Therapists in New York, NY

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Photo of Rhea Kumar, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Rhea Kumar
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10002  (Online Only)
I work broadly with young adults who often have bicultural backgrounds and are experiencing personal issues with themselves, family or relationships. It is a difficult balancing act between you, those close to you and differing cultural norms. Finding autonomy when the expectations of others sometimes burdens us, can lead to feeling anxious, alone or depressed. You can lose yourself to these feelings at times, which is why 1-on-1 therapy is a healthy approach to process these emotions.Family and friends may suggest or want vastly different things than you. In therapy, I will listen while giving you the tools you need for your goals.
I work broadly with young adults who often have bicultural backgrounds and are experiencing personal issues with themselves, family or relationships. It is a difficult balancing act between you, those close to you and differing cultural norms. Finding autonomy when the expectations of others sometimes burdens us, can lead to feeling anxious, alone or depressed. You can lose yourself to these feelings at times, which is why 1-on-1 therapy is a healthy approach to process these emotions.Family and friends may suggest or want vastly different things than you. In therapy, I will listen while giving you the tools you need for your goals.
(332) 239-6314 View (332) 239-6314
Photo of Sophia Parisi, Counselor in New York, NY
Sophia Parisi
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10011  (Online Only)
Are you anxious more than ever, feeling “off” or “not like yourself” lately, facing relationship issues, or maybe you’re tired of holding everything in and ready to talk to someone? If you answered yes to any, you’ve come to the right place. In our sessions you will find that therapy is a meaningful conversation that takes place in a safe, collaborative, and nonjudgemental space where YOU set the pace and where we can identify conflict and options, make efforts toward self-growth, and pursue paths of change. My goal is to help you uncover your own motivation to change and empower you to be confident in the decisions you make.
Are you anxious more than ever, feeling “off” or “not like yourself” lately, facing relationship issues, or maybe you’re tired of holding everything in and ready to talk to someone? If you answered yes to any, you’ve come to the right place. In our sessions you will find that therapy is a meaningful conversation that takes place in a safe, collaborative, and nonjudgemental space where YOU set the pace and where we can identify conflict and options, make efforts toward self-growth, and pursue paths of change. My goal is to help you uncover your own motivation to change and empower you to be confident in the decisions you make.
(631) 213-1119 View (631) 213-1119
Photo of Behavioral Associates, Psychologist in New York, NY
Behavioral Associates
Psychologist, PhD, BCN, BCB
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10128
Dr. Robert Reiner is the Executive Director and founder of Behavioral Associates (BA), and has been practicing psychology since 1981. He specializes in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for individuals, couples and families alone or in combination with Biofeedback, Neurofeedback, Virtual Reality Therapy (VRT) and QEEG assessment. Dr. Reiner is a warm, compassionate psychologist that personally meets with each new patient during the initial consultation to assess the patients' individual needs, match them with one of the expert clinicians on staff, and devise a treatment plan. While he views medication as a last resort, psychiatrists are available to prescribe when deemed necessary.
Dr. Robert Reiner is the Executive Director and founder of Behavioral Associates (BA), and has been practicing psychology since 1981. He specializes in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for individuals, couples and families alone or in combination with Biofeedback, Neurofeedback, Virtual Reality Therapy (VRT) and QEEG assessment. Dr. Reiner is a warm, compassionate psychologist that personally meets with each new patient during the initial consultation to assess the patients' individual needs, match them with one of the expert clinicians on staff, and devise a treatment plan. While he views medication as a last resort, psychiatrists are available to prescribe when deemed necessary.
(646) 791-4246 View (646) 791-4246
Photo of Frankie Cancel, Counselor in New York, NY
Frankie Cancel
Counselor, LMHC, NCC, FDC, CRPA, CASAC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10199
I am licensed and credentialed, with New York practice locations, and more than 15 years of professional work experience. I have worked with all racial, ethnic, sexual, and gender identities in tackling a vast array of conditions. Some of those conditions were: addiction (e.g., Alcohol, Opiates, cocaine, gambling, etc.), and I have experience working with stress and anxiety, coping with addictions, anger management, motivation, self-esteem, depression, and confidence. Also experienced in: LGBT, Relationship issues, Family conflicts, Trauma and abuse, Grief, Career difficulties, Coping with life changes, Coaching, HIV/AIDS
I am licensed and credentialed, with New York practice locations, and more than 15 years of professional work experience. I have worked with all racial, ethnic, sexual, and gender identities in tackling a vast array of conditions. Some of those conditions were: addiction (e.g., Alcohol, Opiates, cocaine, gambling, etc.), and I have experience working with stress and anxiety, coping with addictions, anger management, motivation, self-esteem, depression, and confidence. Also experienced in: LGBT, Relationship issues, Family conflicts, Trauma and abuse, Grief, Career difficulties, Coping with life changes, Coaching, HIV/AIDS
(646) 970-1372 View (646) 970-1372
Photo of Hiro Yasuda, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Hiro Yasuda
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
Psychotherapy is a process that facilitates change, growth and renewal. There are many concerns that may bring us to therapy: a difficult relationship, a general feeling of dissatisfaction, a life transition, a traumatic experience, gender/sexual orientation issues, immigration, feelings of depression, anxiety or loss. All of these circumstances are worthy of attention.
Psychotherapy is a process that facilitates change, growth and renewal. There are many concerns that may bring us to therapy: a difficult relationship, a general feeling of dissatisfaction, a life transition, a traumatic experience, gender/sexual orientation issues, immigration, feelings of depression, anxiety or loss. All of these circumstances are worthy of attention.
(917) 284-6326 View (917) 284-6326
Photo of Megan C Barton, Counselor in New York, NY
Megan C Barton
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
I am a psychotherapist passionate about providing individualized care to adolescents, adults, and couples. I believe therapy should feel safe and be a space where you can explore thoughts, feelings, and behaviors without judgment. I specialize in working with individuals dealing with depression, anxiety, trauma/PTSD, and concerns relating to race/ethnicity/intersectionality.
I am a psychotherapist passionate about providing individualized care to adolescents, adults, and couples. I believe therapy should feel safe and be a space where you can explore thoughts, feelings, and behaviors without judgment. I specialize in working with individuals dealing with depression, anxiety, trauma/PTSD, and concerns relating to race/ethnicity/intersectionality.
(347) 836-5242 View (347) 836-5242
Photo of Katherine Berko, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Katherine Berko
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
“Behind your image, below your words, above your thoughts, the silence of another world waits. A world lives within you. No one else can bring you news of this inner world.” (John O'Donohue) As your therapist I’ll help you access this inner world so you begin living with more awareness, intention, meaning, and wonder. I’ll listen a lot for what’s unsaid. Rather than give advice, I’ll help you uncover within yourself the truest, most authentic questions and answers. In session you’ll bring whatever's on your mind and we’ll attend to it. Nothing is too insignificant. This is deep, long-term work about deep, long-term change.
“Behind your image, below your words, above your thoughts, the silence of another world waits. A world lives within you. No one else can bring you news of this inner world.” (John O'Donohue) As your therapist I’ll help you access this inner world so you begin living with more awareness, intention, meaning, and wonder. I’ll listen a lot for what’s unsaid. Rather than give advice, I’ll help you uncover within yourself the truest, most authentic questions and answers. In session you’ll bring whatever's on your mind and we’ll attend to it. Nothing is too insignificant. This is deep, long-term work about deep, long-term change.
(646) 630-7158 View (646) 630-7158
Photo of Natasha Fradkin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Natasha Fradkin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10069  (Online Only)
I believe in a holistic approach to therapy, and that each patient is unique. I aim to work with my patient to tailor treatment to what works best for them. I specialize in children, adolescents, and young adults who suffer from Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, Eating Disorders, ADHD, and Emotion Regulation issues. I also have experience in Motivational Interviewing, CBT, DBT, TF-CBT, Crisis Intervention, and psychotherapy.
I believe in a holistic approach to therapy, and that each patient is unique. I aim to work with my patient to tailor treatment to what works best for them. I specialize in children, adolescents, and young adults who suffer from Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, Eating Disorders, ADHD, and Emotion Regulation issues. I also have experience in Motivational Interviewing, CBT, DBT, TF-CBT, Crisis Intervention, and psychotherapy.
(646) 736-4995 View (646) 736-4995
Photo of Alison Trenk, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Alison Trenk
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
Are you feeling anxious or depressed? Are you having relational issues? Have you survived a trauma or scary experience and are looking to heal? I would like to help. Starting therapy can feel overwhelming. As a psychotherapist, I work within a supportive relational framework and incorporate varied behavioral modalities. My therapeutic approach is warm, empathetic, and validating. I believe that healing only occurs within a safe therapeutic relationship. We can work together to alleviate uncomfortable symptoms and continue the journey to well being.
Are you feeling anxious or depressed? Are you having relational issues? Have you survived a trauma or scary experience and are looking to heal? I would like to help. Starting therapy can feel overwhelming. As a psychotherapist, I work within a supportive relational framework and incorporate varied behavioral modalities. My therapeutic approach is warm, empathetic, and validating. I believe that healing only occurs within a safe therapeutic relationship. We can work together to alleviate uncomfortable symptoms and continue the journey to well being.
(917) 924-6502 View (917) 924-6502
Photo of Bari Felice Wartell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Bari Felice Wartell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10065  (Online Only)
Do you find yourself consumed by worry or struggling with self-esteem? Perhaps you find yourself procrastinating, leaving you feeling stressed and unmotivated. Or maybe past traumas cast a shadow on your current relationships? If any of these challenges resonate with your experience, you're in the right place.
Do you find yourself consumed by worry or struggling with self-esteem? Perhaps you find yourself procrastinating, leaving you feeling stressed and unmotivated. Or maybe past traumas cast a shadow on your current relationships? If any of these challenges resonate with your experience, you're in the right place.
(646) 759-0218 View (646) 759-0218
Photo of Carlos A Campetta, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Carlos A Campetta
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-R, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
I am a bilingual psychotherapist and psychoanalyst in private practice in New York City. For more than 25 years, I have treated patients, in English and Spanish, who have had a wide variety of symptoms. I have varied experience in treating depression, anxiety, and relationship problems, as well as other mental disorders. In addition, I have been working as a clinical individual and group supervisor for over ten years.
I am a bilingual psychotherapist and psychoanalyst in private practice in New York City. For more than 25 years, I have treated patients, in English and Spanish, who have had a wide variety of symptoms. I have varied experience in treating depression, anxiety, and relationship problems, as well as other mental disorders. In addition, I have been working as a clinical individual and group supervisor for over ten years.
(917) 746-8728 View (917) 746-8728
Photo of Ailish Coughlan Psychotherapist, Art Therapist in New York, NY
Ailish Coughlan Psychotherapist
Art Therapist, MA, LCAT, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010
I provide an engaging and supportive environment to help you know yourself better and build lasting skills to cope during life's challenges. I work with adults, adolescents, and parent/child. We will work together towards a healthier and happier way of being. In our psychotherapy sessions, I consider our relationship to be an important aspect in our work. I include aspects of art therapy and psychoanalysis and find that a psychodynamic approach has a lasting affect on mood, relationships, behaviors and patterns. I can creatively encourage ways to help you express and untangle your concerns, as well as, bring about change.
I provide an engaging and supportive environment to help you know yourself better and build lasting skills to cope during life's challenges. I work with adults, adolescents, and parent/child. We will work together towards a healthier and happier way of being. In our psychotherapy sessions, I consider our relationship to be an important aspect in our work. I include aspects of art therapy and psychoanalysis and find that a psychodynamic approach has a lasting affect on mood, relationships, behaviors and patterns. I can creatively encourage ways to help you express and untangle your concerns, as well as, bring about change.
(917) 791-4173 View (917) 791-4173
Photo of Emma Kolpon, Psychologist in New York, NY
Emma Kolpon
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10024
As a licensed clinical psychologist, I seek to build strong relationships with my clients that involve warmth, trust, and collaboration, which serve as the foundation for meaningful growth and change. I believe in joining with every client, respectfully and without judgment, to improve the nature of their relationships, better understand their emotional world, and cope with stress.
As a licensed clinical psychologist, I seek to build strong relationships with my clients that involve warmth, trust, and collaboration, which serve as the foundation for meaningful growth and change. I believe in joining with every client, respectfully and without judgment, to improve the nature of their relationships, better understand their emotional world, and cope with stress.
(844) 523-1108 View (844) 523-1108
Photo of Kathleen Maher, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Kathleen Maher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
Seeking help from a therapist can be a sensitive time. Maybe you are acknowledging something is not working and realizing you can't fix it alone. Maybe you sought therapy to gain insight into your behavior, strengthen your relationships or help understand your emotions. Whatever the reason, you have decided that you don’t want to struggle with it alone. Sometimes people are seeking big change from therapy and others are seeking desire to process something.
Seeking help from a therapist can be a sensitive time. Maybe you are acknowledging something is not working and realizing you can't fix it alone. Maybe you sought therapy to gain insight into your behavior, strengthen your relationships or help understand your emotions. Whatever the reason, you have decided that you don’t want to struggle with it alone. Sometimes people are seeking big change from therapy and others are seeking desire to process something.
(332) 262-6959 View (332) 262-6959
Photo of Dr. Wesley D. Willis, Psy.D., LCSW-R, RN, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Dr. Wesley D. Willis, Psy.D., LCSW-R, RN
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PsyD, LCSW, RN
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019  (Online Only)
The focus of my practice utilizes my education and experience in medicine and psychiatry known as "lifestyle medicine" to support my patient's goal to live, work and experience life to the fullest. The majority of my patients are seen weekly via video conferencing. Visit my website and select "online appointment scheduling" in the drop down menu to schedule your appointment today.
The focus of my practice utilizes my education and experience in medicine and psychiatry known as "lifestyle medicine" to support my patient's goal to live, work and experience life to the fullest. The majority of my patients are seen weekly via video conferencing. Visit my website and select "online appointment scheduling" in the drop down menu to schedule your appointment today.
(718) 504-1471 View (718) 504-1471
Photo of Diana Halperin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Diana Halperin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
Each one of us can achieve positive change. I see people who are seeking more for themselves and have realized that the way they have been living no longer feels right or helpful. Whether you need support with life challenges and transitions, working through relationship concerns, managing difficult feelings, or healing from past experiences, our work together focuses on establishing a safe, caring place in which to learn more about yourself and develop greater capacity within and in your relationships and life.
Each one of us can achieve positive change. I see people who are seeking more for themselves and have realized that the way they have been living no longer feels right or helpful. Whether you need support with life challenges and transitions, working through relationship concerns, managing difficult feelings, or healing from past experiences, our work together focuses on establishing a safe, caring place in which to learn more about yourself and develop greater capacity within and in your relationships and life.
(917) 905-9976 View (917) 905-9976
Photo of Leon Silvers, Counselor in New York, NY
Leon Silvers
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10017
I work with individuals of all gender, race, ethnicity, religion, and sexual orientation. I work with clients struggling with anxiety, depression, substance abuse, trauma, gender, sexuality, and relationships. I am a life-long learner in the field of psychology and have learned, and continue to learn many different therapeutic modalities, so my approach is eclectic and tailored to the unique needs and wants of each individual. I have also been in my own therapy for each of the modalities I practice.
I work with individuals of all gender, race, ethnicity, religion, and sexual orientation. I work with clients struggling with anxiety, depression, substance abuse, trauma, gender, sexuality, and relationships. I am a life-long learner in the field of psychology and have learned, and continue to learn many different therapeutic modalities, so my approach is eclectic and tailored to the unique needs and wants of each individual. I have also been in my own therapy for each of the modalities I practice.
(917) 746-7129 View (917) 746-7129
Photo of Kristen Whelan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Kristen Whelan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
New York, NY 10002  (Online Only)
I work primarily with young adults and millennials moving through radical life transitions such as moving, beginning/ending relationships, career changes, and grief and loss. Life transitions, even positive ones, can leave us feeling stuck, alone, confused, anxious, and even despairing. My treatment with you will be tailored to your goals, preferences, and desired outcomes for therapy. I treat each of my clients with respect and provide an atmosphere full of safety and free of judgment.
I work primarily with young adults and millennials moving through radical life transitions such as moving, beginning/ending relationships, career changes, and grief and loss. Life transitions, even positive ones, can leave us feeling stuck, alone, confused, anxious, and even despairing. My treatment with you will be tailored to your goals, preferences, and desired outcomes for therapy. I treat each of my clients with respect and provide an atmosphere full of safety and free of judgment.
(347) 391-2880 View (347) 391-2880
Photo of Elizabeth Elam, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Elizabeth Elam
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
I am a seasoned, dedicated individual and couples therapist with over 15 years of experience treating adults struggling with anxiety, depression, loss and grieving, relationship issues and work challenges. I will work collaboratively with you to gently and compassionately explore the recurring patterns in behavior and relating that cause you pain and stop you from getting what you want personally and professionally. We'll look to the past but spend most of our time in the present learning more effective ways to make decisions, take action and communicate with the important people in your life.
I am a seasoned, dedicated individual and couples therapist with over 15 years of experience treating adults struggling with anxiety, depression, loss and grieving, relationship issues and work challenges. I will work collaboratively with you to gently and compassionately explore the recurring patterns in behavior and relating that cause you pain and stop you from getting what you want personally and professionally. We'll look to the past but spend most of our time in the present learning more effective ways to make decisions, take action and communicate with the important people in your life.
(646) 374-3677 View (646) 374-3677
Photo of Sarah Nickerson, Counselor in New York, NY
Sarah Nickerson
Counselor, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
I consider being a therapist a great privilege and honor. Working through pain and difficulty is never easy, and I have a high respect for those who have decided to courageously face life's challenges. I truly believe that people have a unique set of strengths and gifts inherent within them. Sometimes, they can be hard to see because of past experiences or a present issue. My goal is to walk alongside and support you, offering a safe place to heal, grow, and discover your true center. I look forward to learning with you!
I consider being a therapist a great privilege and honor. Working through pain and difficulty is never easy, and I have a high respect for those who have decided to courageously face life's challenges. I truly believe that people have a unique set of strengths and gifts inherent within them. Sometimes, they can be hard to see because of past experiences or a present issue. My goal is to walk alongside and support you, offering a safe place to heal, grow, and discover your true center. I look forward to learning with you!
(347) 745-7766 View (347) 745-7766

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.