Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Larisa Southerland, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Larisa Southerland
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94104  (Online Only)
I am an Associate Marriage and Family Therapist (AMFT145725) at Relationship Wisdom. Supervised by Brad Byrum, LMFT118448. Navigating relationships can be tricky, to say the least. I believe the most important element of any relationship is communication. Breakdowns in communication are common and may go undetected for months, or even years. Becoming aware of how we communicate and adjusting appropriately can make all the difference in our interactions moving forward. My goal is to help you and your partner become effective communicators. My therapeutic style is down to Earth and compassionately curious.
I am an Associate Marriage and Family Therapist (AMFT145725) at Relationship Wisdom. Supervised by Brad Byrum, LMFT118448. Navigating relationships can be tricky, to say the least. I believe the most important element of any relationship is communication. Breakdowns in communication are common and may go undetected for months, or even years. Becoming aware of how we communicate and adjusting appropriately can make all the difference in our interactions moving forward. My goal is to help you and your partner become effective communicators. My therapeutic style is down to Earth and compassionately curious.
(323) 894-0768 View (323) 894-0768
Photo of Deborah Cooper, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Deborah Cooper
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114
Not accepting new clients
Being a licensed psychotherapist since 1986, I've worked with a wide variety of issues. I know that pain and suffering are inevitable in life, but being miserable is optional. With warmth and humor, I am skilled at helping clients make meaning of the suffering, while facilitating and eliciting options that lead out of it. I work with couples and individuals of different races, ethnicities, sizes, orientations, genders, and ages. Therapy is the process of examining your life as a great novel in process of being created. My job is to help you envision and shape the next chapter.
Being a licensed psychotherapist since 1986, I've worked with a wide variety of issues. I know that pain and suffering are inevitable in life, but being miserable is optional. With warmth and humor, I am skilled at helping clients make meaning of the suffering, while facilitating and eliciting options that lead out of it. I work with couples and individuals of different races, ethnicities, sizes, orientations, genders, and ages. Therapy is the process of examining your life as a great novel in process of being created. My job is to help you envision and shape the next chapter.
(415) 285-6812 View (415) 285-6812
Photo of Amelia Howard-Smith, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Amelia Howard-Smith
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118
You want to be seen, heard, and understood. This is what you’ll feel when you work with me. My approach is collaborative and tailored to your unique needs. I strive to help you make sense out of the past while guiding you to make changes for the future. I want to help you live the life you want to live, and I’m here to provide you with the tools to do just that. Together we’ll work towards gaining a deeper understanding of yourself, finding meaning in your life, self-acceptance, and empowerment. You’ll learn to manage strong and uncomfortable emotions and work through negative thought patterns.
You want to be seen, heard, and understood. This is what you’ll feel when you work with me. My approach is collaborative and tailored to your unique needs. I strive to help you make sense out of the past while guiding you to make changes for the future. I want to help you live the life you want to live, and I’m here to provide you with the tools to do just that. Together we’ll work towards gaining a deeper understanding of yourself, finding meaning in your life, self-acceptance, and empowerment. You’ll learn to manage strong and uncomfortable emotions and work through negative thought patterns.
(415) 326-1841 View (415) 326-1841
Photo of Heather E Ayers-Cluff, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Heather E Ayers-Cluff
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PPSC, EMDR
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102
Hello! I am Heather and I am currently accepting new clients, offering both in-person and telehealth services. Are you overworked, constantly doing things for others, and feeling like there is no time left for YOU? Feeling completely burnt out and exhausted, but finding it hard to fall or stay asleep? Or maybe you're feeling completely alone, like it's you against the world and nobody is looking out for you? I'm here to tell you that you are NOT alone. Contact me for a free 20-minute consultation.
Hello! I am Heather and I am currently accepting new clients, offering both in-person and telehealth services. Are you overworked, constantly doing things for others, and feeling like there is no time left for YOU? Feeling completely burnt out and exhausted, but finding it hard to fall or stay asleep? Or maybe you're feeling completely alone, like it's you against the world and nobody is looking out for you? I'm here to tell you that you are NOT alone. Contact me for a free 20-minute consultation.
(628) 266-2265 View (628) 266-2265
Photo of Valerie True, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Valerie True
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94109
Valerie True, LCSW, working with adults 18 and older, focuses on life transitions, chronic and new medical diagnoses, grief and loss, caregiver issues, aging-related issues, work-related issues, stress, depression, and the growing pains of life. My approach is client-based, through talk and exercises we will work together to find the path that helps you gain insight and develop skills to support your goals.
Valerie True, LCSW, working with adults 18 and older, focuses on life transitions, chronic and new medical diagnoses, grief and loss, caregiver issues, aging-related issues, work-related issues, stress, depression, and the growing pains of life. My approach is client-based, through talk and exercises we will work together to find the path that helps you gain insight and develop skills to support your goals.
(415) 849-4986 View (415) 849-4986
Photo of Antonia Servat, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Antonia Servat
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
Welcome, I'm honored that you are viewing this page and discovering whether I might be a good fit for you. I have worked extensively with children, families, adults, and couples and am experienced in the areas of anxiety, depression, behavioral issues, attachment, matters related to self-esteem, relationship challenges, and life transition issues. I provide Individual, Couples & Family Therapy services and have worked with clients aged 4 and up since 2010. My approach is Strength-based, viewing my clients as the experts in their own lives. I utilize CBT techniques for skill building and Play Therapy techniques with children.
Welcome, I'm honored that you are viewing this page and discovering whether I might be a good fit for you. I have worked extensively with children, families, adults, and couples and am experienced in the areas of anxiety, depression, behavioral issues, attachment, matters related to self-esteem, relationship challenges, and life transition issues. I provide Individual, Couples & Family Therapy services and have worked with clients aged 4 and up since 2010. My approach is Strength-based, viewing my clients as the experts in their own lives. I utilize CBT techniques for skill building and Play Therapy techniques with children.
(415) 483-4819 View (415) 483-4819
Photo of Therapy for Asians, LGBTQ, POC, High Performers, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Therapy for Asians, LGBTQ, POC, High Performers
Marriage & Family Therapist, IFS, EFT, BSP, MPH, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102  (Online Only)
Feeling like you have to hide parts of yourself at work, or with your romantic partner or family? These pressures can make us lose touch with who we are and what makes us feel alive. Are you feeling lonely or not good enough, and longing to be fully accepted? Together, we can explore what matters most to you, so you can move towards the life you want. I can support you in transforming patterns that make you feel stuck or overwhelmed. I offer Internal Family Systems, Emotionally Focused Therapy, Somatic Therapy, Hypnotherapy, and Brainspotting, which are all proven approaches for healing trauma and reducing anxiety and depression.
Feeling like you have to hide parts of yourself at work, or with your romantic partner or family? These pressures can make us lose touch with who we are and what makes us feel alive. Are you feeling lonely or not good enough, and longing to be fully accepted? Together, we can explore what matters most to you, so you can move towards the life you want. I can support you in transforming patterns that make you feel stuck or overwhelmed. I offer Internal Family Systems, Emotionally Focused Therapy, Somatic Therapy, Hypnotherapy, and Brainspotting, which are all proven approaches for healing trauma and reducing anxiety and depression.
(510) 313-6708 View (510) 313-6708
Photo of Claire Perelman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Claire Perelman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PPSC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
You deserve to feel deeply connected to yourself, your partner(s), and the world around you. I’m here to help. Talking about sex with your partner - or anyone - might feel like a daunting task. Having sex might feel difficult, impossible, or like too much effort - or lead to conflict with your partner. You might be questioning your sexual desires or wondering if you and your partner are still compatible. I help clients overcome their sexual and relational difficulties to feel confident in and outside the bedroom. Together, we will collaborate on how to help you reach your goals, through therapy sessions and home assignments.
You deserve to feel deeply connected to yourself, your partner(s), and the world around you. I’m here to help. Talking about sex with your partner - or anyone - might feel like a daunting task. Having sex might feel difficult, impossible, or like too much effort - or lead to conflict with your partner. You might be questioning your sexual desires or wondering if you and your partner are still compatible. I help clients overcome their sexual and relational difficulties to feel confident in and outside the bedroom. Together, we will collaborate on how to help you reach your goals, through therapy sessions and home assignments.
(415) 985-4279 View (415) 985-4279
Photo of Julie Look, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Julie Look
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
Not accepting new clients
Life can be complicated and confusing. Making room for joy, for satisfaction – for even a deep breath – can get pushed aside amid the demands of family, school, work, and the flood of world news. You may be struggling with newness, such as new parenthood or going away to college, or the loss of a loved one or a long-term way of living. You may have experienced a traumatic event, or be concerned with emotional eating. Or maybe you just feel that something isn’t quite right, as an individual or as a couple, even though life looks fine on the surface.
Life can be complicated and confusing. Making room for joy, for satisfaction – for even a deep breath – can get pushed aside amid the demands of family, school, work, and the flood of world news. You may be struggling with newness, such as new parenthood or going away to college, or the loss of a loved one or a long-term way of living. You may have experienced a traumatic event, or be concerned with emotional eating. Or maybe you just feel that something isn’t quite right, as an individual or as a couple, even though life looks fine on the surface.
(415) 634-3993 View (415) 634-3993
Photo of Anya Rome, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Anya Rome
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110
There are important reasons why you are struggling, and they deserve attention and understanding. I work with people who find themselves overwhelmed by the demands of everyday life and demoralized by the struggle just to keep up. People who have ever felt defective, or like there is something wrong with the way that they are. These feelings may be due to, or manifest as: anxiety, depression, relationship problems, substance-use issues, or ADHD-related issues like difficulty with time management, organization, and motivation.
There are important reasons why you are struggling, and they deserve attention and understanding. I work with people who find themselves overwhelmed by the demands of everyday life and demoralized by the struggle just to keep up. People who have ever felt defective, or like there is something wrong with the way that they are. These feelings may be due to, or manifest as: anxiety, depression, relationship problems, substance-use issues, or ADHD-related issues like difficulty with time management, organization, and motivation.
(510) 851-9836 View (510) 851-9836
Photo of Sarah Connelly, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Sarah Connelly
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
Just as the words of a poem can open our eyes, minds and hearts in ways language otherwise might not be able to, I believe that psychotherapy is a creative process that utilizes language to access psychic terrain that's often inaccessible in our everyday lives. Accessing and exploring this internal terrain in therapy can be both enlightening and transformative.
Just as the words of a poem can open our eyes, minds and hearts in ways language otherwise might not be able to, I believe that psychotherapy is a creative process that utilizes language to access psychic terrain that's often inaccessible in our everyday lives. Accessing and exploring this internal terrain in therapy can be both enlightening and transformative.
(415) 481-4383 View (415) 481-4383
Photo of Melanie Ray, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Melanie Ray
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, CST
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
Not accepting new clients
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, Certified Sex Therapist (CST) and Somatic Experiencing Practitioner (SEP). My approach to therapy is warm, relational and embodied. My work is focused on issues of attachment, bringing awareness to how we are in relationship to ourselves, our own bodies, and others based on how we were originally cared for. I provide a safe nonjudgmental space for self discovery and guidance as you navigate challenging thoughts, emotions and sensations. Utilizing the wisdom of your body, together we will learn the patterns of survival that no longer serve you and work to gently release them.
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, Certified Sex Therapist (CST) and Somatic Experiencing Practitioner (SEP). My approach to therapy is warm, relational and embodied. My work is focused on issues of attachment, bringing awareness to how we are in relationship to ourselves, our own bodies, and others based on how we were originally cared for. I provide a safe nonjudgmental space for self discovery and guidance as you navigate challenging thoughts, emotions and sensations. Utilizing the wisdom of your body, together we will learn the patterns of survival that no longer serve you and work to gently release them.
(415) 741-2016 View (415) 741-2016
Photo of Stephen Jacob Coffey, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Stephen Jacob Coffey
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I love working with men who experienced sexual abuse because they are resilient, resourceful, and value investing in themselves. Know that I get the agony it takes to make sense of it all! I have a passion for working with those who experienced this type of abuse as there is such great need with too few options for specialized care. I believe that you have the ability to take the steps to get support you need so that you can be in the driver’s seat of your life.
I love working with men who experienced sexual abuse because they are resilient, resourceful, and value investing in themselves. Know that I get the agony it takes to make sense of it all! I have a passion for working with those who experienced this type of abuse as there is such great need with too few options for specialized care. I believe that you have the ability to take the steps to get support you need so that you can be in the driver’s seat of your life.
(415) 329-7705 View (415) 329-7705
Photo of Taylor Eva Simon, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Taylor Eva Simon
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94117  (Online Only)
First and foremost, I want to acknowledge that beginning your journey may be a terrifying prospect. But if you’re willing to mine the dark places within for the inherent wisdom you hold, you can step into who you really are. You can shed who you’ve been told you are by people in your life who don’t really see you. Healing the effects of trauma and returning to wholeness is a process of discovering your authentic spirit and realizing your full potential.
First and foremost, I want to acknowledge that beginning your journey may be a terrifying prospect. But if you’re willing to mine the dark places within for the inherent wisdom you hold, you can step into who you really are. You can shed who you’ve been told you are by people in your life who don’t really see you. Healing the effects of trauma and returning to wholeness is a process of discovering your authentic spirit and realizing your full potential.
(415) 938-5543 View (415) 938-5543
Photo of Delia Tramontina, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Delia Tramontina
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94122
I love to work with individuals and couples to discover the emotions and attachment needs which drive their thoughts and behaviors. Sometimes we have feelings that are difficult to experience or express, and so we act in ways to protect the most vulnerable parts of ourselves. This may lead to conflict in our primary relationships, depression, anxiety, substance use, or just the sense that one's life could be more fulfilling. In couples, this can lead to cycles of communication that make it difficult for each partner to know how to soothe their partner and their own self.
I love to work with individuals and couples to discover the emotions and attachment needs which drive their thoughts and behaviors. Sometimes we have feelings that are difficult to experience or express, and so we act in ways to protect the most vulnerable parts of ourselves. This may lead to conflict in our primary relationships, depression, anxiety, substance use, or just the sense that one's life could be more fulfilling. In couples, this can lead to cycles of communication that make it difficult for each partner to know how to soothe their partner and their own self.
(628) 214-7786 View (628) 214-7786
Photo of J. C. Chance, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
J. C. Chance
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104
Becoming our most alive and authentic self is the goal of psychotherapy. If you are like many of the people that I work with, you have felt that being yourself wasn't accepted or valued in relationships, your family, or the world in general. In therapy, you have the opportunity to non-judgmentally challenge and change these learned beliefs and grow into your true self. I am especially interested in working with couples, relationship problems, anxiety, trauma, sex and sexuality, and LGBTQ.
Becoming our most alive and authentic self is the goal of psychotherapy. If you are like many of the people that I work with, you have felt that being yourself wasn't accepted or valued in relationships, your family, or the world in general. In therapy, you have the opportunity to non-judgmentally challenge and change these learned beliefs and grow into your true self. I am especially interested in working with couples, relationship problems, anxiety, trauma, sex and sexuality, and LGBTQ.
(415) 787-4872 View (415) 787-4872
Photo of Rob Riddell, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Rob Riddell
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118
Not accepting new clients
www.robriddell.com I help individual adults who are struggling with depression, anxiety, life transitions, crises of meaning, relationship issues, and/or personality problems. Within a warm and collaborative therapeutic relationship, I adopt an integrated approach that may include mindfulness-based practice, Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). I work with clients to foster flexibility and healthy relationships. A core part of treatment is clarifying and moving toward deeply held values. I define "happiness" as flourishing -- living a valued life.
www.robriddell.com I help individual adults who are struggling with depression, anxiety, life transitions, crises of meaning, relationship issues, and/or personality problems. Within a warm and collaborative therapeutic relationship, I adopt an integrated approach that may include mindfulness-based practice, Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). I work with clients to foster flexibility and healthy relationships. A core part of treatment is clarifying and moving toward deeply held values. I define "happiness" as flourishing -- living a valued life.
(415) 991-7652 View (415) 991-7652
Photo of Kavoos Ghane Bassiri, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Kavoos Ghane Bassiri
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPCC-S, IMFT, CGP
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94132  (Online Only)
It takes courage to ask for help, and therapy is not always an easy process, but it's something important & rewarding that you can do for yourself and those you care about. I offer individual and couples therapy as well as leadership consultation.
It takes courage to ask for help, and therapy is not always an easy process, but it's something important & rewarding that you can do for yourself and those you care about. I offer individual and couples therapy as well as leadership consultation.
(614) 412-1582 View (614) 412-1582
Photo of Seth Isaiah Rubin, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Seth Isaiah Rubin
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
Profound Transformations Are Possible for Suffering Professionals. I specialize in helping health care providers, lawyers, scientists, academics, and other psychologists achieve meaningful life changes through private consulting.
Profound Transformations Are Possible for Suffering Professionals. I specialize in helping health care providers, lawyers, scientists, academics, and other psychologists achieve meaningful life changes through private consulting.
(650) 603-0554 View (650) 603-0554
Photo of Braulio García, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Braulio García
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94110  (Online Only)
Whether you are coping with depression, sexuality issues, struggling with chronic illness or addiction issues, or having problems in your relationships with others, I believe that therapy can help you find the solutions to move forward in your life. I believe that all individuals have the capacity to live their best life and can become 'unstuck' with the help of therapy. I work with adults, both younger and older, cis women and trans & non-binary clients, as well as with couples navigating problems in their relationships.
Whether you are coping with depression, sexuality issues, struggling with chronic illness or addiction issues, or having problems in your relationships with others, I believe that therapy can help you find the solutions to move forward in your life. I believe that all individuals have the capacity to live their best life and can become 'unstuck' with the help of therapy. I work with adults, both younger and older, cis women and trans & non-binary clients, as well as with couples navigating problems in their relationships.
(415) 702-3696 View (415) 702-3696

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.