Psychodynamic Therapists in Mid City East, PA

Photo of Mark Bingel - Thriveworks Counseling Psychiatry Philadelphia, Counselor
Thriveworks Counseling Psychiatry Philadelphia
Counselor
Verified Verified
Mid City East, PA 19102
Popular approaches include CBT, DBT, EMDR, Christian Counseling, PCT, Motivational Interviewing, EFT, Positive Psychology, Psychodynamic therapy, Relational therapy, Narrative therapy, and more.
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
Popular approaches include CBT, DBT, EMDR, Christian Counseling, PCT, Motivational Interviewing, EFT, Positive Psychology, Psychodynamic therapy, Relational therapy, Narrative therapy, and more.
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
(267) 732-1068 View (267) 732-1068
Photo of Dr. Elyssa Smith -  Dr. Elyssa B. Smith; The Inner Canvas Collective, PhD, LPC, RPT-S, NCC, ACS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Elyssa B. Smith; The Inner Canvas Collective
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, RPT-S, NCC, ACS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mid City East, PA 19102
I lead a private practice focused on psychodynamic and depth-informed psychotherapy and family-based play therapy. I am passionate about improving the quality of care provided to children, young adults, and their families. I am also committed to addressing professional burnout and enhancing therapist wellness. My goal is to contribute to the advancement of therapeutic methods and the professional development of my peers, creating a community of therapists equipped to guide others toward more fulfilling lives.
I lead a private practice focused on psychodynamic and depth-informed psychotherapy and family-based play therapy. I am passionate about improving the quality of care provided to children, young adults, and their families. I am also committed to addressing professional burnout and enhancing therapist wellness. My goal is to contribute to the advancement of therapeutic methods and the professional development of my peers, creating a community of therapists equipped to guide others toward more fulfilling lives.
(267) 641-1527 View (267) 641-1527
Photo of Ari S Pizer, PsyD, Psychologist
Ari S Pizer
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Mid City East, PA 19102
Perhaps the tried and true ways of coping with challenging feelings and situations are no longer working the way they once did. You may be concerned about what this means or how it is affecting your relationships. And even clicking on this page means you are already starting to do something different. This curiosity and the hope you put in our work that things might get better is something I take very seriously. One of my overall concerns for the therapeutic process is that we turn your hope into a sense of empowerment so that you can feel confident about your abilities as you face the challenges and rewards that life presents
Perhaps the tried and true ways of coping with challenging feelings and situations are no longer working the way they once did. You may be concerned about what this means or how it is affecting your relationships. And even clicking on this page means you are already starting to do something different. This curiosity and the hope you put in our work that things might get better is something I take very seriously. One of my overall concerns for the therapeutic process is that we turn your hope into a sense of empowerment so that you can feel confident about your abilities as you face the challenges and rewards that life presents
(267) 281-1516 View (267) 281-1516
Photo of Sara Samuels, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sara Samuels
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Mid City East, PA 19102
Hi! I'm Sara and I am a licensed couples and family therapist, plant enthusiast, and dog mom. I am a systemically trained clinician working with individuals and couples; I approach therapy in a "3D" way rather than just the "one thing" bringing you in. I frequently work with adult children of narcissistic parents, boundary setting and advocating for your self, life transitions, and increased self worth.
Hi! I'm Sara and I am a licensed couples and family therapist, plant enthusiast, and dog mom. I am a systemically trained clinician working with individuals and couples; I approach therapy in a "3D" way rather than just the "one thing" bringing you in. I frequently work with adult children of narcissistic parents, boundary setting and advocating for your self, life transitions, and increased self worth.
(215) 918-7401 View (215) 918-7401
Photo of Lauren Williams, MSS, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lauren Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSS, LSW
Verified Verified
Mid City East, PA 19102
Sometimes, life is really hard. Difficult experiences and past traumas can leave us feeling anxious, overwhelmed, shut down and alone. Relief and some hope would feel so welcome right now. Together we'll find a path to peace and balance. We will get to know the parts of you that may be carrying anxiety, depression, shame, fear, relationship issues, addictions, grief, loss, or other experiences.
Sometimes, life is really hard. Difficult experiences and past traumas can leave us feeling anxious, overwhelmed, shut down and alone. Relief and some hope would feel so welcome right now. Together we'll find a path to peace and balance. We will get to know the parts of you that may be carrying anxiety, depression, shame, fear, relationship issues, addictions, grief, loss, or other experiences.
(484) 642-0818 View (484) 642-0818

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Madeline Weber, Pre-Licensed Professional
Madeline Weber
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19102  (Online Only)
I take an integrative approach that attends to your specific needs and values, implementing therapeutic concepts from Dialectic Behavioral Therapy, Psychodynamic Therapy, and Humanistic Therapy.
Welcome, and how amazing we are both meeting here. When looking for a therapist there can be many uncertainties, regardless if this is your first time or you are well-versed in searching for a therapist that will suit your needs. I am here to walk alongside you in this journey, offering support, guidance, and healthy coping skills to help you reach your goals. I am passionate about working with persons of all identities that are willing to look into their experiences of anxiety, depression, trauma, childhood, and discomfort that are occurring in their lives. I also offer a sliding scale to accommodate financial needs.
I take an integrative approach that attends to your specific needs and values, implementing therapeutic concepts from Dialectic Behavioral Therapy, Psychodynamic Therapy, and Humanistic Therapy.
Welcome, and how amazing we are both meeting here. When looking for a therapist there can be many uncertainties, regardless if this is your first time or you are well-versed in searching for a therapist that will suit your needs. I am here to walk alongside you in this journey, offering support, guidance, and healthy coping skills to help you reach your goals. I am passionate about working with persons of all identities that are willing to look into their experiences of anxiety, depression, trauma, childhood, and discomfort that are occurring in their lives. I also offer a sliding scale to accommodate financial needs.
(484) 623-6001 View (484) 623-6001
Photo of Katherine Scholle, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Katherine Scholle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19125  (Online Only)
I draw from trauma-informed, LGBTQ+ affirming, psychodynamic, feminist and anti-oppressive treatment frameworks.
I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker offering virtual therapy to adults and couples in PA, NJ and NY. I'm passionate about helping people uncover and activate the resilience, strength and inner wisdom we all have within. I meet you where you are, whether this is your first time in therapy, or you’ve been in therapy for years. I aim to create an environment where you feel safe, heard and seen, so we can collaboratively explore how to increase your quality of life and connectedness to others. Together, we can examine the things you may have been running from, or the issues that have felt too scary to confront alone.
I draw from trauma-informed, LGBTQ+ affirming, psychodynamic, feminist and anti-oppressive treatment frameworks.
I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker offering virtual therapy to adults and couples in PA, NJ and NY. I'm passionate about helping people uncover and activate the resilience, strength and inner wisdom we all have within. I meet you where you are, whether this is your first time in therapy, or you’ve been in therapy for years. I aim to create an environment where you feel safe, heard and seen, so we can collaboratively explore how to increase your quality of life and connectedness to others. Together, we can examine the things you may have been running from, or the issues that have felt too scary to confront alone.
(215) 706-8857 View (215) 706-8857
Photo of Rebecca Clarke, MSW, LCSW, CCTP-II, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rebecca Clarke
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CCTP-II
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19147
I often integrate IFS (parts work), mindfulness based and somatic strategies and draw from Psychodynamic and Coherence Therapy.
I feel it is an honor and privilege to serve as a therapist. Creating a partnership with clients, I work to provide a safe, warm, nurturing and empathic space. My goal as an EMDR therapist is to work collaboratively with clients- creating transformative healing and change, and increasing self understanding and self compassion. I currently have availability for intensive EMDR- individually tailored (half, full or multi day therapy) in person at my Philadelphia location or online (PA and NJ residents).
I often integrate IFS (parts work), mindfulness based and somatic strategies and draw from Psychodynamic and Coherence Therapy.
I feel it is an honor and privilege to serve as a therapist. Creating a partnership with clients, I work to provide a safe, warm, nurturing and empathic space. My goal as an EMDR therapist is to work collaboratively with clients- creating transformative healing and change, and increasing self understanding and self compassion. I currently have availability for intensive EMDR- individually tailored (half, full or multi day therapy) in person at my Philadelphia location or online (PA and NJ residents).
(215) 337-2340 View (215) 337-2340
Photo of Mal Ragunathan, LSW, EdM, MS, Pre-Licensed Professional
Mal Ragunathan
Pre-Licensed Professional, LSW, EdM, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19123  (Online Only)
My approach can be described as relational, psychodynamic, and somatic.
I specialize in working with individuals and couples, who are seeking support with anxiety, depression, complex trauma, navigating parent-child relationships, and perinatal mental health. I work best with those who are committed to a process of turning inward - those who want to interrogate their familial systems and dynamics, unlearn harmful patterns of relating, and work with trans-generational patterns of trauma and healing. I am invested in centering your lived experience and how it impacts the way you move through the world as well as how you relate to yourself and others.
My approach can be described as relational, psychodynamic, and somatic.
I specialize in working with individuals and couples, who are seeking support with anxiety, depression, complex trauma, navigating parent-child relationships, and perinatal mental health. I work best with those who are committed to a process of turning inward - those who want to interrogate their familial systems and dynamics, unlearn harmful patterns of relating, and work with trans-generational patterns of trauma and healing. I am invested in centering your lived experience and how it impacts the way you move through the world as well as how you relate to yourself and others.
(412) 267-9657 View (412) 267-9657
Photo of Alan Markowitz, Licensed Professional Counselor
Alan Markowitz
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103
He utilizes an eclectic and integrative approach to therapy including psychodynamic as well as cognitive behavioral modalities.
Alan Markowitz is a licensed professional counselor who has been in practice for many years.
He utilizes an eclectic and integrative approach to therapy including psychodynamic as well as cognitive behavioral modalities.
Alan Markowitz is a licensed professional counselor who has been in practice for many years.
(610) 646-1147 View (610) 646-1147
Photo of Laura Finestone, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Laura Finestone
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
I will always view your stories through a trauma-sensitive lens, and I most frequently draw from psychodynamic and family systems models, integrating psycho-education, as well.
Hi, I'm Laura, a Licensed Professional Counselor helping motivated adults navigate anxiety and distress, explore and process traumatic or upsetting experiences, and develop skills in self-expression, assertive communication, and boundary setting. Any or all of these may sound familiar: you have one or more aspect of your life that feels unmanageable; you are sensitive; you struggle to express yourself to others, resulting in disappointing relationships; you grew up with emotionally immature parents, resulting in feelings of resentment and being unheard.
I will always view your stories through a trauma-sensitive lens, and I most frequently draw from psychodynamic and family systems models, integrating psycho-education, as well.
Hi, I'm Laura, a Licensed Professional Counselor helping motivated adults navigate anxiety and distress, explore and process traumatic or upsetting experiences, and develop skills in self-expression, assertive communication, and boundary setting. Any or all of these may sound familiar: you have one or more aspect of your life that feels unmanageable; you are sensitive; you struggle to express yourself to others, resulting in disappointing relationships; you grew up with emotionally immature parents, resulting in feelings of resentment and being unheard.
(267) 494-6292 View (267) 494-6292
Photo of Emily Capelli, LPC, MS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Emily Capelli
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19145  (Online Only)
Are you ready to navigate the complexities of your life and discover profound healing? My approach is rooted in the belief that healing begins with understanding and embracing the unknown aspects of our experiences. I specialize in treating trauma, disordered eating, body image struggles, and sexuality issues. I enjoy the thrill of not knowing what we are going to uncover next about each person I work with. I work from a lens of body positivity and fat positivity, decolonizing therapy, feminist, systems, and psychodynamic approaches.
Are you ready to navigate the complexities of your life and discover profound healing? My approach is rooted in the belief that healing begins with understanding and embracing the unknown aspects of our experiences. I specialize in treating trauma, disordered eating, body image struggles, and sexuality issues. I enjoy the thrill of not knowing what we are going to uncover next about each person I work with. I work from a lens of body positivity and fat positivity, decolonizing therapy, feminist, systems, and psychodynamic approaches.
(215) 709-7458 View (215) 709-7458
Photo of Liz DiNardo, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Liz DiNardo
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19104  (Online Only)
I utilize components of psychodynamic therapy, trauma informed care, CBT, as well as mindfulness and other creative techniques.
Welcome! If you are here, I can imagine you are struggling with something in your life. It can be really anxiety provoking to reach out and start therapy. I’m glad you are here and I’m happy to help you walk through any struggle or issue you are going through. I’ve worked with a variety of clients that have experienced anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, PTSD, substance abuse/addiction, anger management, psychosis, trauma & abuse, stress management and relationship concerns. All of my sessions are currently virtual.
I utilize components of psychodynamic therapy, trauma informed care, CBT, as well as mindfulness and other creative techniques.
Welcome! If you are here, I can imagine you are struggling with something in your life. It can be really anxiety provoking to reach out and start therapy. I’m glad you are here and I’m happy to help you walk through any struggle or issue you are going through. I’ve worked with a variety of clients that have experienced anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, PTSD, substance abuse/addiction, anger management, psychosis, trauma & abuse, stress management and relationship concerns. All of my sessions are currently virtual.
(570) 512-5984 View (570) 512-5984
Photo of Dr. Ruiqing Yu, EdD, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Ruiqing Yu
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103
The psychodynamic approach helps me connect the client's current depression and anxiety to their childhood and parents' behaviors.
Have you had a car accident and lost everything, including your career and physical health? Did you have to undergo multiple surgeries to fix your body because of the accident? Are you becoming more and more depressed and easily angry at home? Does your family think you need some help? Have you struggled with a lot of anxiety & OCD since you were young? Do you want to make changes to yourself so your husband and daughters can love again? I use a person-centered approach to build rapport with clients. I provide psychoeducation about what depression & anxiety are and how therapy works to help reduce the unknown feelings.
The psychodynamic approach helps me connect the client's current depression and anxiety to their childhood and parents' behaviors.
Have you had a car accident and lost everything, including your career and physical health? Did you have to undergo multiple surgeries to fix your body because of the accident? Are you becoming more and more depressed and easily angry at home? Does your family think you need some help? Have you struggled with a lot of anxiety & OCD since you were young? Do you want to make changes to yourself so your husband and daughters can love again? I use a person-centered approach to build rapport with clients. I provide psychoeducation about what depression & anxiety are and how therapy works to help reduce the unknown feelings.
(267) 651-5005 View (267) 651-5005
Photo of Peter C Badgio, PhD, Psychologist
Peter C Badgio
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19107
I have been a psychologist for over 25 years, providing therapy and assessment services on an individualized, personal basis to people seeking help for many different aspects of life. I have expertise in neuropsychology, psychodynamic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. I will respond to all calls directly. Your needs will be addressed privately and personally. From the time of the initial inquiry throughout the assessment and therapy process, your comfort and confidentiality is assured.
I have been a psychologist for over 25 years, providing therapy and assessment services on an individualized, personal basis to people seeking help for many different aspects of life. I have expertise in neuropsychology, psychodynamic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. I will respond to all calls directly. Your needs will be addressed privately and personally. From the time of the initial inquiry throughout the assessment and therapy process, your comfort and confidentiality is assured.
(610) 628-4611 View (610) 628-4611
Photo of Lucy Roth, LCSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lucy Roth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19146  (Online Only)
I am oriented towards a psychodynamic and relational framework, seeing how our pasts hold current positions in our lives.
Over the last 14 years, I’ve had the joy and privilege of working with folks as they make meaning of their lives. I work with people who want to experience more inner peace and less anxiety. While not a requirement, I see long term therapeutic work as a vehicle for building a consistent, stable relationship. My clients have the experience of being known, understood and seen. Through our invested relationship, we can practice new ways of being and bring in new patterns of thought, behavior and feeling. Once trust and knowledge has been built, we'll collaborate on how to better move through pain points in your life.
I am oriented towards a psychodynamic and relational framework, seeing how our pasts hold current positions in our lives.
Over the last 14 years, I’ve had the joy and privilege of working with folks as they make meaning of their lives. I work with people who want to experience more inner peace and less anxiety. While not a requirement, I see long term therapeutic work as a vehicle for building a consistent, stable relationship. My clients have the experience of being known, understood and seen. Through our invested relationship, we can practice new ways of being and bring in new patterns of thought, behavior and feeling. Once trust and knowledge has been built, we'll collaborate on how to better move through pain points in your life.
(267) 908-4097 View (267) 908-4097
Photo of Maddie Budreau, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Maddie Budreau
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19106
I hope to collaboratively explore the layers of your inner world by building a safe-enough space through our relationship. Therapy can be (and is almost always) a painful and vulnerable experience, yet also immensely rewarding. My therapy process seeks to identify how all internal and external forces throughout our life shape who we are and how we navigate the world today, to enact change. Non-judgmental curiosity and compassion are essential in this process. I primarily practice from a trauma-informed, relational psychodynamic lens, but often integrate components of CBT, humanism, somatic awareness, and family systems theory.
I hope to collaboratively explore the layers of your inner world by building a safe-enough space through our relationship. Therapy can be (and is almost always) a painful and vulnerable experience, yet also immensely rewarding. My therapy process seeks to identify how all internal and external forces throughout our life shape who we are and how we navigate the world today, to enact change. Non-judgmental curiosity and compassion are essential in this process. I primarily practice from a trauma-informed, relational psychodynamic lens, but often integrate components of CBT, humanism, somatic awareness, and family systems theory.
(267) 692-8265 View (267) 692-8265
Photo of Margaret M Strosser, LCSW, MSS, MFA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Margaret M Strosser
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSS, MFA
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19102  (Online Only)
I have post graduate training in Psychodynamic Therapy, Contemplative Care for Hospice, Mindfulness Meditation, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
Do you need a safe space to process your emotions without judgement? I help people unravel what has happened to them, understand themselves, and develop compassion toward themselves and their loved ones.
I have post graduate training in Psychodynamic Therapy, Contemplative Care for Hospice, Mindfulness Meditation, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
Do you need a safe space to process your emotions without judgement? I help people unravel what has happened to them, understand themselves, and develop compassion toward themselves and their loved ones.
(484) 310-9171 View (484) 310-9171
Photo of Elizabeth Bell, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Elizabeth Bell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19130  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a clinical social worker licensed in New York, Connecticut and Pennsylvania. I have over 15 years of experience helping children, adolescents, and adults with anxiety, depression, trauma, relationships, and life transition challenges. I have certifications in both child & adolescent psychotherapy and the treatment of eating disorders, and training in CBT through the Beck Institute. My perspective is psychodynamic and integrates attachment and trauma theories.
I am a clinical social worker licensed in New York, Connecticut and Pennsylvania. I have over 15 years of experience helping children, adolescents, and adults with anxiety, depression, trauma, relationships, and life transition challenges. I have certifications in both child & adolescent psychotherapy and the treatment of eating disorders, and training in CBT through the Beck Institute. My perspective is psychodynamic and integrates attachment and trauma theories.
(215) 584-4071 View (215) 584-4071
Photo of Terese (Terry) Catherine Hall, MA, BC-DMT, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Terese (Terry) Catherine Hall
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, BC-DMT, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19147
I am drawn to a relational and psychodynamic approach to psychotherapy.
I believe in the primary importance of the relationship between the client and therapist. Within this unique relationship, insight and healing can occur. I have a relational, psychodynamic orientation, and I utilize cognitive behavioral techniques to help people to structure the changes they want to make in their lives. I believe that people can heal from addiction and other unhealthy coping styles when they can identity and manage their emotions, cultivate rewarding connections with others, and develop a compassionate relationship with themselves.
I am drawn to a relational and psychodynamic approach to psychotherapy.
I believe in the primary importance of the relationship between the client and therapist. Within this unique relationship, insight and healing can occur. I have a relational, psychodynamic orientation, and I utilize cognitive behavioral techniques to help people to structure the changes they want to make in their lives. I believe that people can heal from addiction and other unhealthy coping styles when they can identity and manage their emotions, cultivate rewarding connections with others, and develop a compassionate relationship with themselves.
(856) 294-6064 View (856) 294-6064

See more therapy options for Mid City East

Psychodynamic Therapists

Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?

Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.

How long does psychodynamic therapy last?

Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.

Does psychodynamic therapy work?

Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.

What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?

Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.