Therapists in Atlanta, GA

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Photo of Seeds of New Beginnings Mental Health Agency in Atlanta, GA
Seeds of New Beginnings Mental Health Agency
ICADC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30337
Seeds of New Beginnings Mental Health Agency consist of skilled and credentialed professionals who assist individuals and families dealing with depression, grief, anxiety, stress, and anger management issues. We offer couple's therapy, marriage therapy, and substance use help therapy including harm reduction strategies. Most of our clients have been dealing with increased anxiety due to the result of the pandemic and loss of family members. We also have clients who endured bullying which has impacted their self-confidence and self-esteem. Our specialist has served the population struggling with addiction to alcohol and drug use.
Seeds of New Beginnings Mental Health Agency consist of skilled and credentialed professionals who assist individuals and families dealing with depression, grief, anxiety, stress, and anger management issues. We offer couple's therapy, marriage therapy, and substance use help therapy including harm reduction strategies. Most of our clients have been dealing with increased anxiety due to the result of the pandemic and loss of family members. We also have clients who endured bullying which has impacted their self-confidence and self-esteem. Our specialist has served the population struggling with addiction to alcohol and drug use.
(678) 562-6392 View (678) 562-6392
Photo of Christina M Grange, Psychologist in Atlanta, GA
Christina M Grange
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30307
Everyone deserves the opportunity to thrive. I work to help clients achieve psychological wellness and experience their lives with a sense of peace, satisfaction, and hope. I promote clients' ability to identify their goals, achieve them, and ultimately create the life they want. I use various cognitive behavioral strategies to promote strengths, while empowering clients to recognize, understand, and adaptively manage life's challenges. I know that life is challenging - full of highs and lows. I also know that within the context of supportive relationships and with sincere efforts, people can thrive.
Everyone deserves the opportunity to thrive. I work to help clients achieve psychological wellness and experience their lives with a sense of peace, satisfaction, and hope. I promote clients' ability to identify their goals, achieve them, and ultimately create the life they want. I use various cognitive behavioral strategies to promote strengths, while empowering clients to recognize, understand, and adaptively manage life's challenges. I know that life is challenging - full of highs and lows. I also know that within the context of supportive relationships and with sincere efforts, people can thrive.
(770) 766-4721 View (770) 766-4721
Photo of Theresa Fillingim, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Theresa Fillingim
Licensed Professional Counselor, MDiv, LPC, CACII
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30303  (Online Only)
Clients who are struggling with addiction, trauma, anxiety and depression. Clients who want to feel happier and healthier and are willing to learn coping skills to experiences wellness emotionally, mentally, physically and spiritually. Clients who struggle with their faith. Clients who are wanting to improve their relationships with themselves, with their bodies in order to feel more balanced, more energetic, feeling happier, with better decision making skills. Clients who are wanting to improve interpersonal relationships by developing healthy boundaries with others and developing a spiritual connection.
Clients who are struggling with addiction, trauma, anxiety and depression. Clients who want to feel happier and healthier and are willing to learn coping skills to experiences wellness emotionally, mentally, physically and spiritually. Clients who struggle with their faith. Clients who are wanting to improve their relationships with themselves, with their bodies in order to feel more balanced, more energetic, feeling happier, with better decision making skills. Clients who are wanting to improve interpersonal relationships by developing healthy boundaries with others and developing a spiritual connection.
(470) 745-4609 View (470) 745-4609
Photo of Diane Hilleary, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Atlanta, GA
Diane Hilleary
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CEDS-S
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30329
With the right kind of support, meaningful change is possible. I know it takes a lot of courage to reach out for help and therefore I want to make sure you get what you need. With that in mind, I tailor my therapeutic approach to each individual and will work with you to develop goals for your therapy. My work is grounded in the belief that everyone deserves to be heard and understood and understanding is the first step to change. I believe through supportive therapy, you can live differently and experience life in a more peaceful and fulfilling way.
With the right kind of support, meaningful change is possible. I know it takes a lot of courage to reach out for help and therefore I want to make sure you get what you need. With that in mind, I tailor my therapeutic approach to each individual and will work with you to develop goals for your therapy. My work is grounded in the belief that everyone deserves to be heard and understood and understanding is the first step to change. I believe through supportive therapy, you can live differently and experience life in a more peaceful and fulfilling way.
(678) 408-4610 View (678) 408-4610
Photo of Rachael Lewis, Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Rachael Lewis
Counselor, MA, CMHC, APC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30339
I am eager to help individuals navigate their mental health challenges. My approach is rooted in warmth, humor, and empathy. I enjoy working with teens, young adults, college students, and BIPOC individuals. My speciality is empowering black women and femmes through vulnerability and self compassion. I want to help to challenge stigmas and empower individuals while encouraging openness and vulnerability. I am committed to assisting individuals with a variety of issues, including anxiety, depression, self esteem, identity, life transitions, stress management, and grief.
I am eager to help individuals navigate their mental health challenges. My approach is rooted in warmth, humor, and empathy. I enjoy working with teens, young adults, college students, and BIPOC individuals. My speciality is empowering black women and femmes through vulnerability and self compassion. I want to help to challenge stigmas and empower individuals while encouraging openness and vulnerability. I am committed to assisting individuals with a variety of issues, including anxiety, depression, self esteem, identity, life transitions, stress management, and grief.
(770) 285-1240 View (770) 285-1240
Photo of Shannon Shelton, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Shannon Shelton
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CRC, NCC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30309
Are you in an unsatisfying job and dreaming of a fulfilling career? Or, perhaps you exited the workforce to raise a family or re-evaluate your purpose and would like some guidance. Maybe you are graduating from college or a vocational program and wondering, what now? Is it possible that you like your career or your company, but you want to level up and need some guidance. Sometimes life's complicated circumstances can weigh you down. I understand how frustrating it can be to feel stuck or confused about where to turn next.
Are you in an unsatisfying job and dreaming of a fulfilling career? Or, perhaps you exited the workforce to raise a family or re-evaluate your purpose and would like some guidance. Maybe you are graduating from college or a vocational program and wondering, what now? Is it possible that you like your career or your company, but you want to level up and need some guidance. Sometimes life's complicated circumstances can weigh you down. I understand how frustrating it can be to feel stuck or confused about where to turn next.
(404) 537-5692 View (404) 537-5692
Photo of Nicole Rubin, Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Nicole Rubin
Counselor, Counsel, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30328
Sometimes the families that look perfect on the outside struggle behind closed doors. Moms are grappling to make picture-perfect Pinterest parties for kids who barely speak to them, make sure her parents can still live independently, connect to husbands who are trying to succeed amid the stresses of work, all while surpassing expectations at the office. It's hard to explain to your teenager why they should have to work for their trip to Europe because it builds "character", in a Kardashian society.
Sometimes the families that look perfect on the outside struggle behind closed doors. Moms are grappling to make picture-perfect Pinterest parties for kids who barely speak to them, make sure her parents can still live independently, connect to husbands who are trying to succeed amid the stresses of work, all while surpassing expectations at the office. It's hard to explain to your teenager why they should have to work for their trip to Europe because it builds "character", in a Kardashian society.
(678) 568-2701 View (678) 568-2701
Photo of Paul Smith, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Paul Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, ACS, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30305
I assist clients through life transitions, especially in the areas of significant loss and career challenges. I hope to provide a caring and therapeutic environment that empowers you to explore yourself and life circumstances in new ways. I strive to help you develop new insights and seek creative solutions to help get “unstuck” wherever you are at in your life. I draw from a diversity of theoretical perspectives to cater the counseling experience to your needs and socio-cultural context (e.g., client-centered, existential, narrative, and cognitive-behavioral). Also, I am an Assistant Professor at University of North Georgia.
I assist clients through life transitions, especially in the areas of significant loss and career challenges. I hope to provide a caring and therapeutic environment that empowers you to explore yourself and life circumstances in new ways. I strive to help you develop new insights and seek creative solutions to help get “unstuck” wherever you are at in your life. I draw from a diversity of theoretical perspectives to cater the counseling experience to your needs and socio-cultural context (e.g., client-centered, existential, narrative, and cognitive-behavioral). Also, I am an Assistant Professor at University of North Georgia.
(404) 495-5761 View (404) 495-5761
Photo of Jenay Hicks, Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Jenay Hicks
Counselor, MS, LAPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30307
Waitlist for new clients
As a client-centered therapist, I believe in the human capacity to "self-actualize." In psychology, self-actualization is achieved when you're able to reach your full potential. I have learned that we are more alike than different in this work. Most people want to feel seen, heard, loved, valued, protected, and connected. Where one is missing, there is usually an amplification in anxiety. I am in the empathy business. I use connection and evidence-based treatments, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), to help clients clarify their "why" and navigate a path to deeper fulfillment—professionally and personally.
As a client-centered therapist, I believe in the human capacity to "self-actualize." In psychology, self-actualization is achieved when you're able to reach your full potential. I have learned that we are more alike than different in this work. Most people want to feel seen, heard, loved, valued, protected, and connected. Where one is missing, there is usually an amplification in anxiety. I am in the empathy business. I use connection and evidence-based treatments, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), to help clients clarify their "why" and navigate a path to deeper fulfillment—professionally and personally.
(678) 928-5081 View (678) 928-5081
Photo of Tyundreya Lindsey, Marriage & Family Therapist in Atlanta, GA
Tyundreya Lindsey
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30315
My name is Tyundreya Lindsey and I'm a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the state of Georgia. I have been in the mental health field for 8 years and I've worked with a diverse population, including mental health and substance abuse. My approach is centered around narrative (everyone wants to be heard) and solution-focused (moving past the issue) therapy. My passion is working with individuals and/or couples surrounding relationships; whether it be romantic, work, church, friends, etc.
My name is Tyundreya Lindsey and I'm a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the state of Georgia. I have been in the mental health field for 8 years and I've worked with a diverse population, including mental health and substance abuse. My approach is centered around narrative (everyone wants to be heard) and solution-focused (moving past the issue) therapy. My passion is working with individuals and/or couples surrounding relationships; whether it be romantic, work, church, friends, etc.
(678) 331-5177 View (678) 331-5177
Photo of Peter Hauge, Psychologist in Atlanta, GA
Peter Hauge
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30308
*Currently accepting new clients* Lots of people know that they need to make a shift or change in their lives but need a warm, supportive therapist and a chance to lean into the difficult areas of their lives. I’m an especially good fit for folks who appreciate the use of humor and lightheartedness in the work, but also want to move deeper and connect with themselves and their emotions in new ways, instead of always having to compartmentalize or “tough it out” with their emotions. My areas of clinical focus include therapy for men and mindfulness practices, but I also work well with lots of different people.
*Currently accepting new clients* Lots of people know that they need to make a shift or change in their lives but need a warm, supportive therapist and a chance to lean into the difficult areas of their lives. I’m an especially good fit for folks who appreciate the use of humor and lightheartedness in the work, but also want to move deeper and connect with themselves and their emotions in new ways, instead of always having to compartmentalize or “tough it out” with their emotions. My areas of clinical focus include therapy for men and mindfulness practices, but I also work well with lots of different people.
(678) 679-8073 View (678) 679-8073
Photo of Tamieka Loftley, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Tamieka Loftley
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30303  (Online Only)
I am licensed in Georgia with 9 years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with coping with grief and loss, anger management, motivation, self esteem, and confidence, & depression.
I am licensed in Georgia with 9 years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with coping with grief and loss, anger management, motivation, self esteem, and confidence, & depression.
(470) 441-4394 View (470) 441-4394
Photo of Breanna Perry, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Atlanta, GA
Breanna Perry
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30345  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Master Social Worker who specializes in trauma-related disorders, depression, anxiety and mood disorders. I am passionate about helping adults, couples, families and teens, navigate a wide array of social, behavioral and emotional challenges from a person-centered strengths-based approach. The direction of your treatment will always be guided by your preferences, values and goals! I am fortunate to have gained a diverse set of specialized training in a short period of time in the field. have worked as a clinician in community mental health serving women and families, the BIPOC community with substance abuse.
I am a Licensed Master Social Worker who specializes in trauma-related disorders, depression, anxiety and mood disorders. I am passionate about helping adults, couples, families and teens, navigate a wide array of social, behavioral and emotional challenges from a person-centered strengths-based approach. The direction of your treatment will always be guided by your preferences, values and goals! I am fortunate to have gained a diverse set of specialized training in a short period of time in the field. have worked as a clinician in community mental health serving women and families, the BIPOC community with substance abuse.
(404) 737-2524 View (404) 737-2524
Photo of Jonathan Standish, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Jonathan Standish
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CST
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30308
I am committed to helping individuals and their partners overcome relationship, sex, and intimacy concerns. I welcome the opportunity to work with a diverse array of individuals from varying ages, sexual orientations, gender identities, relationship dynamics, and racial and cultural backgrounds. I have experience working with a variety of presenting concerns such as anxiety, depression, substance abuse, and trauma. I also have a passion for working with LGBTIQ related concerns such as coming out, transitioning, sexual health, and HIV/AIDS.
I am committed to helping individuals and their partners overcome relationship, sex, and intimacy concerns. I welcome the opportunity to work with a diverse array of individuals from varying ages, sexual orientations, gender identities, relationship dynamics, and racial and cultural backgrounds. I have experience working with a variety of presenting concerns such as anxiety, depression, substance abuse, and trauma. I also have a passion for working with LGBTIQ related concerns such as coming out, transitioning, sexual health, and HIV/AIDS.
(678) 723-4652 View (678) 723-4652
Shawnta Clarke
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30303  (Online Only)
Greetings, I am a licensed therapist based in Georgia, holding a Master's degree from Capella University and an Ed.S. from Valdosta University.
Greetings, I am a licensed therapist based in Georgia, holding a Master's degree from Capella University and an Ed.S. from Valdosta University.
(470) 771-7542 View (470) 771-7542
Photo of Jennifer Frisco Bartl, Marriage & Family Therapist in Atlanta, GA
Jennifer Frisco Bartl
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30316  (Online Only)
Are you are stuck in a job you hate, aren’t sure if you should stay in your current relationship, or just feel in a “funk” from time to time? If so, therapy is for you. I use a solution-focused approach to help you find the answers you are looking for. I enjoy working with adults (and older teens) who can’t quite figure out how to live their best lives. I specialize in couples – before marriage, when you still have stars in your eyes, after marriage when things are a bit harder than you thought they’d be, and towards the potential end of marriage, when you need to make the tough decision to either stay together or not.
Are you are stuck in a job you hate, aren’t sure if you should stay in your current relationship, or just feel in a “funk” from time to time? If so, therapy is for you. I use a solution-focused approach to help you find the answers you are looking for. I enjoy working with adults (and older teens) who can’t quite figure out how to live their best lives. I specialize in couples – before marriage, when you still have stars in your eyes, after marriage when things are a bit harder than you thought they’d be, and towards the potential end of marriage, when you need to make the tough decision to either stay together or not.
(678) 931-8843 View (678) 931-8843
Photo of Clarence W Massie Jr, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Clarence W Massie Jr
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, PhD, MS, ICADC, MAC, CADC-II
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30331
Finding someone who makes you feel understood is often challenging even in a therapeutic setting. I work collaboratively with clients, and emphasize an empathic client-therapist relationship. I have a very simple approach to therapy which is to understand your dreams, together set goals with you to achieve those dreams, and to teach you coping skills to manage the difficult challenges you are facing.
Finding someone who makes you feel understood is often challenging even in a therapeutic setting. I work collaboratively with clients, and emphasize an empathic client-therapist relationship. I have a very simple approach to therapy which is to understand your dreams, together set goals with you to achieve those dreams, and to teach you coping skills to manage the difficult challenges you are facing.
(404) 586-4133 View (404) 586-4133
Photo of Stephanie Soll, Pre-Licensed Professional in Atlanta, GA
Stephanie Soll
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, NCC, APC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30324
Are you feeling stuck in your head and struggle to be present in your day to day experiences? Living with constant worry and stress can negatively impact our quality of life. While it is understandable that negative thoughts and feelings might creep up, I want you to know there are multiple paths to fostering peace! With a little self-exploration, self-compassion and therapeutic work, it is possible for you to learn how to overcome negative experiences that impact your life and increase your overall fulfillment. I strive to provide an environment where my clients can find peace and freedom from whatever challenges they may face.
Are you feeling stuck in your head and struggle to be present in your day to day experiences? Living with constant worry and stress can negatively impact our quality of life. While it is understandable that negative thoughts and feelings might creep up, I want you to know there are multiple paths to fostering peace! With a little self-exploration, self-compassion and therapeutic work, it is possible for you to learn how to overcome negative experiences that impact your life and increase your overall fulfillment. I strive to provide an environment where my clients can find peace and freedom from whatever challenges they may face.
(404) 738-9850 View (404) 738-9850
Photo of Kimberley Vrana, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Kimberley Vrana
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30305
No one wants to live in a stressful, unhappy home. But this is the result when adults and children don't know how to communicate with each other in a safe, non-combative way. Parents whose children have ADHD, ADD or suffer from anxiety, depression, attachment and separation issues, cutting or obsessive-compulsive disorders say the coping and change strategies they develop through my counseling sessions are enabling them to become, in one mom's words, "more normal" families.
No one wants to live in a stressful, unhappy home. But this is the result when adults and children don't know how to communicate with each other in a safe, non-combative way. Parents whose children have ADHD, ADD or suffer from anxiety, depression, attachment and separation issues, cutting or obsessive-compulsive disorders say the coping and change strategies they develop through my counseling sessions are enabling them to become, in one mom's words, "more normal" families.
(404) 369-5506 View (404) 369-5506
Photo of Jill Howgate, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Jill Howgate
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30305
My goal as a counselor is to help all my clients live their best life by helping them increase self-awareness, foster resilience, identify their personal strengths, and move forward with confidence and hope. Everyone goes through times when life feels overwhelming or discouraging or out of control. Having someone to help you through those times can make a big difference; that is who I strive to be for my clients.
My goal as a counselor is to help all my clients live their best life by helping them increase self-awareness, foster resilience, identify their personal strengths, and move forward with confidence and hope. Everyone goes through times when life feels overwhelming or discouraging or out of control. Having someone to help you through those times can make a big difference; that is who I strive to be for my clients.
(678) 506-7551 View (678) 506-7551

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Atlanta, GA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Atlanta, GA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
76% Self Esteem
74% Relationship Issues
71% Coping Skills
67% Stress
62% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% Aetna
75% Cigna and Evernorth
72% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Atlanta, GA see their clients

60% In Person and Online
40% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Atlanta?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.