Therapists in Los Angeles, CA

View neighborhoods in Los Angeles
Photo of Lyndsey Motarefi, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Lyndsey Motarefi
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90027  (Online Only)
{CURRENTLY ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS} Do you find yourself wanting to break free from unhealthy relationship patterns? Do you have goals of improving your relationship emotionally and/or physically? Would you like to heal the wounds of past attachments? Do you feel curious about exploring your sexual identity? Are there sex specific concerns that you would like to obtain more clarity on? If the answer to any of the above questions is yes, please know that you are not alone. Even the healthiest of relationships need a check-up at times.
{CURRENTLY ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS} Do you find yourself wanting to break free from unhealthy relationship patterns? Do you have goals of improving your relationship emotionally and/or physically? Would you like to heal the wounds of past attachments? Do you feel curious about exploring your sexual identity? Are there sex specific concerns that you would like to obtain more clarity on? If the answer to any of the above questions is yes, please know that you are not alone. Even the healthiest of relationships need a check-up at times.
(323) 458-5470 View (323) 458-5470
Photo of Patricia Stephens, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Patricia Stephens
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90048  (Online Only)
I take a creative approach, tailoring treatment to each individual, couple and families I see. I utilize a variety of modalities Family Systems, Cognitive Behavioral and Solution Focused Therapy to help gain insight into past and present experiences and behaviors, identify and build strengths, develop healthy coping strategies and challenge long held assumptions about yourself, your relationships and the world you live in. I have extensive knowledge working with diverse populations.
I take a creative approach, tailoring treatment to each individual, couple and families I see. I utilize a variety of modalities Family Systems, Cognitive Behavioral and Solution Focused Therapy to help gain insight into past and present experiences and behaviors, identify and build strengths, develop healthy coping strategies and challenge long held assumptions about yourself, your relationships and the world you live in. I have extensive knowledge working with diverse populations.
(818) 293-1626 View (818) 293-1626
Photo of Megan Burford, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Los Angeles, CA
Megan Burford
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90064
It can be hard to find places where we are seen, and can see ourselves, with accuracy and empathy. I would be honored to provide you with that space and to walk alongside you as we explore your most important concerns. If you are a couple, I can help you break your negative cycles of communication to reach a more compassionate understanding of one another. If you are a young adult facing the stressors of adulthood for the first time, I can help you find clarity and direction. And if you are grieving, whether it be the ending of a relationship, a death or a major life transition, I can support you and help you to make sense of it.
It can be hard to find places where we are seen, and can see ourselves, with accuracy and empathy. I would be honored to provide you with that space and to walk alongside you as we explore your most important concerns. If you are a couple, I can help you break your negative cycles of communication to reach a more compassionate understanding of one another. If you are a young adult facing the stressors of adulthood for the first time, I can help you find clarity and direction. And if you are grieving, whether it be the ending of a relationship, a death or a major life transition, I can support you and help you to make sense of it.
(941) 269-2212 View (941) 269-2212
Photo of Shannon Abrams, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Shannon Abrams
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90049
Therapy can be about working to resolve ongoing pain, or it can simply be about self-exploration and growth. No matter what brings you to therapy, it is my belief that a trusting relationship between client and therapist is the starting point for progress and is essential to achieving long-lasting change. In addition to working to achieve progress on individual therapeutic goals, we will work to help you find inner peace, make healthy and adaptive changes and function better in your relationships with others.
Therapy can be about working to resolve ongoing pain, or it can simply be about self-exploration and growth. No matter what brings you to therapy, it is my belief that a trusting relationship between client and therapist is the starting point for progress and is essential to achieving long-lasting change. In addition to working to achieve progress on individual therapeutic goals, we will work to help you find inner peace, make healthy and adaptive changes and function better in your relationships with others.
(310) 889-0014 View (310) 889-0014
Photo of Samantha Bothwell, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Samantha Bothwell
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90048
You have the right to be happy and peaceful. Sometimes the things that keep us from feeling connected, happy and living authentically are day-to-day stressors or patterns that feel familiar and repetitive. Often, these blocks show up in our relationships to others and ourselves. I am passionate about joining you in your journey and show up fully with warmth, curiosity, and a calm presence to help you write a new story for yourself.
You have the right to be happy and peaceful. Sometimes the things that keep us from feeling connected, happy and living authentically are day-to-day stressors or patterns that feel familiar and repetitive. Often, these blocks show up in our relationships to others and ourselves. I am passionate about joining you in your journey and show up fully with warmth, curiosity, and a calm presence to help you write a new story for yourself.
(323) 629-8244 View (323) 629-8244
Photo of Rainer Geissler, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Rainer Geissler
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90012  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with a private practice in Los Angeles, California. I strive to create an environment of compassion, authenticity and understanding, inclusive and welcoming to all clients. In working with me, you will identify the thoughts, feelings, behaviors and beliefs that are preventing you from living joyfully. I work with you to help you discover your strengths and capabilities so that you can live a life that is meaningful, rewarding and free from conflict. I believe that therapy must be engaging, non-judgmental, and supportive to facilitate growth.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with a private practice in Los Angeles, California. I strive to create an environment of compassion, authenticity and understanding, inclusive and welcoming to all clients. In working with me, you will identify the thoughts, feelings, behaviors and beliefs that are preventing you from living joyfully. I work with you to help you discover your strengths and capabilities so that you can live a life that is meaningful, rewarding and free from conflict. I believe that therapy must be engaging, non-judgmental, and supportive to facilitate growth.
(415) 322-0761 View (415) 322-0761
Photo of Jonathan Reith-Thompson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Jonathan Reith-Thompson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90048
I have maintained a private practice providing individual, couple, and group psychotherapy in the Los Angeles area for the last 21 years. Life is not easy, and sometimes it gets really hard. But the measure of success is how we cope with life's challenges.
I have maintained a private practice providing individual, couple, and group psychotherapy in the Los Angeles area for the last 21 years. Life is not easy, and sometimes it gets really hard. But the measure of success is how we cope with life's challenges.
(323) 825-0855 View (323) 825-0855
Photo of Regina Haugabook, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Regina Haugabook
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90023
Welcome to a place of self-discovery and healing, where you can find the support and guidance you need to navigate life's challenges and uncover your true potential. My name is Regina Haugabook, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of California. My therapeutic approach is rooted in compassion, collaboration, and a deep belief in your innate capacity for growth and change. I understand that seeking therapy can be a courageous step, and I’m dedicated to creating a safe, non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts, emotions, and experiences.
Welcome to a place of self-discovery and healing, where you can find the support and guidance you need to navigate life's challenges and uncover your true potential. My name is Regina Haugabook, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of California. My therapeutic approach is rooted in compassion, collaboration, and a deep belief in your innate capacity for growth and change. I understand that seeking therapy can be a courageous step, and I’m dedicated to creating a safe, non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts, emotions, and experiences.
(323) 615-2488 View (323) 615-2488
Photo of Ermelinda Garza, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Ermelinda Garza
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90071  (Online Only)
Description Hello, I’m Ermelinda. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I have over 10+ years of experience in providing therapy to adults, children, adolescents, and couples. Do you feel stuck, tired, and not being able to function in your daily life? Are you struggling to balance work, relationships, and life? Many times, we experience loss, grief, anxiety, stress, and depression.
Description Hello, I’m Ermelinda. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I have over 10+ years of experience in providing therapy to adults, children, adolescents, and couples. Do you feel stuck, tired, and not being able to function in your daily life? Are you struggling to balance work, relationships, and life? Many times, we experience loss, grief, anxiety, stress, and depression.
(562) 362-4740 View (562) 362-4740
Photo of Emily Rued, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Emily Rued
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90029
Do you love your craft but find the business side of things can be hard on your mental health? I've been there and I can help. There is so much out of your control, no wonder anxiety and depression are common experiences for creatives. Therapy will help you gain a better understanding of who you are, where you come from, and how to cope with and respond to challenges. I offer a personalized approach to therapy designed to help you discover new insights into yourself and your relationships. I work to create a space where you have the freedom to express yourself without judgment and leave having felt heard and understood.
Do you love your craft but find the business side of things can be hard on your mental health? I've been there and I can help. There is so much out of your control, no wonder anxiety and depression are common experiences for creatives. Therapy will help you gain a better understanding of who you are, where you come from, and how to cope with and respond to challenges. I offer a personalized approach to therapy designed to help you discover new insights into yourself and your relationships. I work to create a space where you have the freedom to express yourself without judgment and leave having felt heard and understood.
(323) 999-5214 View (323) 999-5214
Photo of Viki Goodman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Viki Goodman
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90027  (Online Only)
We all have challenging days and moments when we are not feeling at our best. Changing your thoughts and outlook helps change your feelings too! It is important to find the right fit in your therapy relationship; I approach sessions from a solution focused perspective and incorporate a CBT model to assist in changing self-defeating patterns of thought.
We all have challenging days and moments when we are not feeling at our best. Changing your thoughts and outlook helps change your feelings too! It is important to find the right fit in your therapy relationship; I approach sessions from a solution focused perspective and incorporate a CBT model to assist in changing self-defeating patterns of thought.
(818) 699-1537 View (818) 699-1537
Photo of Dr. Elisa Rabinow, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Dr. Elisa Rabinow
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90035
Hi, I’m Dr. Elisa Rabinow, with a deep understanding of the human psyche and a passion for helping others to reach their full potential within themselves and within their relationships, I strive to provide a safe and nurturing space for individuals to explore their inner world and cultivate positive change. I enjoy working with clients who are motivated, introspective, and interested in delving in deeper to issues occurring in daily life.
Hi, I’m Dr. Elisa Rabinow, with a deep understanding of the human psyche and a passion for helping others to reach their full potential within themselves and within their relationships, I strive to provide a safe and nurturing space for individuals to explore their inner world and cultivate positive change. I enjoy working with clients who are motivated, introspective, and interested in delving in deeper to issues occurring in daily life.
(424) 655-3803 View (424) 655-3803
Photo of Gabrielle Klatsky, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Gabrielle Klatsky
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90039
Not accepting new clients
If you just keep racing on that career treadmill, surely you will get where you are meant to be, right? But does it sometimes feel like the dream is beyond your grasp? Maybe anxiety, depression, or something else that you don’t know what to call is tugging at you. Or changes have come along that disrupt your sense of wellbeing. Perhaps it feels overwhelming or unachievable to balance the competing interests of work, relationships, family, and your future goals. Or the goals you once had don’t quite fit anymore. And where does that leave you?
If you just keep racing on that career treadmill, surely you will get where you are meant to be, right? But does it sometimes feel like the dream is beyond your grasp? Maybe anxiety, depression, or something else that you don’t know what to call is tugging at you. Or changes have come along that disrupt your sense of wellbeing. Perhaps it feels overwhelming or unachievable to balance the competing interests of work, relationships, family, and your future goals. Or the goals you once had don’t quite fit anymore. And where does that leave you?
(747) 529-7076 View (747) 529-7076
Photo of Andrea Simon, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Los Angeles, CA
Andrea Simon
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90025  (Online Only)
Seeking out therapy can be intimidating and difficult. I get it. There are probably a million questions that you have rushing through your mind. Is it worth it? Will this even work? Am I just wasting my time? If therapy has crossed your mind, there is a reason for it. My approach to therapy is to create a safe, open and inviting virtual environment filled with compassion, empathy, and acceptance. I am here to support and guide you in your journey of self-exploration and self awareness.
Seeking out therapy can be intimidating and difficult. I get it. There are probably a million questions that you have rushing through your mind. Is it worth it? Will this even work? Am I just wasting my time? If therapy has crossed your mind, there is a reason for it. My approach to therapy is to create a safe, open and inviting virtual environment filled with compassion, empathy, and acceptance. I am here to support and guide you in your journey of self-exploration and self awareness.
(650) 297-6314 View (650) 297-6314
Photo of Trenetta Jones, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Trenetta Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90045  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Are you a woman of color struggling to find her voice?  Are you feeling depressed, anxious, overwhelmed or generally unsatisfied with your life or relationships? Are you looking to find a way to your authentic and most-healed self?  Well, congratulations on taking the first step to living your best life! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW)  and have been practicing for over 15 years.  I have a passion for helping others to heal from past trauma and embrace life with a healthy perspective daily. As a Black Woman, I recognize that there may be spaces in which not all people of color see themselves reflected.
Are you a woman of color struggling to find her voice?  Are you feeling depressed, anxious, overwhelmed or generally unsatisfied with your life or relationships? Are you looking to find a way to your authentic and most-healed self?  Well, congratulations on taking the first step to living your best life! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW)  and have been practicing for over 15 years.  I have a passion for helping others to heal from past trauma and embrace life with a healthy perspective daily. As a Black Woman, I recognize that there may be spaces in which not all people of color see themselves reflected.
(310) 627-2099 View (310) 627-2099
Photo of Genia Young, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Genia Young
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90016  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Faced with the demands of modern life, it is easy to feel disconnected and resigned in the areas of life that matter most to us. Unexpected events that may be regarded as “interruptions” in life can exhaust our current coping skills and lead to overwhelming emotions like anxiety, depression and grief; inner and interpersonal conflicts, and loss of normal functioning. Restoring your life to one of health, vitality, and a connection to the things that matter most to you, starts with the relationship you have with yourself.
Faced with the demands of modern life, it is easy to feel disconnected and resigned in the areas of life that matter most to us. Unexpected events that may be regarded as “interruptions” in life can exhaust our current coping skills and lead to overwhelming emotions like anxiety, depression and grief; inner and interpersonal conflicts, and loss of normal functioning. Restoring your life to one of health, vitality, and a connection to the things that matter most to you, starts with the relationship you have with yourself.
(424) 252-3234 View (424) 252-3234
Photo of Katy Jakle, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Katy Jakle
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90025  (Online Only)
My aim is to provide a compassionate, straightforward and personalized therapy experience based on therapeutic tools and techniques that have been found to be effective. I utilize in equal measure cognitive behavioral principles to target changes you want to make in unhelpful thinking or behavioral patterns as well as acceptance, mindfulness and compassion-focused approaches focused on self-understanding and self-compassion for life's struggles.
My aim is to provide a compassionate, straightforward and personalized therapy experience based on therapeutic tools and techniques that have been found to be effective. I utilize in equal measure cognitive behavioral principles to target changes you want to make in unhelpful thinking or behavioral patterns as well as acceptance, mindfulness and compassion-focused approaches focused on self-understanding and self-compassion for life's struggles.
(310) 905-8244 View (310) 905-8244
Photo of Chelsea Monty, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Chelsea Monty
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90004
In a culture that equates your productivity to your self-worth, it can be a challenge to feel comfortable and guilt-free when you choose to take care of yourself. I reject the cultural beliefs that shame us and try to force us to endure, rather than enjoy. Seeking help is a show of strength, there is no shame in it, and you shouldn’t have to “tough it out” on your own or “just get by”. Whatever it is about your relationships, connections, or experiences with intimacy that brought you here deserves attention. I’m interested in helping you feel more like yourself, more alive, and more at ease in the world.
In a culture that equates your productivity to your self-worth, it can be a challenge to feel comfortable and guilt-free when you choose to take care of yourself. I reject the cultural beliefs that shame us and try to force us to endure, rather than enjoy. Seeking help is a show of strength, there is no shame in it, and you shouldn’t have to “tough it out” on your own or “just get by”. Whatever it is about your relationships, connections, or experiences with intimacy that brought you here deserves attention. I’m interested in helping you feel more like yourself, more alive, and more at ease in the world.
(323) 487-3361 View (323) 487-3361
Photo of Jasmeet Bhullar, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Jasmeet Bhullar
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90049  (Online Only)
I have worked for several years with difficulties clients encounter in their daily lives including: anxiety, relationship issues, racing thoughts, lack of motivation, sleep disruption, and setting boundaries in important life relationships. I work with you to identify patterns in your relationships that you would like to change. The goal is that with therapy, I can help you create and nourish relationships that meet your personal needs and cultivate a life and experiences that meet your expectations.
I have worked for several years with difficulties clients encounter in their daily lives including: anxiety, relationship issues, racing thoughts, lack of motivation, sleep disruption, and setting boundaries in important life relationships. I work with you to identify patterns in your relationships that you would like to change. The goal is that with therapy, I can help you create and nourish relationships that meet your personal needs and cultivate a life and experiences that meet your expectations.
(310) 361-5377 View (310) 361-5377
Photo of Dr. Jami Kerr, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Dr. Jami Kerr
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90039  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with OCD, and I am a queer-identified and affirmative, sex-positive therapist experienced in working with a spectrum of sexual orientations, identities, and relationships. I help individuals and couples interested in discussing interests in kink and consensual non-monogamy. If you are experiencing marginalization or shame around aspects of your identity, we'll work together on how you can gain more freedom to be fully yourself.
I specialize in working with OCD, and I am a queer-identified and affirmative, sex-positive therapist experienced in working with a spectrum of sexual orientations, identities, and relationships. I help individuals and couples interested in discussing interests in kink and consensual non-monogamy. If you are experiencing marginalization or shame around aspects of your identity, we'll work together on how you can gain more freedom to be fully yourself.
(747) 318-4760 View (747) 318-4760

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Los Angeles, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Los Angeles, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
74% Self Esteem
72% Relationship Issues
68% Trauma and PTSD
65% Coping Skills
63% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Aetna
69% Cigna and Evernorth
68% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Los Angeles, CA see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Los Angeles?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.