Therapists in Secane, PA

Photo of Nancy McCormack - Behavioral Health Nurse Coach, MSN, RN, NC-, BC
Nancy McCormack - Behavioral Health Nurse Coach
MSN, RN, NC-, BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I serve clients with a variety of mental and physical health concerns. • Providing in person and virtual Nurse Coaching to individuals and groups utilizing a variety of modalities including. • Mindfulness • Reiki • Guided Imagery • Nutrition Specializing in all aspects of behavioral health and promotion of mental wellness Utilizing almost 20 years of mental health and substance use experience to enhance the lives of my clients while supporting their life goals. Nurse Coaching provides holistic and science-based health and wellness promotion. In addition, Reiki has now been added to our specialty services,
I serve clients with a variety of mental and physical health concerns. • Providing in person and virtual Nurse Coaching to individuals and groups utilizing a variety of modalities including. • Mindfulness • Reiki • Guided Imagery • Nutrition Specializing in all aspects of behavioral health and promotion of mental wellness Utilizing almost 20 years of mental health and substance use experience to enhance the lives of my clients while supporting their life goals. Nurse Coaching provides holistic and science-based health and wellness promotion. In addition, Reiki has now been added to our specialty services,
(484) 601-3611 View (484) 601-3611
Photo of Kia Felicia Everett - Finding Your Way, LLC, DCC, MHS, MPSL, LPC, LBS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Finding Your Way, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, DCC, MHS, MPSL, LPC, LBS
Verified Verified
Online Only
Is your life unmanageable? Are you suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder as a result of a traumatic situation? Are you in a crisis? You have found your therapeutic solution. Finding Your Way, LLC is a Mental Health Urgent Care/ Mental Health Practice that will meet all of your immediate Mental Health needs. We are a well rounded comprehensive practice to move you to a place of Wellness.
Is your life unmanageable? Are you suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder as a result of a traumatic situation? Are you in a crisis? You have found your therapeutic solution. Finding Your Way, LLC is a Mental Health Urgent Care/ Mental Health Practice that will meet all of your immediate Mental Health needs. We are a well rounded comprehensive practice to move you to a place of Wellness.
(484) 496-1891 View (484) 496-1891
Photo of Emily Zubriski, MS, LAPC
Emily Zubriski
Associate Professional Counselor, MS, LAPC
Verified Verified
Secane, PA 19018
Are you experiencing feelings of uncertainty, worry, loneliness, or distress? Do difficult past experiences impact the way you view yourself, others, or the world? Maybe you prioritize others' needs over your own or face challenges in your relationship? If any of this resonates, you're not alone, and I'm here to help. I provide a safe, supportive environment to heal emotional wounds and empower you to reclaim your life. Together, we can address past struggles that hinder your present, improving connections and breaking unhelpful patterns. Let’s work towards a more fulfilling, balanced life and stronger relationships.
Are you experiencing feelings of uncertainty, worry, loneliness, or distress? Do difficult past experiences impact the way you view yourself, others, or the world? Maybe you prioritize others' needs over your own or face challenges in your relationship? If any of this resonates, you're not alone, and I'm here to help. I provide a safe, supportive environment to heal emotional wounds and empower you to reclaim your life. Together, we can address past struggles that hinder your present, improving connections and breaking unhelpful patterns. Let’s work towards a more fulfilling, balanced life and stronger relationships.
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More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Dr. Kimberly Richards, PsyD, HSP, CIMHP, Psychologist
Dr. Kimberly Richards
Psychologist, PsyD, HSP, CIMHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Does life feel like a struggle? Maybe you feel overwhelmed, frustrated, and not like yourself. Everything is annoying. Your fuse is running a bit short. You don't even want to interact with other people because it's too much: too much energy, too much trying, too much struggle. You don't feel like anyone can understand you. Past memories continue to impact you and you don't know what else to do. Life feels like such a struggle. You want to be involved in life and happy. You want to laugh, smile, and enjoy life.
Does life feel like a struggle? Maybe you feel overwhelmed, frustrated, and not like yourself. Everything is annoying. Your fuse is running a bit short. You don't even want to interact with other people because it's too much: too much energy, too much trying, too much struggle. You don't feel like anyone can understand you. Past memories continue to impact you and you don't know what else to do. Life feels like such a struggle. You want to be involved in life and happy. You want to laugh, smile, and enjoy life.
(610) 510-4513 View (610) 510-4513
Photo of Kristine Boward - The Centered Brain, PsyD, BCN, Psychologist
The Centered Brain
Psychologist, PsyD, BCN
Verified Verified
King Of Prussia, PA 19406
The Centered Brain offers a unique integrated approach using therapy, heart rate variability, and neurofeedback. We work to regulate your physiology to help you make the most out of treatment. Most clients experience significant improvement in focus, brain fog, sleep, anxiety, rumination, hypervigilance, migraine pain, and elevated fight/flight freeze response.
The Centered Brain offers a unique integrated approach using therapy, heart rate variability, and neurofeedback. We work to regulate your physiology to help you make the most out of treatment. Most clients experience significant improvement in focus, brain fog, sleep, anxiety, rumination, hypervigilance, migraine pain, and elevated fight/flight freeze response.
(610) 878-9330 View (610) 878-9330
Photo of Liss Rinker, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Liss Rinker
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Havertown, PA 19083
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. I hold licenses in Pennsylvania and New Jersey and specialty certification as a Certified Advanced Drug & Alcohol Counselor and a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional. I am a firm believer in everything that happens creates the person. I am a whole life counselor and work with people to explore what it would take to move past the difficult times in life. I take the time to get to know my clients and have many clients who have been with me for years. That doesn't mean someone will see me every week for the rest of their life.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. I hold licenses in Pennsylvania and New Jersey and specialty certification as a Certified Advanced Drug & Alcohol Counselor and a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional. I am a firm believer in everything that happens creates the person. I am a whole life counselor and work with people to explore what it would take to move past the difficult times in life. I take the time to get to know my clients and have many clients who have been with me for years. That doesn't mean someone will see me every week for the rest of their life.
(484) 699-9581 View (484) 699-9581
Photo of Kate Cornwell, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kate Cornwell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Narberth, PA 19072
Not accepting new clients
We all come to points in our lives where we lose perspective and feel hurt and alone. I work with children, families and individuals who have lost joy in their lives and need help to regain their self respect. I encourage potential clients to come in and see if we are a good fit and if I can be of help. Having been in mental health for many years and the director of a community mental health center for 13 years, I am comfortable with big and not so big problems.
We all come to points in our lives where we lose perspective and feel hurt and alone. I work with children, families and individuals who have lost joy in their lives and need help to regain their self respect. I encourage potential clients to come in and see if we are a good fit and if I can be of help. Having been in mental health for many years and the director of a community mental health center for 13 years, I am comfortable with big and not so big problems.
(610) 898-3241 View (610) 898-3241
Photo of Candace Stevens, Licensed Professional Counselor
Candace Stevens
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Villanova, PA 19085
You deserve to find clarity, healing, and growth. You deserve to be seen and heard when you are struggling. Sometimes, we all need a little help on our path to feeling better and creating the life that we want. Healing is a collaborative process; my role is to help you recognize and shift out of patterns that stagnate your growth and keep you from harnessing your potential in the present moment. In sessions, we explore internally and externally; getting to know ourselves more deeply so we can more effectively cultivate that we want in life.
You deserve to find clarity, healing, and growth. You deserve to be seen and heard when you are struggling. Sometimes, we all need a little help on our path to feeling better and creating the life that we want. Healing is a collaborative process; my role is to help you recognize and shift out of patterns that stagnate your growth and keep you from harnessing your potential in the present moment. In sessions, we explore internally and externally; getting to know ourselves more deeply so we can more effectively cultivate that we want in life.
(215) 770-1434 View (215) 770-1434
Photo of Andrew Oostdyk, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Andrew Oostdyk
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19380
My ideal client is one with motivation for self-care, openness to change, and a desire to learn more about themselves and others. My ideal population consists of adults with a mental health diagnosis of anxiety, depression, PTSD, substance use disorder, and other increasingly complex diagnoses. However, I am also devoted to assisting those seeking help without a defined diagnosis and who are beginning therapy without a clear vision of treatment needs. I welcome working with anyone who may benefit from my skillset who is dealing with life’s many challenges and searching for a clearer definition and understanding of their stressors.
My ideal client is one with motivation for self-care, openness to change, and a desire to learn more about themselves and others. My ideal population consists of adults with a mental health diagnosis of anxiety, depression, PTSD, substance use disorder, and other increasingly complex diagnoses. However, I am also devoted to assisting those seeking help without a defined diagnosis and who are beginning therapy without a clear vision of treatment needs. I welcome working with anyone who may benefit from my skillset who is dealing with life’s many challenges and searching for a clearer definition and understanding of their stressors.
(484) 623-5299 View (484) 623-5299
Photo of Heather Edwards, MA, LMHC, NCC, BCC, EMDR, Counselor
Heather Edwards
Counselor, MA, LMHC, NCC, BCC, EMDR
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Villanova, PA 19085
Heather Edwards is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in the Midtown area of Manhattan near Grand Central Station. Many of her clients are women who've found success in their career or academics & have difficulty balancing the demands of a high-stress profession with personal relationships & responsibilities. Often, there is burnout, anxiety, depression, or resurfacing of trauma experiences. As her clients engage in therapy, they confront and reprocess traumatic memories, reduce their emotional impact & reclaim control over their lives. They develop healthier coping mechanisms, enhance emotional resilience & thrive overall.
Heather Edwards is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in the Midtown area of Manhattan near Grand Central Station. Many of her clients are women who've found success in their career or academics & have difficulty balancing the demands of a high-stress profession with personal relationships & responsibilities. Often, there is burnout, anxiety, depression, or resurfacing of trauma experiences. As her clients engage in therapy, they confront and reprocess traumatic memories, reduce their emotional impact & reclaim control over their lives. They develop healthier coping mechanisms, enhance emotional resilience & thrive overall.
(347) 573-9962 View (347) 573-9962
Photo of Cynthia Rumery, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Cynthia Rumery
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Royersford, PA 19468
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, struggling with mood swings, or facing challenges with anger and behavioral issues? With over a decade of experience in mental health crisis management, trauma-informed care, & addiction needs, I specialize in helping navigate complex emotions and behaviors. We will identify your strengths and resources, empowering you to take charge of your mental health and work towards a more fulfilling life.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, struggling with mood swings, or facing challenges with anger and behavioral issues? With over a decade of experience in mental health crisis management, trauma-informed care, & addiction needs, I specialize in helping navigate complex emotions and behaviors. We will identify your strengths and resources, empowering you to take charge of your mental health and work towards a more fulfilling life.
(484) 435-7754 View (484) 435-7754
Photo of Laura Siegel, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Laura Siegel
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hi! I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) based in Pennsylvania. If you're here feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or intimidated, therapy can be a huge first step to regaining a sense of control.
Hi! I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) based in Pennsylvania. If you're here feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or intimidated, therapy can be a huge first step to regaining a sense of control.
(484) 613-3400 View (484) 613-3400
Photo of Carol L Ciliberti, MA, LPC, LBS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Carol L Ciliberti
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LBS
Verified Verified
Online Only
I believe you are capable of living the life you want.Through self awareness, recognizing your strengths and determining what motivates you,I believe that you have the power to change when given access to the proper insight, information and tools. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Behavior Specialist using both emotion focused and cognitive behavioral strategies to motivate and create change. I create a safe environment in which you can truly be yourself, explore life's challenges and maybe even learn to laugh at yourself in the process.
I believe you are capable of living the life you want.Through self awareness, recognizing your strengths and determining what motivates you,I believe that you have the power to change when given access to the proper insight, information and tools. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Behavior Specialist using both emotion focused and cognitive behavioral strategies to motivate and create change. I create a safe environment in which you can truly be yourself, explore life's challenges and maybe even learn to laugh at yourself in the process.
(610) 723-8093 View (610) 723-8093
Photo of Christopher Morrison, MA, LPC, MT-BC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Christopher Morrison
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MT-BC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you struggling with feelings of not being good enough, no matter how hard you try to push past your worries & fears? Perhaps you’re facing relationship issues, finding it difficult to trust your partner, or working through unresolved childhood trauma. If shame or past experiences are holding you back from living the life you deserve, you don’t have to face it alone. Now is the perfect time to connect with a compassionate therapist who can help you heal, rebuild trust, and move forward with confidence. Keep reading to learn why booking an individual therapy session today could be one of the most rewarding decisions you ever make.
Are you struggling with feelings of not being good enough, no matter how hard you try to push past your worries & fears? Perhaps you’re facing relationship issues, finding it difficult to trust your partner, or working through unresolved childhood trauma. If shame or past experiences are holding you back from living the life you deserve, you don’t have to face it alone. Now is the perfect time to connect with a compassionate therapist who can help you heal, rebuild trust, and move forward with confidence. Keep reading to learn why booking an individual therapy session today could be one of the most rewarding decisions you ever make.
(267) 651-0605 View (267) 651-0605
Photo of Jill Todd, PsyD, Psychologist
Jill Todd
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Online Only
You are the expert on you. My style is collaborative, solution focused, and neurodiversity-affirming. Specialties are anxiety, depression, autism, parenting children with Autism, and infertility. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is an empirically supported treatment that reduces anxiety, depression, and many other symptoms. I am CBT trained. I enjoy trying new strategies in collaboration with the clients I work with. Everyone is different and I personalize treatment as much as possible. Whether you need 2 sessions or 20 sessions, together we can come up with different thoughts and behaviors that can help you reach your goals and i
You are the expert on you. My style is collaborative, solution focused, and neurodiversity-affirming. Specialties are anxiety, depression, autism, parenting children with Autism, and infertility. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is an empirically supported treatment that reduces anxiety, depression, and many other symptoms. I am CBT trained. I enjoy trying new strategies in collaboration with the clients I work with. Everyone is different and I personalize treatment as much as possible. Whether you need 2 sessions or 20 sessions, together we can come up with different thoughts and behaviors that can help you reach your goals and i
(484) 992-9792 View (484) 992-9792
Photo of Nancy Forrest, PsyD, Licensed Professional Counselor
Nancy Forrest
Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD
Verified Verified
Lansdowne, PA 19050
Using eclectic therapy techniques from Jungian perspective, I am the President and CEO of a collegial group practice, including psychologists and life coaches. We specialize in healing patterns of trauma and hurt relationships in couples, the workplace, family issues or personal issues within the self.
Using eclectic therapy techniques from Jungian perspective, I am the President and CEO of a collegial group practice, including psychologists and life coaches. We specialize in healing patterns of trauma and hurt relationships in couples, the workplace, family issues or personal issues within the self.
(610) 601-4189 View (610) 601-4189
Photo of Rachel Schwartz, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Rachel Schwartz
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Limerick, PA 19468
My ideal client often begins therapy knowing something is off, uncomfortable, or painful but unsure where to go next. Sometimes, they aren't sure what is causing their distress and are looking for help to understand what happened that led them here. Other times, they are aware of what's causing their pain but are looking for an additional perspective as they begin to make changes. Their goals, on some level, are to find relief, understanding, or peace.
My ideal client often begins therapy knowing something is off, uncomfortable, or painful but unsure where to go next. Sometimes, they aren't sure what is causing their distress and are looking for help to understand what happened that led them here. Other times, they are aware of what's causing their pain but are looking for an additional perspective as they begin to make changes. Their goals, on some level, are to find relief, understanding, or peace.
(484) 371-5295 View (484) 371-5295
Photo of Elise Merenda, MA, LMFT, SAP, CEAP, Marriage & Family Therapist
Elise Merenda
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, SAP, CEAP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chadds Ford, PA 19317
Not accepting new clients
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over 20 years of experience in the field of counseling. My approach to counseling is strengths-based, with a focus on helping you to find the positive solutions for your concerns. I have extensive experience working with adolescents, families, and couples. I have experience working with survivors of domestic abuse, toxic relationships, as well as sexual assault.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over 20 years of experience in the field of counseling. My approach to counseling is strengths-based, with a focus on helping you to find the positive solutions for your concerns. I have extensive experience working with adolescents, families, and couples. I have experience working with survivors of domestic abuse, toxic relationships, as well as sexual assault.
(215) 874-3809 View (215) 874-3809
Photo of Kaitlin Lambe Babyak, LPC, ATR-BC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kaitlin Lambe Babyak
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wayne, PA 19087
You’re counting every calorie, overcompensating with exercise, and feeling guilt and shame after eating sweets alone. Social events are hard because menus don’t fit your strict meal plan. You feel overwhelmed from one cookie, hate looking in the mirror, and believe changing your body will bring happiness and love. I understand the struggle with food and body image is overwhelming. You deserve to find peace with food, enjoy eating without guilt, and achieve true self-acceptance. My approach focuses on helping you reconnect with your body and trust your inner wisdom.
You’re counting every calorie, overcompensating with exercise, and feeling guilt and shame after eating sweets alone. Social events are hard because menus don’t fit your strict meal plan. You feel overwhelmed from one cookie, hate looking in the mirror, and believe changing your body will bring happiness and love. I understand the struggle with food and body image is overwhelming. You deserve to find peace with food, enjoy eating without guilt, and achieve true self-acceptance. My approach focuses on helping you reconnect with your body and trust your inner wisdom.
Photo of Justin Levitan, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Justin Levitan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW
Verified Verified
Haverford, PA 19041
I am a Licensed Social Worker dedicated to supporting individuals in overcoming life's challenges. I obtained my MSW from the University of Pennsylvania and have since focused my practice on assisting clients with Learning Disabilities, Anxiety Disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Social Skills Groups, Difficult & Oppositional Adolescents, and Therapeutic Wilderness Program Transitions. ​ My approach to therapy is client-centered and collaborative, emphasizing empathy and understanding. I believe in the importance of meeting clients where they are and working together to achieve their goals.
I am a Licensed Social Worker dedicated to supporting individuals in overcoming life's challenges. I obtained my MSW from the University of Pennsylvania and have since focused my practice on assisting clients with Learning Disabilities, Anxiety Disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Social Skills Groups, Difficult & Oppositional Adolescents, and Therapeutic Wilderness Program Transitions. ​ My approach to therapy is client-centered and collaborative, emphasizing empathy and understanding. I believe in the importance of meeting clients where they are and working together to achieve their goals.
(484) 623-5522 View (484) 623-5522

See more therapy options for Secane

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Secane, PA

< 10

Therapists in Secane, PA who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Trauma and PTSD
100% Family Conflict
100% Self Esteem
100% Stress

Average years in practice

4 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% Cigna and Evernorth
100% Highmark

How Therapists in Secane, PA see their clients

66% Online Only
34% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Secane?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.