, and sexual issues. She has developed a passion for helping people and meeting them where they are today. Johanna specializes in anxiety, depression, grief, relationship issues, transition next steps/plans, and trauma.
Johanna Bridges is a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor with 20 years of experience. The majority of the clients she works with are experiencing transitions in their lives; divorce or marriage, retirement, grief from loss, and work transitions, just to name a few. From her many years of experience, Johanna has had the opportunity to work in the areas of military, relationships, life plans, trauma, and sexual issues. She has developed a passion for helping people and meeting them where they are today. Johanna specializes in anxiety, depression, grief, relationship issues, transition next steps/plans, and trauma.
(984) 265-8391 View (984) 265-8391
Photo of Jennifer Medina, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fuquay Varina, NC
Jennifer Medina
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27603
Not accepting new clients
With over 20 years experience working with children and families in services pertaining to child protection, domestic violence, mental health, and intensive family-based services for children, I have extensive experience working with various challenges people often face. Some of these include: various forms of trauma, behavioral concerns, mood disorders, ADHD, Autistic spectrum disorders, relationship struggles within families, adoption, parenting concerns, and mental health concerns of individuals of all ages.
With over 20 years experience working with children and families in services pertaining to child protection, domestic violence, mental health, and intensive family-based services for children, I have extensive experience working with various challenges people often face. Some of these include: various forms of trauma, behavioral concerns, mood disorders, ADHD, Autistic spectrum disorders, relationship struggles within families, adoption, parenting concerns, and mental health concerns of individuals of all ages.
(919) 883-4590 View (919) 883-4590

Online Therapists

Photo of Alies Barton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fuquay Varina, NC
Alies Barton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RYT-200
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27617
Waitlist for new clients
After receiving my master’s degree, I completed a psychoanalytic psychotherapy program to further my education.
I see people of all identities and backgrounds. Those who struggle with anxiety, depression, addiction, trauma, stress, and self-esteem. I use an emotionally-focused, psychotherapeutic approach. Psychotherapy is a form of treatment in which self-exploration leads to self-insight. Through the therapy process, it is my mission to promote emotional well-being, positive interpersonal relationships, and a better awareness to one’s inner world. I am registered as a yoga teacher through Yoga Alliance and like to incorporate a mind-body approach in therapy. Mindful movement and meditation is a great way to soothe the nervous system.
After receiving my master’s degree, I completed a psychoanalytic psychotherapy program to further my education.
I see people of all identities and backgrounds. Those who struggle with anxiety, depression, addiction, trauma, stress, and self-esteem. I use an emotionally-focused, psychotherapeutic approach. Psychotherapy is a form of treatment in which self-exploration leads to self-insight. Through the therapy process, it is my mission to promote emotional well-being, positive interpersonal relationships, and a better awareness to one’s inner world. I am registered as a yoga teacher through Yoga Alliance and like to incorporate a mind-body approach in therapy. Mindful movement and meditation is a great way to soothe the nervous system.
(984) 646-5595 x4 View (984) 646-5595 x4
Photo of Rachel Garfield, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Fuquay Varina, NC
Rachel Garfield
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Southern Pines, NC 28387
If you are feeling stuck or alone, we will collaborate to find the best approach for you. I’m Psychoanalytic/Attachment based and believe in balance between insight and action. I specialize in the treatment of trauma, chronic pain, anxiety, addiction and relationships with adults with the goal of healing the client's relationship within themselves and with others. We will work through your past to free you in the present. If you feel isolated, or trapped in the same repetitive, negative patterns or relationships there is a solution and there is hope. We will work together so that you can find Joy and be free to move forward.
If you are feeling stuck or alone, we will collaborate to find the best approach for you. I’m Psychoanalytic/Attachment based and believe in balance between insight and action. I specialize in the treatment of trauma, chronic pain, anxiety, addiction and relationships with adults with the goal of healing the client's relationship within themselves and with others. We will work through your past to free you in the present. If you feel isolated, or trapped in the same repetitive, negative patterns or relationships there is a solution and there is hope. We will work together so that you can find Joy and be free to move forward.
(919) 535-4925 View (919) 535-4925
Photo of David M Franzen, Pastoral Counselor in Fuquay Varina, NC
David M Franzen
Pastoral Counselor, MDiv, ThM, DMin
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27705
My highest priority is to respect the integrity, faith and values of each person. I work with a variety of people and have an extensive psychodynamic and psychoanalytic background, advanced degrees in Psychology and Theology, and decades of clinical experience with persons and families in crisis. I welcome clients from any (or no) faith tradition. I have decades of experience working with people struggling with loss, grief, anxiety, depression and relationship issues. Visit me at www.drdavidfranzen.com. I'd be honored to walk alongside you as you journey toward greater wholeness, and health.
My highest priority is to respect the integrity, faith and values of each person. I work with a variety of people and have an extensive psychodynamic and psychoanalytic background, advanced degrees in Psychology and Theology, and decades of clinical experience with persons and families in crisis. I welcome clients from any (or no) faith tradition. I have decades of experience working with people struggling with loss, grief, anxiety, depression and relationship issues. Visit me at www.drdavidfranzen.com. I'd be honored to walk alongside you as you journey toward greater wholeness, and health.
(919) 561-6118 View (919) 561-6118
Photo of Elizabeth Lansing, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fuquay Varina, NC
Elizabeth Lansing
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Carrboro, NC 27510
I tailor my approach to each individual using a combination of contemporary psychoanalytic psychotherapy, psycho-education, cognitive-behavioral approaches and supportive therapy in a collaborative effort with clients.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in NC. I collaborate with clients to develop creative solutions to problems and shift difficult emotions. I work with people from different backgrounds and with a variety of life experiences. I believe people are creative, unique and resilient and what we often require is the space and opportunity to explore and reflect upon what we already know. I work with adults and adolescents with anxiety, depression, mood disorders, self-esteem issues, grief, family conflict, struggles with independence/dependency, changes in living situation, chronic health issues.
I tailor my approach to each individual using a combination of contemporary psychoanalytic psychotherapy, psycho-education, cognitive-behavioral approaches and supportive therapy in a collaborative effort with clients.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in NC. I collaborate with clients to develop creative solutions to problems and shift difficult emotions. I work with people from different backgrounds and with a variety of life experiences. I believe people are creative, unique and resilient and what we often require is the space and opportunity to explore and reflect upon what we already know. I work with adults and adolescents with anxiety, depression, mood disorders, self-esteem issues, grief, family conflict, struggles with independence/dependency, changes in living situation, chronic health issues.
(919) 629-9879 View (919) 629-9879
Photo of Jeff DeRoche, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fuquay Varina, NC
Jeff DeRoche
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
In addition to psychoanalytic therapy, I have received specialized training in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy (AEDP), and Somatic Experiencing.
People often engage with therapy when life feels out of balance: there’s a sadness or disconnectedness they can’t shake, or a mind so active it seems impossible to slow down; there are problems with romantic or sexual desire; there are questions about who one is, what one wants, or even how to want in the first place. My approach to therapy is primarily psychoanalytic. I listen closely to language, helping people hear and understand themselves in radically new ways. I also work to help people discover more intentional and effective modes of relating — to thought, emotion, physiology, and other people.
In addition to psychoanalytic therapy, I have received specialized training in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy (AEDP), and Somatic Experiencing.
People often engage with therapy when life feels out of balance: there’s a sadness or disconnectedness they can’t shake, or a mind so active it seems impossible to slow down; there are problems with romantic or sexual desire; there are questions about who one is, what one wants, or even how to want in the first place. My approach to therapy is primarily psychoanalytic. I listen closely to language, helping people hear and understand themselves in radically new ways. I also work to help people discover more intentional and effective modes of relating — to thought, emotion, physiology, and other people.
(919) 525-3455 View (919) 525-3455

See more therapy options for Fuquay Varina

Psychoanalytic Therapists

Does psychoanalytic therapy work?

Psychoanalytic therapy derives from the work of Sigmund Freud. In this type of therapy, discovering buried thoughts and emotions from the unconscious will help a person work through their difficulties and negative behaviors. Research shows that psychoanalytic therapy can be highly effective, with patients reporting improvement in mood, quality of life, and overall well-being.

How long are people typically in psychoanalytic therapy?

Traditional psychoanalysis is in-depth and is conducted in five sessions every week. Today, modern psychoanalytic therapy is less intense and normally incorporates as few as one or two sessions a week. In some cases, positive change can occur quickly. However, if the condition, difficulty, or behavior is deep-seated, improvement may require many months or years of therapy.

Is psychoanalytic therapy suitable for young people?

Children and adolescents can benefit from this type of therapy. Many kids and teens are often unable to form and communicate their thoughts and emotions. Psychoanalytic therapy uses specific techniques such as dream analysis, symbolism, and free association or word association; all of which can be useful tools for less-communicative young people. Through this therapy, a patient will hopefully make connections between what they feel inside and how the world works outside.

Can psychoanalytic therapy be done online?

Modern-day psychoanalytic therapy is very different from traditional psychoanalysis. While an individual can sit face-to-face with the psychoanalyst for multiple sessions a week, they do not have to. Today, psychoanalytic therapy can be effectively conducted online or by phone. The key is that the individual confronts what is repressed and avoided, and this can be done whether in person or over online video.