Therapists in Penn Hills, PA

Photo of Dominique J Stevens-Young, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CTMH
Dominique J Stevens-Young
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CTMH
Verified Verified
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Are you looking for a safe, confidential place to work through life’s challenges or do you need support moving in a new direction in 2025? If the answer is yes, then I look forward to partnering with you to help you achieve your goals. For more than 30 years, my therapeutic approach has been strengths based, holistic and motivating using practical talk therapy. I provide professional support and teach helpful ways to cope with difficult situations using compassionate, personalized style.
Are you looking for a safe, confidential place to work through life’s challenges or do you need support moving in a new direction in 2025? If the answer is yes, then I look forward to partnering with you to help you achieve your goals. For more than 30 years, my therapeutic approach has been strengths based, holistic and motivating using practical talk therapy. I provide professional support and teach helpful ways to cope with difficult situations using compassionate, personalized style.
(412) 525-7392 View (412) 525-7392
Photo of Yvette Okeke, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Yvette Okeke
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Penn Hills, PA 15235
Welcome! My name is Yvette Okeke, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have extensive therapy experience with various populations and provide support to people battling depression, anxiety, grief and loss, trauma as well as interpersonal issues. If there is any uncertainty about the exact nature of your emotional/mental health struggles, I will use motivational interview to help you identify it and find a meaningful resolution.
Welcome! My name is Yvette Okeke, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have extensive therapy experience with various populations and provide support to people battling depression, anxiety, grief and loss, trauma as well as interpersonal issues. If there is any uncertainty about the exact nature of your emotional/mental health struggles, I will use motivational interview to help you identify it and find a meaningful resolution.
(412) 218-3938 View (412) 218-3938
Photo of Jodi Lynn Buzzell, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Jodi Lynn Buzzell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Life challenges can be overwhelming and stressful. Individuals, families and couples can be effected by these issues . If you are feeling anxious, depressed or suffering from emotional or substance uses issues, experiencing family or relationship conflicts, let my years of experience working with children, adults, families and couples, assist. My approach for families and couples, is exploring patterns in relationship dynamics, providing insight and improving communication . I have worked with adults and children to develop coping skills to manage emotional issues. Therapy is client centered, strength based and the goal is to empower and reach full potential.
Life challenges can be overwhelming and stressful. Individuals, families and couples can be effected by these issues . If you are feeling anxious, depressed or suffering from emotional or substance uses issues, experiencing family or relationship conflicts, let my years of experience working with children, adults, families and couples, assist. My approach for families and couples, is exploring patterns in relationship dynamics, providing insight and improving communication . I have worked with adults and children to develop coping skills to manage emotional issues. Therapy is client centered, strength based and the goal is to empower and reach full potential.
(724) 216-6773 View (724) 216-6773
Photo of Timothy Gonzalez - A Wellness Place, LLC., Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
A Wellness Place, LLC.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Serves Area
A Wellness Place (AWP) is a mental health outpatient group practice which provides individual, family, and group therapy. We are dedicated to the growth and development of our clients within themselves, their families, their relationships and their futures. We pride ourselves on providing service from an authentic and genuine posture as foundational to true connection and care. Only through true connection and care will the journey to Wellness be achieved.
A Wellness Place (AWP) is a mental health outpatient group practice which provides individual, family, and group therapy. We are dedicated to the growth and development of our clients within themselves, their families, their relationships and their futures. We pride ourselves on providing service from an authentic and genuine posture as foundational to true connection and care. Only through true connection and care will the journey to Wellness be achieved.
(412) 436-5256 View (412) 436-5256
Photo of Diana Charlton, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Diana Charlton
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Do you find yourself struggling with feelings of sadness, nervousness, worry or anger? Are you having trouble in your relationships, feeling powerless or frustrated. I can help. Are you someone in early recovery who has stopped using substances, but feels their life isn't improving? I can help.
Do you find yourself struggling with feelings of sadness, nervousness, worry or anger? Are you having trouble in your relationships, feeling powerless or frustrated. I can help. Are you someone in early recovery who has stopped using substances, but feels their life isn't improving? I can help.
(724) 726-4080 View (724) 726-4080
Photo of Brynne Simmons, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Brynne Simmons
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has a history of working with children, adolescents, college students, adults and the elderly population. I have worked with children who have had significant trauma histories, dealing with anxiety, depression, ADHD, ASD, mood disorders, developmental disorders, children in foster care, children coping with adoption, and other diagnoses. I have a history of working with adults and the elderly population who have been struggling with adjusting to changes in their lives and those diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar d/o, depression, anxiety, schizoaffective d/o and many other diagnoses.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has a history of working with children, adolescents, college students, adults and the elderly population. I have worked with children who have had significant trauma histories, dealing with anxiety, depression, ADHD, ASD, mood disorders, developmental disorders, children in foster care, children coping with adoption, and other diagnoses. I have a history of working with adults and the elderly population who have been struggling with adjusting to changes in their lives and those diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar d/o, depression, anxiety, schizoaffective d/o and many other diagnoses.
(412) 790-2242 View (412) 790-2242
Photo of Sheryl Schoenfeld - Fortress Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Fortress Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Life is not easy. At Fortress Counseling I provide individual counseling in a supportive, non-judgmental, and confidential environment. I am committed to working with adolescents, adults, and families to assist them during their current life situation. I believe everyone has the power to make positive changes within their life that can enhance their lifestyle, improve their mood, and encourage happiness.
Life is not easy. At Fortress Counseling I provide individual counseling in a supportive, non-judgmental, and confidential environment. I am committed to working with adolescents, adults, and families to assist them during their current life situation. I believe everyone has the power to make positive changes within their life that can enhance their lifestyle, improve their mood, and encourage happiness.
(724) 740-4610 View (724) 740-4610
Photo of Tiffany Leonard, Psychologist, PsyD
Tiffany Leonard
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Life is constantly changing. Transitions are often rewarding, yet change can create distress, upsetting your closest relationships, turn daily functioning into a struggle, or have you feeling physically ill. I specialize in working with adults & young adults managing life transitions & interpersonal conflicts (partner, coworker, peer). I would like to join with you on your journey to regaining a sense of control over your life. Other special interests include issues related to: young adulthood, college, career change or conflict, family of origin conflict/(how growing up impacted your choices today), & codependency.
Life is constantly changing. Transitions are often rewarding, yet change can create distress, upsetting your closest relationships, turn daily functioning into a struggle, or have you feeling physically ill. I specialize in working with adults & young adults managing life transitions & interpersonal conflicts (partner, coworker, peer). I would like to join with you on your journey to regaining a sense of control over your life. Other special interests include issues related to: young adulthood, college, career change or conflict, family of origin conflict/(how growing up impacted your choices today), & codependency.
(412) 407-4182 View (412) 407-4182
Photo of Dr. Dean Leav - Psychological Testing & Evaluations - Dr. Dean, Psychologist, PsyD, QME, Author
Psychological Testing & Evaluations - Dr. Dean
Psychologist, PsyD, QME, Author
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I’m Dr. Dean Leav. I've been featured on ABC, NBC, KCAL, and other programs as an expert psychologist. I conduct ADHD / autism / learning disability evaluations, legal / forensic evaluations for court, risk assessment (violence / sexual), cognitive / neuropsychological evaluations, diagnostic psychological evaluations, immigration evaluations, adoption evaluations, parenting / bonding assessments, drug & alcohol evaluations, fitness for duty evaluations, workers' compensation (QME/AME) evaluations, and other types of psychological evaluations / assessments.
I’m Dr. Dean Leav. I've been featured on ABC, NBC, KCAL, and other programs as an expert psychologist. I conduct ADHD / autism / learning disability evaluations, legal / forensic evaluations for court, risk assessment (violence / sexual), cognitive / neuropsychological evaluations, diagnostic psychological evaluations, immigration evaluations, adoption evaluations, parenting / bonding assessments, drug & alcohol evaluations, fitness for duty evaluations, workers' compensation (QME/AME) evaluations, and other types of psychological evaluations / assessments.
(267) 310-0898 View (267) 310-0898
Photo of Dante Mancini, Psychologist, PhD
Dante Mancini
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
I am a Pennsylvania and New York licensed clinical psychologist. I believe that every person is different, bringing with him or her a unique set of difficulties, backgrounds, and strengths to my office. Therefore, I like to take an eclectic approach, meaning that I tailor the treatment specifically to the individual patient's needs. There is no "one size fits all" therapy. Of course this is done collaboratively; anything that is done in therapy is at first discussed, and I never proceed unless the patient agrees with the treatment plan.
I am a Pennsylvania and New York licensed clinical psychologist. I believe that every person is different, bringing with him or her a unique set of difficulties, backgrounds, and strengths to my office. Therefore, I like to take an eclectic approach, meaning that I tailor the treatment specifically to the individual patient's needs. There is no "one size fits all" therapy. Of course this is done collaboratively; anything that is done in therapy is at first discussed, and I never proceed unless the patient agrees with the treatment plan.
(412) 265-1314 View (412) 265-1314
Photo of Gina Asti, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Gina Asti
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Struggling with out of control feelings in different areas of your life, not being able to feel like your relationships are serving you, or struggling with your identity in various roles? These can all be normal struggles that most of us experience but don't always know how to solve or feel better about. When we engage in these struggles, we can see symptoms of depression, anxiety, increased conflict or anger, decreased mood, or other various disruptions in their lives.
Struggling with out of control feelings in different areas of your life, not being able to feel like your relationships are serving you, or struggling with your identity in various roles? These can all be normal struggles that most of us experience but don't always know how to solve or feel better about. When we engage in these struggles, we can see symptoms of depression, anxiety, increased conflict or anger, decreased mood, or other various disruptions in their lives.
(412) 844-4642 View (412) 844-4642
Photo of Kionna Howell - Peace of Mind Therapy and Wellness, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Peace of Mind Therapy and Wellness
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Online Only
Kionna has observed that over time, trauma impacts both the mind and body. She strongly believes that addressing the healing of both aspects simultaneously leads to lasting recovery. While many clients intellectually grasp their truth, the emotional aspect often hinders complete release and healing from past events. This can occasionally lead to feelings of being trapped and uncertain.Her main goal is teaching clients about the central nervous system and how it responds to trauma. By understanding how trauma impacts the mind and body, Kionna empowers her clients to work towards holistic healing.
Kionna has observed that over time, trauma impacts both the mind and body. She strongly believes that addressing the healing of both aspects simultaneously leads to lasting recovery. While many clients intellectually grasp their truth, the emotional aspect often hinders complete release and healing from past events. This can occasionally lead to feelings of being trapped and uncertain.Her main goal is teaching clients about the central nervous system and how it responds to trauma. By understanding how trauma impacts the mind and body, Kionna empowers her clients to work towards holistic healing.
(412) 561-9449 View (412) 561-9449
Photo of Erin McNally, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Erin McNally
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
Hello! I am happy to help guide your through the fog we call life. At some point in our lives, we need an extra hand to get through the struggles and to find our purpose again. Let me assist with this journey. During our time together, I want to help you seek your highest potential with styles of person centered approaches with a touch of Cognitive behavior therapy and trauma focused interventions. These approaches will help guide you to meet your full potential and help you feel more at ease when stressors return. You are in the driver's seat. I am here to guide you towards your destination.
Hello! I am happy to help guide your through the fog we call life. At some point in our lives, we need an extra hand to get through the struggles and to find our purpose again. Let me assist with this journey. During our time together, I want to help you seek your highest potential with styles of person centered approaches with a touch of Cognitive behavior therapy and trauma focused interventions. These approaches will help guide you to meet your full potential and help you feel more at ease when stressors return. You are in the driver's seat. I am here to guide you towards your destination.
(878) 201-6597 View (878) 201-6597
Photo of Betsy A DeChant, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LISW-S, BCD, FAGPA
Betsy A DeChant
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LISW-S, BCD, FAGPA
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I have been in full-time practice as a clinical social worker/psychotherapist since 1969, and practiced in both hospital and agency psychiatric settings for over 15 years, in addition to maintaining a private practice. Throughout my career, I have provided numerous national and regional training seminars and workshops for MH professionals on women's issues; the chronically mentally ill; dual-diagnosed populations; and group psychotherapy modalities, and have also published in these areas. I have an eclectic style that encourages a flexible and collaborative working partnership which reflects the needs, goals, and personal context of the individual person.
I have been in full-time practice as a clinical social worker/psychotherapist since 1969, and practiced in both hospital and agency psychiatric settings for over 15 years, in addition to maintaining a private practice. Throughout my career, I have provided numerous national and regional training seminars and workshops for MH professionals on women's issues; the chronically mentally ill; dual-diagnosed populations; and group psychotherapy modalities, and have also published in these areas. I have an eclectic style that encourages a flexible and collaborative working partnership which reflects the needs, goals, and personal context of the individual person.
(724) 907-1668 View (724) 907-1668
Photo of William Rouse, Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
William Rouse
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
Serves Area
My goal as a therapist is to meet clients where they are, offering a safe, non-judgmental space to navigate life’s challenges. I'm passionate about supporting a diverse range of clients, including those from marginalized communities. Whether you're dealing with trauma, anxiety, or simply searching for a more fulfilling life, I provide a supportive environment to explore your thoughts, feelings, and goals. Together, we'll create meaningful change, build resilience, and help you reclaim your voice and sense of self.
My goal as a therapist is to meet clients where they are, offering a safe, non-judgmental space to navigate life’s challenges. I'm passionate about supporting a diverse range of clients, including those from marginalized communities. Whether you're dealing with trauma, anxiety, or simply searching for a more fulfilling life, I provide a supportive environment to explore your thoughts, feelings, and goals. Together, we'll create meaningful change, build resilience, and help you reclaim your voice and sense of self.
(412) 822-9774 View (412) 822-9774
Photo of Francisco Leopoldo Betancourt, Licensed Professional Counselor, MSCP, CAADC, CCTP, C-DBT, NCC
Francisco Leopoldo Betancourt
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSCP, CAADC, CCTP, C-DBT, NCC
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
Serves Area
Perhaps you are going through a lot right now. The situation(s) are complicated and you just want to make some sense of it all. Maybe you know what you need to do, but some support can help. Our work together can be aimed at whatever we think is going to help get you to the next step or phase of wellness. If you want to feel better, you have already taken a great first step.
Perhaps you are going through a lot right now. The situation(s) are complicated and you just want to make some sense of it all. Maybe you know what you need to do, but some support can help. Our work together can be aimed at whatever we think is going to help get you to the next step or phase of wellness. If you want to feel better, you have already taken a great first step.
(412) 998-8603 View (412) 998-8603
Photo of Melissa Oliver, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CST
Melissa Oliver
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CST
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Have you been feeling stressed, anxious or unbalanced? I provide therapy to individuals ages 18 and older. I provide individual and couple's therapy. I am committed to providing a non-judgmental space to services clients. I am a process therapist and focus sessions on understanding factors contributing to the presenting issue. I utilize multiple treatment modalities through sessions to help clients focus on meeting goals of treatment.
Have you been feeling stressed, anxious or unbalanced? I provide therapy to individuals ages 18 and older. I provide individual and couple's therapy. I am committed to providing a non-judgmental space to services clients. I am a process therapist and focus sessions on understanding factors contributing to the presenting issue. I utilize multiple treatment modalities through sessions to help clients focus on meeting goals of treatment.
(412) 253-4568 View (412) 253-4568
Photo of Chelsea Williams, Psychologist, PsyD
Chelsea Williams
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Dr. Williams is a licensed psychologist at The Psychology Loft and obtained her doctorate at Duquesne University. She holds master’s degrees in Educational and Child Psychology and has 10+ years of experience working with individuals across the lifespan. Throughout her career, Dr. Williams has worked in public and private schools, hospitals, community mental health, crisis centers, private practice, juvenile justice and correctional facilities, and has served on legal teams supporting justice-involved youth.
Dr. Williams is a licensed psychologist at The Psychology Loft and obtained her doctorate at Duquesne University. She holds master’s degrees in Educational and Child Psychology and has 10+ years of experience working with individuals across the lifespan. Throughout her career, Dr. Williams has worked in public and private schools, hospitals, community mental health, crisis centers, private practice, juvenile justice and correctional facilities, and has served on legal teams supporting justice-involved youth.
(412) 899-1158 View (412) 899-1158
Photo of David Bajada, Psychologist, PhD
David Bajada
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
I am doing Telehealth which I find to be effective. I have a great passion for working with my clients. Much of my current focus is working with individuals who have concerns related to: 1. building and sustaining stronger relationships (partner, work, family, etc.) 2. issues of anxiety, panic, and depression - including loss/grief. 3. Work and career challenges, including the high stress of balancing work and personal life. I've also been successful with clients who not only want to get out of the "rut" of the their lives, but who also want to explore their desire for genuine happiness, contentment, and peace of mind.
I am doing Telehealth which I find to be effective. I have a great passion for working with my clients. Much of my current focus is working with individuals who have concerns related to: 1. building and sustaining stronger relationships (partner, work, family, etc.) 2. issues of anxiety, panic, and depression - including loss/grief. 3. Work and career challenges, including the high stress of balancing work and personal life. I've also been successful with clients who not only want to get out of the "rut" of the their lives, but who also want to explore their desire for genuine happiness, contentment, and peace of mind.
(412) 536-5337 View (412) 536-5337
Photo of Amanda K Ludwig, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Amanda K Ludwig
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
Welcome to my page! I'm passionate first about listening well, and then secondly, guiding you through the change and transformation process. Maybe you have been struggling to feel hopeful. Or maybe you're confused about who you really are underneath the masks you wear. Perhaps you're noticing patterns in your life and you're not sure how to change. Or maybe you have experienced one too many losses and are struggling to grieve. I believe you are here because you're working up the courage to do something different. I believe you are here because you want to experience hope and healing.
Welcome to my page! I'm passionate first about listening well, and then secondly, guiding you through the change and transformation process. Maybe you have been struggling to feel hopeful. Or maybe you're confused about who you really are underneath the masks you wear. Perhaps you're noticing patterns in your life and you're not sure how to change. Or maybe you have experienced one too many losses and are struggling to grieve. I believe you are here because you're working up the courage to do something different. I believe you are here because you want to experience hope and healing.
(412) 534-5316 View (412) 534-5316
1

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Penn Hills, PA

20+

Average cost per session

$127

Therapists in Penn Hills, PA who prioritize treating:

93% Depression
93% Anxiety
78% Relationship Issues
74% Trauma and PTSD
74% Coping Skills
74% Self Esteem
63% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Highmark
84% University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hea
80% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Penn Hills, PA see their clients

82% In Person and Online
18% Online Only

Gender breakdown

72% Female
28% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Penn Hills?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.