Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

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Photo of Lucy Stewart, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Lucy Stewart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55117  (Online Only)
You've likely encountered significant hurdles in life, whether it's trauma, depression, or anxiety. These challenges may leave you feeling overwhelmed, searching for a path through the darkness. If you're an adolescent or adult, you might be wrestling with the complexities of growing up or the pressures of adulthood while carrying these emotional burdens. For those facing pregnancy, postpartum, or fertility issues, additional emotional layers can complicate this deeply personal journey. In your search for solace, understanding, and guidance, you seek support in navigating your way through these challenges.
You've likely encountered significant hurdles in life, whether it's trauma, depression, or anxiety. These challenges may leave you feeling overwhelmed, searching for a path through the darkness. If you're an adolescent or adult, you might be wrestling with the complexities of growing up or the pressures of adulthood while carrying these emotional burdens. For those facing pregnancy, postpartum, or fertility issues, additional emotional layers can complicate this deeply personal journey. In your search for solace, understanding, and guidance, you seek support in navigating your way through these challenges.
(651) 409-5709 View (651) 409-5709
Photo of Shauna K Zotalis, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Shauna K Zotalis
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
You are considering divorce and fear how it will affect your children. Or you're divorced and met someone and want to blend your families, but are worried about the difficulties that blending brings. These family transitions are full of significant challenges such as grief over the breakup of the family, confusion over stepparent roles and responsibilities, hostile co-parenting relationships, jealousy of ex-spouses or stepchildren, and more. You want happy and healthy relationships with partners, exes, children, and stepchildren. You hope for a sense of "we-ness" as a new family unit and crave peace and balance in the future.
You are considering divorce and fear how it will affect your children. Or you're divorced and met someone and want to blend your families, but are worried about the difficulties that blending brings. These family transitions are full of significant challenges such as grief over the breakup of the family, confusion over stepparent roles and responsibilities, hostile co-parenting relationships, jealousy of ex-spouses or stepchildren, and more. You want happy and healthy relationships with partners, exes, children, and stepchildren. You hope for a sense of "we-ness" as a new family unit and crave peace and balance in the future.
(612) 662-6080 View (612) 662-6080
Photo of Megan Serstock, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Saint Paul, MN
Megan Serstock
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, BA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55115
Hi! Are you looking for a safe, nonjudgemental space to work through relationship issues with a partner(s), interpersonal distress, parenting, anxiety, stress, low self-esteem, life adjustments/transitions, or sexual concerns? I will collaborate with you to discover new ways to navigate the issues you're experiencing and utilize the strengths that you bring to therapy. I see couples, families, and individuals (14+) of all backgrounds, sexual orientations, gender expressions, and relationship styles!
Hi! Are you looking for a safe, nonjudgemental space to work through relationship issues with a partner(s), interpersonal distress, parenting, anxiety, stress, low self-esteem, life adjustments/transitions, or sexual concerns? I will collaborate with you to discover new ways to navigate the issues you're experiencing and utilize the strengths that you bring to therapy. I see couples, families, and individuals (14+) of all backgrounds, sexual orientations, gender expressions, and relationship styles!
(651) 505-5324 View (651) 505-5324
Photo of Andrea Walker, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Andrea Walker
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106
My name is Andrea Walker, and I am a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist. I see individuals, couples, and families. I approach therapy using Internal Family Systems, Narrative, Somatic Experiencing, Emotion-Focused Therapy, and CBT. I see people with Depression, Anxiety, Trauma, Relationship issues, Grief & Loss, and Personal Development. I approach therapy with a mix of Internal Family Systems (part of me wanted to eat the cake and part of me didn't), Narrative Therapy (creating our life story), and Somatic Experiencing (helping get us out of our heads and into our bodies).
My name is Andrea Walker, and I am a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist. I see individuals, couples, and families. I approach therapy using Internal Family Systems, Narrative, Somatic Experiencing, Emotion-Focused Therapy, and CBT. I see people with Depression, Anxiety, Trauma, Relationship issues, Grief & Loss, and Personal Development. I approach therapy with a mix of Internal Family Systems (part of me wanted to eat the cake and part of me didn't), Narrative Therapy (creating our life story), and Somatic Experiencing (helping get us out of our heads and into our bodies).
(651) 390-1508 View (651) 390-1508
Photo of Charlie Miller, Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Charlie Miller
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
Having challenges with mental health can be overwhelming, lonely, and distressing. My goal is to welcome you and/or your loved ones to a comfortable space where we can explore these difficulties. I come with an accepting trauma-informed mindset to encourage learning, growth, and perseverance. Let me join you in finding your strengths and resilience.
Having challenges with mental health can be overwhelming, lonely, and distressing. My goal is to welcome you and/or your loved ones to a comfortable space where we can explore these difficulties. I come with an accepting trauma-informed mindset to encourage learning, growth, and perseverance. Let me join you in finding your strengths and resilience.
(651) 877-8458 View (651) 877-8458
Photo of Allie Wollman, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Allie Wollman
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
I have availability as early as next week for couples, families, and individuals. Coming to therapy is a big decision, it is a time to investigate yourself and learn about who you are and how you got here. Through working with me, you will begin to discover that you have been your own biggest healer all along. I love to use humor and joy in my practice as I believe that to be an excellent way to process and move through hard things.
I have availability as early as next week for couples, families, and individuals. Coming to therapy is a big decision, it is a time to investigate yourself and learn about who you are and how you got here. Through working with me, you will begin to discover that you have been your own biggest healer all along. I love to use humor and joy in my practice as I believe that to be an excellent way to process and move through hard things.
(651) 504-0636 View (651) 504-0636
Photo of Alyssa Maples, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Alyssa Maples
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114  (Online Only)
Our lives are filled with moments, experiences, and connections that influence where we are now and where we hope to be eventually. I have experience working with young adults, college students, couples and people impacted by addiction. I specialize in working with individuals, couples and families who have experienced trauma. I am trained in evidence-based methods and my work is informed by attachment and family systems. My approach is thought-provoking, collaborative, and supportive, without shame or judgement.
Our lives are filled with moments, experiences, and connections that influence where we are now and where we hope to be eventually. I have experience working with young adults, college students, couples and people impacted by addiction. I specialize in working with individuals, couples and families who have experienced trauma. I am trained in evidence-based methods and my work is informed by attachment and family systems. My approach is thought-provoking, collaborative, and supportive, without shame or judgement.
(651) 369-8285 View (651) 369-8285
Photo of Patrick Castrenze, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Patrick Castrenze
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55104
I specialize in working with adults, young adults, college students, and parents/caregivers who want to feel less anxious, less overwhelmed, and more present in their lives. Many of my clients are facing major life transitions, feeling held back by old patterns, or wanting to explore different parts of themselves. And many of the parents I work with are struggling to be the parents they can or want to be. Together, we'll address your struggles with your partner(s), friends, or family members. Contact me here on Psychology Today, or reach out via our website: www.collegetherapycenter.com.
I specialize in working with adults, young adults, college students, and parents/caregivers who want to feel less anxious, less overwhelmed, and more present in their lives. Many of my clients are facing major life transitions, feeling held back by old patterns, or wanting to explore different parts of themselves. And many of the parents I work with are struggling to be the parents they can or want to be. Together, we'll address your struggles with your partner(s), friends, or family members. Contact me here on Psychology Today, or reach out via our website: www.collegetherapycenter.com.
(612) 712-6435 View (612) 712-6435
Photo of Minnesota Neuropsychology: Dyslexia, ADHD Testing, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Minnesota Neuropsychology: Dyslexia, ADHD Testing
Psychologist, PhD, LP, ABPP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102
We provide testing for children and adults in these areas: Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, Dyscalculia, ADHD, and Gifted and Talented/Twice Exceptional. A neuropsychological evaluation helps in determining the cause of the struggle, clarifying whether a diagnosis is appropriate, and creating a recommendation plan. At Minnesota Neuropsychology, we are dedicated to providing meaningful neuropsychological evaluations to address your specific questions. Let's work together to understand the struggle, highlight the strengths, and see what can be done to help.
We provide testing for children and adults in these areas: Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, Dyscalculia, ADHD, and Gifted and Talented/Twice Exceptional. A neuropsychological evaluation helps in determining the cause of the struggle, clarifying whether a diagnosis is appropriate, and creating a recommendation plan. At Minnesota Neuropsychology, we are dedicated to providing meaningful neuropsychological evaluations to address your specific questions. Let's work together to understand the struggle, highlight the strengths, and see what can be done to help.
(651) 358-2303 View (651) 358-2303
Photo of The Irishman and Associates - Interventionists, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
The Irishman and Associates - Interventionists
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LADC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102
The Irishman and Associates is a full service alcohol and drug intervention and case management firm based out of the Cathedral Hill neighborhood of St Paul MN. Leveraging experience and relationships in the recovery industry we help families navigate the intervention, treatment and aftercare for alcohol and drug addiction.
The Irishman and Associates is a full service alcohol and drug intervention and case management firm based out of the Cathedral Hill neighborhood of St Paul MN. Leveraging experience and relationships in the recovery industry we help families navigate the intervention, treatment and aftercare for alcohol and drug addiction.
(651) 417-0349 View (651) 417-0349
Photo of Andrew Braum, Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Andrew Braum
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55105
Waitlist for new clients
At times, dealing with emotional and relational challenges and other life stressors can feel frustrating and overwhelming. I will listen to you carefully and work with you to identify those issues clearly, then develop healthier approaches and coping skills to improve your sense of integration and wholeness. I will collaborate with you to create a life with a greater sense of authenticity and fulfillment. Trauma, anxiety, depression, ADHD, bipolar disorder, alcohol and chemical use, co-dependency, relationships, anger, and life transitions are all challenges with which I am able to help you.
At times, dealing with emotional and relational challenges and other life stressors can feel frustrating and overwhelming. I will listen to you carefully and work with you to identify those issues clearly, then develop healthier approaches and coping skills to improve your sense of integration and wholeness. I will collaborate with you to create a life with a greater sense of authenticity and fulfillment. Trauma, anxiety, depression, ADHD, bipolar disorder, alcohol and chemical use, co-dependency, relationships, anger, and life transitions are all challenges with which I am able to help you.
(651) 504-1017 View (651) 504-1017
Photo of Ruth Brooke Markowitz, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Ruth Brooke Markowitz
Psychologist, MALP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
I enjoy working with adults of all sexual orientations who want to heal sexually and intimately.I love working with couples as well as individuals. People who are creative and artistic and enjoy using a variety of therapeutic modalities to heal find me helpful. Anxious, traumatized avoidant, ,depressed and grief stricken people find me to be direct, warm,honest and a good listener. I am integrative in my approach and also believe in homework, practice and mindfulness practice. I believe I am a good fit with people who describe themselves as a bit out of the box.
I enjoy working with adults of all sexual orientations who want to heal sexually and intimately.I love working with couples as well as individuals. People who are creative and artistic and enjoy using a variety of therapeutic modalities to heal find me helpful. Anxious, traumatized avoidant, ,depressed and grief stricken people find me to be direct, warm,honest and a good listener. I am integrative in my approach and also believe in homework, practice and mindfulness practice. I believe I am a good fit with people who describe themselves as a bit out of the box.
(651) 401-8063 View (651) 401-8063
Photo of Success Psychological Services Glenn Hirsch Ph.D., Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Success Psychological Services Glenn Hirsch Ph.D.
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55108
Not accepting new clients
The name of my practice reflects how meaningful it is for me to help people overcome emotional and psychological blocks to success and create the personal and professional lives they wish for themselves. I would describe my therapy style as caring, supportive, collaborative, non-judgmental and practical, including offering recommendations for specific steps to move life forward. Unfortunately, I am not taking new clients in my practice at this time. You are welcome to check back in the future to see about making an appointment.
The name of my practice reflects how meaningful it is for me to help people overcome emotional and psychological blocks to success and create the personal and professional lives they wish for themselves. I would describe my therapy style as caring, supportive, collaborative, non-judgmental and practical, including offering recommendations for specific steps to move life forward. Unfortunately, I am not taking new clients in my practice at this time. You are welcome to check back in the future to see about making an appointment.
(612) 255-9046 View (612) 255-9046
Photo of Megan Relson, Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Megan Relson
Counselor, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
Not accepting new clients
Do you feel worn down from the grind of your day to day? Or find yourself in a cycle of feeling overwhelmed, sad, frustrated, anxious or depressed? Maybe you are not feeling great about your relationships, parenting, health, job or nutrition. Navigating life at any stage can be challenging; this is especially true when your path feels uncertain, difficult, or out of your control. The good news is you are not on this journey alone, and there is hope and support. Together, with time, perspective and skill building, we can work through your challenges and find coping strategies and emotional resilience that you can feel proud of.
Do you feel worn down from the grind of your day to day? Or find yourself in a cycle of feeling overwhelmed, sad, frustrated, anxious or depressed? Maybe you are not feeling great about your relationships, parenting, health, job or nutrition. Navigating life at any stage can be challenging; this is especially true when your path feels uncertain, difficult, or out of your control. The good news is you are not on this journey alone, and there is hope and support. Together, with time, perspective and skill building, we can work through your challenges and find coping strategies and emotional resilience that you can feel proud of.
(651) 564-7232 View (651) 564-7232
Photo of Dale Hawley, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Dale Hawley
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55116  (Online Only)
Relationships are essential to life but they can be challenging. Misunderstandings, conflicts, and different ways of looking at the world can cause struggles for couples, parents and children, and friendships. Sometimes these challenges bring people to a breaking point. Finding healthier ways to connect with the people we are closest to can reduce stress, help with the anxieties we all face, and lead to greater satisfaction in our lives.
Relationships are essential to life but they can be challenging. Misunderstandings, conflicts, and different ways of looking at the world can cause struggles for couples, parents and children, and friendships. Sometimes these challenges bring people to a breaking point. Finding healthier ways to connect with the people we are closest to can reduce stress, help with the anxieties we all face, and lead to greater satisfaction in our lives.
(651) 374-9190 View (651) 374-9190
Photo of Erin A Metz, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Erin A Metz
Marriage & Family Therapist, DMFT, LMFT, LADC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102  (Online Only)
We all face changes, challenges and difficult situations in life, some we see coming, others are totally unexpected. Sometimes we handle them just fine and others, leave us feeling stuck, alone, and wondering if things will ever get better, if we will ever feel better.
We all face changes, challenges and difficult situations in life, some we see coming, others are totally unexpected. Sometimes we handle them just fine and others, leave us feeling stuck, alone, and wondering if things will ever get better, if we will ever feel better.
(612) 662-0556 View (612) 662-0556
Photo of Alix Bellus, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Alix Bellus
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55116
I strongly believe in the transformative power of therapy. I work with clients using curiosity and understanding to explore the roadblocks that keep them from becoming who they want to be. These roadblocks can be met with skills and tools or space to process, ultimately highlighting the client’s own ability to create change. Therapy should be unique to the individual. I am passionate about creating a collaborative therapeutic relationship, and am dedicated to finding the style of therapy that works best for each client. I use a blend of theoretical orientations and offer a direct, holistic, solution-focused lens.
I strongly believe in the transformative power of therapy. I work with clients using curiosity and understanding to explore the roadblocks that keep them from becoming who they want to be. These roadblocks can be met with skills and tools or space to process, ultimately highlighting the client’s own ability to create change. Therapy should be unique to the individual. I am passionate about creating a collaborative therapeutic relationship, and am dedicated to finding the style of therapy that works best for each client. I use a blend of theoretical orientations and offer a direct, holistic, solution-focused lens.
(952) 243-5211 x703 View (952) 243-5211 x703
Photo of Jeanette Truchsess, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Jeanette Truchsess
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114  (Online Only)
Are you feeling anxious about your relationships, work, or how to maintain self care in a fast, stressful world ? Are you experiencing grief from losses or trauma? Do you take care of others more than yourself? Would you like someone safe to process your thoughts and feelings with? I'm an experienced mental health practitioner who offers compassionate services to clients across the life span.
Are you feeling anxious about your relationships, work, or how to maintain self care in a fast, stressful world ? Are you experiencing grief from losses or trauma? Do you take care of others more than yourself? Would you like someone safe to process your thoughts and feelings with? I'm an experienced mental health practitioner who offers compassionate services to clients across the life span.
(651) 226-4704 View (651) 226-4704
Photo of Hannah Stevens Nauman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Hannah Stevens Nauman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
I work with couples who have been feeling stuck in the same patterns, disconnected from each other, and have difficulty communicating. Together, we will work towards creating a more fulfilling and attuned relationship. I also work with individuals who are looking for relief from anxiety, depression, trauma, or are searching for ways to cope with challenging life transitions.
I work with couples who have been feeling stuck in the same patterns, disconnected from each other, and have difficulty communicating. Together, we will work towards creating a more fulfilling and attuned relationship. I also work with individuals who are looking for relief from anxiety, depression, trauma, or are searching for ways to cope with challenging life transitions.
(612) 808-5421 View (612) 808-5421
Photo of Paige Kahleck, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Paige Kahleck
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102
Paige Kahleck is a Marriage and Family Therapist in process with experience working with depression, anxiety, and ADD/ADHD. Paige works with individuals, families and couples. Paige treats children to adults utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Narrative therapy in her approach with clients. In her clinical work, Paige is well versed in both traditional therapeutic techniques as well as creative modalities such as play therapy, role play and skills work. In her free time Paige enjoys being outside hiking and biking. Paige has a Master of Arts in Marriage and Family Therapy from Saint Mary's University.
Paige Kahleck is a Marriage and Family Therapist in process with experience working with depression, anxiety, and ADD/ADHD. Paige works with individuals, families and couples. Paige treats children to adults utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Narrative therapy in her approach with clients. In her clinical work, Paige is well versed in both traditional therapeutic techniques as well as creative modalities such as play therapy, role play and skills work. In her free time Paige enjoys being outside hiking and biking. Paige has a Master of Arts in Marriage and Family Therapy from Saint Mary's University.
(651) 349-6623 View (651) 349-6623

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$170

Therapists in Saint Paul, MN who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% BlueCross and BlueShield
72% UCare
68% HealthPartners of MN and WI

How Therapists in Saint Paul, MN see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
21% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Paul?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.