Testing and Evaluation Therapists in Ardmore, PA

Photo of Dr. Raquel Emdur, Psychologist, PsyD, LPC, MT-BC
Dr. Raquel Emdur
Psychologist, PsyD, LPC, MT-BC
Ardmore, PA 19003
I specialize in trauma, developmental trauma, PTSD, complex trauma, sexual trauma, grief and loss, life changes, anxiety, depression, and stress management and psychological testing/evaluations.
Dr. Raquel Emdur is licensed clinical psychologist, board certified music therapist and licensed professional counselor with training in integrative psychology, humanistic/existential, cognitive behavioral and psychodynamic/psychoanalytic approaches. We can explore your dreams together. I offer EMDR and MARI-Mandala therapeutic assessments. My colleagues and I offer therapy both in our Ardmore office as well as virtually and are pleased to work with adolescents and adults from diverse backgrounds.
I specialize in trauma, developmental trauma, PTSD, complex trauma, sexual trauma, grief and loss, life changes, anxiety, depression, and stress management and psychological testing/evaluations.
Dr. Raquel Emdur is licensed clinical psychologist, board certified music therapist and licensed professional counselor with training in integrative psychology, humanistic/existential, cognitive behavioral and psychodynamic/psychoanalytic approaches. We can explore your dreams together. I offer EMDR and MARI-Mandala therapeutic assessments. My colleagues and I offer therapy both in our Ardmore office as well as virtually and are pleased to work with adolescents and adults from diverse backgrounds.
(484) 497-0955 View (484) 497-0955
Photo of Matthew Hanley - Adult ADHD Assessment & Therapy: Matthew Hanley, Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Adult ADHD Assessment & Therapy: Matthew Hanley
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Online Only
Living with ADHD as an adult can be exhausting. The gap between knowing you’re capable and feeling trapped in feelings of shame or burnout can make every day feel like an uphill battle. As an ADHD specialist at The Center for ADHD, I provide therapy and assessments for ADHD and autism that help adults learn how neurodivergence uniquely impacts their relationships, work, and self-worth, so they can stop fighting their brain and start working with it.
Living with ADHD as an adult can be exhausting. The gap between knowing you’re capable and feeling trapped in feelings of shame or burnout can make every day feel like an uphill battle. As an ADHD specialist at The Center for ADHD, I provide therapy and assessments for ADHD and autism that help adults learn how neurodivergence uniquely impacts their relationships, work, and self-worth, so they can stop fighting their brain and start working with it.
(610) 795-5543 View (610) 795-5543
Photo of Margot Burke - Milestones Psychology and Wellness, Psychologist, PsyD
Milestones Psychology and Wellness
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Ardmore, PA 19003
Our Work with Children: After an initial evaluation, individualized, meaningful and specific goals are created with parents.
At Milestones Psychology and Wellness, we strive to help children and families develop new skills and confidence to reach their fullest potential. Our treatment is grounded in relationship based methods to foster meaningful connections to peers, parents and the community. Our cutting edge therapeutic interventions are based on the most up to date science of the developing brain.
Our Work with Children: After an initial evaluation, individualized, meaningful and specific goals are created with parents.
At Milestones Psychology and Wellness, we strive to help children and families develop new skills and confidence to reach their fullest potential. Our treatment is grounded in relationship based methods to foster meaningful connections to peers, parents and the community. Our cutting edge therapeutic interventions are based on the most up to date science of the developing brain.
(215) 883-4161 View (215) 883-4161
Photo of Marcy M Caldwell - The Center for ADHD, Psychologist, PsyD
The Center for ADHD
Psychologist, PsyD
10 Endorsed
Online Only
Do you feel like you are always working but never get anything done? Are you secretly afraid that you are just lazy? Do people often complain that they feel like you are not listening to them? Have you tried all kinds of strategies to help your ADHD symptoms but nothing works, or at least not for long? If so, I may be able to help. I have been working, for over 15 years, with warmth and compassion, to help late adolescents and adults find concrete, useful strategies that feel authentic to their life so that they can reach their goals.
Do you feel like you are always working but never get anything done? Are you secretly afraid that you are just lazy? Do people often complain that they feel like you are not listening to them? Have you tried all kinds of strategies to help your ADHD symptoms but nothing works, or at least not for long? If so, I may be able to help. I have been working, for over 15 years, with warmth and compassion, to help late adolescents and adults find concrete, useful strategies that feel authentic to their life so that they can reach their goals.
(484) 775-0914 View (484) 775-0914
Photo of Leilani Bell, PhD
Leilani Bell
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I have experience in clinical settings ranging from clinics to hospitals & schools, as well as the evaluation and treatment of various diagnoses ranging from ADHD to PTSD.
As a doctoral-level therapist specializing in neurodiversity across the lifespan, I strive to help empower individuals with various diagnoses, embrace their exceptionalism, and thrive. We will work to harness your unique strengths, gain strategies to manage challenges, and navigate life transitions. I create a compassionate environment to explore the thoughts behind your behaviors and patterns, helping you shape your daily routines for success. My style is collaborative and evidence-based. You are the expert in your own life; your thoughts, experiences, and perspectives will be invaluable as we work together toward your goals.
I have experience in clinical settings ranging from clinics to hospitals & schools, as well as the evaluation and treatment of various diagnoses ranging from ADHD to PTSD.
As a doctoral-level therapist specializing in neurodiversity across the lifespan, I strive to help empower individuals with various diagnoses, embrace their exceptionalism, and thrive. We will work to harness your unique strengths, gain strategies to manage challenges, and navigate life transitions. I create a compassionate environment to explore the thoughts behind your behaviors and patterns, helping you shape your daily routines for success. My style is collaborative and evidence-based. You are the expert in your own life; your thoughts, experiences, and perspectives will be invaluable as we work together toward your goals.
(610) 467-5412 View (610) 467-5412
Photo of Mary Salotto, Psychologist, PsyD
Mary Salotto
Psychologist, PsyD
4 Endorsed
Online Only
I have experiences in clinical settings ranging from schools to substance use treatment & evaluation of severe mental illness.
I believe that therapy should be a partnership and strive to create a warm environment where trust can grow and people can thrive. I hope to help each of my clients identify what makes them their best selves and learn how to leverage those strengths. By finding ways to work with your unique brain instead of against it, we can create individualized strategies that are both practical and effective for you and your ADHD. As a person with ADHD myself, I also know that its effects often reach outside of productivity and organization into psychological and emotional wellbeing.
I have experiences in clinical settings ranging from schools to substance use treatment & evaluation of severe mental illness.
I believe that therapy should be a partnership and strive to create a warm environment where trust can grow and people can thrive. I hope to help each of my clients identify what makes them their best selves and learn how to leverage those strengths. By finding ways to work with your unique brain instead of against it, we can create individualized strategies that are both practical and effective for you and your ADHD. As a person with ADHD myself, I also know that its effects often reach outside of productivity and organization into psychological and emotional wellbeing.
(610) 228-3144 View (610) 228-3144
Photo of Christina Mitrofanis, Psychologist, PsyD, MEd
Christina Mitrofanis
Psychologist, PsyD, MEd
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Living with ADHD can often feel like a daily battle with yourself to accomplish tasks, maintain relationships, and attend to your own needs, but it doesn’t have to be that way. Learning how to work with, rather than against, your ADHD can be a transformative experience, and I would be honored to work with you through this journey. Together in therapy, we can work to tackle the challenges of ADHD while also bolstering your natural strengths and coming into and honoring your most authentic self. I work to create a therapeutic space that is constructive, creative, and above all compassionate. I can’t wait to welcome you in.
Living with ADHD can often feel like a daily battle with yourself to accomplish tasks, maintain relationships, and attend to your own needs, but it doesn’t have to be that way. Learning how to work with, rather than against, your ADHD can be a transformative experience, and I would be honored to work with you through this journey. Together in therapy, we can work to tackle the challenges of ADHD while also bolstering your natural strengths and coming into and honoring your most authentic self. I work to create a therapeutic space that is constructive, creative, and above all compassionate. I can’t wait to welcome you in.
(610) 719-3145 View (610) 719-3145
Photo of Dr. Diane Miller, Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD, MEd
Dr. Diane Miller
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD, MEd
4 Endorsed
Online Only
With everything going on in your world, ADHD may feel like the last thing you want to be dealing with right now. Between work, family, and trying to meet your personal goals, it can feel like ADHD is just throwing a wrench in everything. Maybe you’ve tried to get a handle on it before, or maybe this is your first time seeking help. Whatever brought you here, I’m really glad you made it. It’s not easy admitting that things could be smoother, and let’s face it, everyone could use a little help sometimes. You deserve to feel more in control, more balanced, and like you’re finally able to follow through on the things that matter to you.
With everything going on in your world, ADHD may feel like the last thing you want to be dealing with right now. Between work, family, and trying to meet your personal goals, it can feel like ADHD is just throwing a wrench in everything. Maybe you’ve tried to get a handle on it before, or maybe this is your first time seeking help. Whatever brought you here, I’m really glad you made it. It’s not easy admitting that things could be smoother, and let’s face it, everyone could use a little help sometimes. You deserve to feel more in control, more balanced, and like you’re finally able to follow through on the things that matter to you.
(610) 228-3144 View (610) 228-3144
Photo of Marielle Mathews, Psychologist, PsyD, NCSP
Marielle Mathews
Psychologist, PsyD, NCSP
1 Endorsed
Ardmore, PA 19003
" I offer a comprehensive evaluation to answer your questions.
As an adolescent or young adult, you spend much of your day at school, surrounded by new experiences, challenges, and emotions. It’s completely normal to feel overwhelmed at times, especially when stress, anxiety, or sadness start to take over. But even if things feel difficult right now, it doesn’t have to stay that way. I am a PSYPACT psychologist who specializes in working with adolescents and young adults who struggle with anxiety, OCD and depression to get to the root of their challenges so life can be enjoyed. Together, we can work on skills you need to understand your feelings and improve your life!
" I offer a comprehensive evaluation to answer your questions.
As an adolescent or young adult, you spend much of your day at school, surrounded by new experiences, challenges, and emotions. It’s completely normal to feel overwhelmed at times, especially when stress, anxiety, or sadness start to take over. But even if things feel difficult right now, it doesn’t have to stay that way. I am a PSYPACT psychologist who specializes in working with adolescents and young adults who struggle with anxiety, OCD and depression to get to the root of their challenges so life can be enjoyed. Together, we can work on skills you need to understand your feelings and improve your life!
(610) 723-7592 View (610) 723-7592
Photo of Dina Del Amo, Psychologist, PsyD
Dina Del Amo
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I often consult with parents and families, even if an evaluation was performed elsewhere, to help with implementation of recommendations and to coordinate with schools and other professionals.
Whether you are seeking assessment or psychotherapy, I will treat you and your concerns with honesty and respect. I am a clinical psychologist who works with children through adults, both neurotypical and neurodivergent. Together, we will explore the issues that bring you to see me. With a spirit of inquiry, my skills and professional experience join with your personal knowledge and cultural experiences, allowing us to better understand the challenges you are facing.
I often consult with parents and families, even if an evaluation was performed elsewhere, to help with implementation of recommendations and to coordinate with schools and other professionals.
Whether you are seeking assessment or psychotherapy, I will treat you and your concerns with honesty and respect. I am a clinical psychologist who works with children through adults, both neurotypical and neurodivergent. Together, we will explore the issues that bring you to see me. With a spirit of inquiry, my skills and professional experience join with your personal knowledge and cultural experiences, allowing us to better understand the challenges you are facing.
(484) 997-3098 View (484) 997-3098
Photo of Laura DiCesare - Dr. Laura DiCesare, Balance Psychology and Reiki, Psychologist, PsyD, MS
Dr. Laura DiCesare, Balance Psychology and Reiki
Psychologist, PsyD, MS
Serves Area
While 20% of Americans have a diagnosed mental health illness, 100% of us have Mental Health! At Balance Psychology and Reiki, we like to help our clients fight stress and burnout by empowering you with the tools to tap into your internal strengths and resources. Learning about our brains and how they work is necessary to finding more balance in life. Are you experiencing stress, anxiety, or sadness? Are you feeling alone or like no one truly listens or understands? Is there trauma from your past that is holding you back from the life you want? Then let's get started (licensed in 34 States!)
While 20% of Americans have a diagnosed mental health illness, 100% of us have Mental Health! At Balance Psychology and Reiki, we like to help our clients fight stress and burnout by empowering you with the tools to tap into your internal strengths and resources. Learning about our brains and how they work is necessary to finding more balance in life. Are you experiencing stress, anxiety, or sadness? Are you feeling alone or like no one truly listens or understands? Is there trauma from your past that is holding you back from the life you want? Then let's get started (licensed in 34 States!)
(610) 285-1193 View (610) 285-1193
Photo of Sara Volkman Shack, Psychologist, PsyD
Sara Volkman Shack
Psychologist, PsyD
Serves Area
Much of my success in working with children has come from my ability to effectively establish a strong therapeutic relationship. I give children a safe place in which they can effectively express their feelings. Boundaries are extremely important in this process. My patients know that what they say in my office stays in my office. I work collaterally with families to help address a child's needs, without violating the trust or the boundaries we have established. Much of my work has been with children who have anxiety, depression, ADHD, and learning differences. Many of my patients have a combination of these issues. I
Much of my success in working with children has come from my ability to effectively establish a strong therapeutic relationship. I give children a safe place in which they can effectively express their feelings. Boundaries are extremely important in this process. My patients know that what they say in my office stays in my office. I work collaterally with families to help address a child's needs, without violating the trust or the boundaries we have established. Much of my work has been with children who have anxiety, depression, ADHD, and learning differences. Many of my patients have a combination of these issues. I
(610) 915-8201 View (610) 915-8201
Photo of Qianna S Snooks, Psychologist, MS, PsyD
Qianna S Snooks
Psychologist, MS, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
Testing services will be available soon for individuals 8 years of age and older.
One of the most powerful experiences that a person can have is sitting across from another human being and feeling understood. I approach therapy with a multicultural lens, cognizant of the fact that every person is an individual that has been shaped by their own cultural backdrop (e.g., race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, spiritual path, etc.). I emphasize the role of the client as the expert on their world; and therapy as a collaboration. Through this collaboration and my understanding of the client as an individual within larger intersecting systems (e.g., family, school), I strive to effect positive therapeutic outcomes.
Testing services will be available soon for individuals 8 years of age and older.
One of the most powerful experiences that a person can have is sitting across from another human being and feeling understood. I approach therapy with a multicultural lens, cognizant of the fact that every person is an individual that has been shaped by their own cultural backdrop (e.g., race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, spiritual path, etc.). I emphasize the role of the client as the expert on their world; and therapy as a collaboration. Through this collaboration and my understanding of the client as an individual within larger intersecting systems (e.g., family, school), I strive to effect positive therapeutic outcomes.
(484) 559-6092 View (484) 559-6092
Barbara M Watson
Psychologist, PsyD
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
I have been in practice for over 30 years and developed an expertise in the treatment of depression and anxiety. My training is in cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, specifically Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and my goal is to work with you to develop skills and strategies to overcome unproductive ways of reacting to life's challenges. I have also worked in a physical rehabilitation setting for many years, where I have focused on neuropsychological assessment and psychological treatment of cognitive and emotional disorders arising from stroke, brain injury and other neurological problems.
I have been in practice for over 30 years and developed an expertise in the treatment of depression and anxiety. My training is in cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, specifically Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and my goal is to work with you to develop skills and strategies to overcome unproductive ways of reacting to life's challenges. I have also worked in a physical rehabilitation setting for many years, where I have focused on neuropsychological assessment and psychological treatment of cognitive and emotional disorders arising from stroke, brain injury and other neurological problems.
(215) 995-3059 View (215) 995-3059

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Kelly Haranczak - Blackbird Health King of Prussia, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Blackbird Health King of Prussia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
King Of Prussia, PA 19406
Blackbird Health offers virtual and in-person mental health services for children and young adults in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and New Jersey, with plans to expand to new states in 2026. Blackbird services include comprehensive evaluations and assessments, medication management, and a wide range of therapy services that look at how each child's brain, body, and behavior interact. We have served more than 10,000 patients and have 170+ clinicians, including psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners, child psychiatrists, therapists, and more; 85% of our patients see symptom improvement within 6–12 weeks—with fewer medications.
Blackbird Health offers virtual and in-person mental health services for children and young adults in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and New Jersey, with plans to expand to new states in 2026. Blackbird services include comprehensive evaluations and assessments, medication management, and a wide range of therapy services that look at how each child's brain, body, and behavior interact. We have served more than 10,000 patients and have 170+ clinicians, including psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners, child psychiatrists, therapists, and more; 85% of our patients see symptom improvement within 6–12 weeks—with fewer medications.
(484) 593-3130 View (484) 593-3130
Photo of Malanna Simmons, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMSW
Malanna Simmons
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMSW
5 Endorsed
Online Only
I’m Malanna (like Madonna, but make it therapy)! I take an unorthodox, approach to therapy where I believe mental health deserves the same sincerity, attention, and respect as physical health and wellness. I never take it lightly when someone sits in front of me and trusts me with their vulnerability. That kind of trust is a privilege to hold, and I meet it with deep respect, care, and intention. I’m big on collaboration. I believe the best work happens when your self-insight meets my clinical expertise. You already hold so much wisdom about your own life, even if stress, pain, trauma, or just life itself has made it harder to see!
I’m Malanna (like Madonna, but make it therapy)! I take an unorthodox, approach to therapy where I believe mental health deserves the same sincerity, attention, and respect as physical health and wellness. I never take it lightly when someone sits in front of me and trusts me with their vulnerability. That kind of trust is a privilege to hold, and I meet it with deep respect, care, and intention. I’m big on collaboration. I believe the best work happens when your self-insight meets my clinical expertise. You already hold so much wisdom about your own life, even if stress, pain, trauma, or just life itself has made it harder to see!
(616) 208-5418 View (616) 208-5418
Photo of John Bolger, Psychologist, PsyD
John Bolger
Psychologist, PsyD
Warminster, PA 18974
Whether you are beginning or continuing your psychotherapy journey, I believe that a thorough assessment of your strengths and specific areas in your life that may benefit from clinical attention. My focus is providing therapeutic supports towards you achieving success in your life as your define it. My practice is informed by psychotherapy principles that promote a collaborative approach to therapy including cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, and humanistic approaches. My practice includes providing assessment and treatment services for adults, couples, and teenagers. I accept coverage from most major insurance companies and a sliding scale is also available.
Whether you are beginning or continuing your psychotherapy journey, I believe that a thorough assessment of your strengths and specific areas in your life that may benefit from clinical attention. My focus is providing therapeutic supports towards you achieving success in your life as your define it. My practice is informed by psychotherapy principles that promote a collaborative approach to therapy including cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, and humanistic approaches. My practice includes providing assessment and treatment services for adults, couples, and teenagers. I accept coverage from most major insurance companies and a sliding scale is also available.
(215) 607-7747 View (215) 607-7747
Photo of Julie Present Koller, Psychologist, PhD
Julie Present Koller
Psychologist, PhD
Villanova, PA 19085
It has been a privilege and continues to be a privilege to provide therapy to such diverse, curious, and brave individuals who seek out treatment for growth, recovery, healing, greater self-awareness, the desire for deeper relationships and intimacy, and change. Bearing witness to the pain, resiliency, and bravery of my patients is humbling, challenging, and highly rewarding work. I look forward to meeting you where you are and utilizing a flexible and integrative approach to treatment to help you on your journey to live with more meaning, vitality, and creativity, along with reductions in symptoms and emotional pain.
It has been a privilege and continues to be a privilege to provide therapy to such diverse, curious, and brave individuals who seek out treatment for growth, recovery, healing, greater self-awareness, the desire for deeper relationships and intimacy, and change. Bearing witness to the pain, resiliency, and bravery of my patients is humbling, challenging, and highly rewarding work. I look forward to meeting you where you are and utilizing a flexible and integrative approach to treatment to help you on your journey to live with more meaning, vitality, and creativity, along with reductions in symptoms and emotional pain.
(484) 282-7175 View (484) 282-7175
Photo of Dr. Tanya H. Hess, Psychologist, PhD
Dr. Tanya H. Hess
Psychologist, PhD
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I am a licensed psychologist located in Center City and have been working in the Philadelphia area since 2007. I work with individuals, couples, children and families. Prior to PA, I worked with patients in east Tennessee and in Atlanta. I have trained in psychodynamic, interpersonal and cognitive-behavioral therapies. My research and practice specialties include personality assessment, eating disorders, Veterans issues, those in healing fields, and family systems. For many patients, therapy can be a place to gain better understanding of the thoughts, wishes, fears, and anxieties that can motivate, or inhibit, us all.
I am a licensed psychologist located in Center City and have been working in the Philadelphia area since 2007. I work with individuals, couples, children and families. Prior to PA, I worked with patients in east Tennessee and in Atlanta. I have trained in psychodynamic, interpersonal and cognitive-behavioral therapies. My research and practice specialties include personality assessment, eating disorders, Veterans issues, those in healing fields, and family systems. For many patients, therapy can be a place to gain better understanding of the thoughts, wishes, fears, and anxieties that can motivate, or inhibit, us all.
(215) 600-3687 View (215) 600-3687
Photo of Evelyn E Dublin, MEd, LBS
Evelyn E Dublin
Verified Verified
Aston, PA 19014
I have worked in the mental health field for over 20 years working as a mental health case manager, TSS, MT, BSC, Crisis Counselor and Clinical Director. I have assisted individuals who experience various diagnoses such as anxiety, bipolar disorder, psychosis, and depression, just to name a few. Through my extensive history I have gained the necessary tools and techniques needed to effectively help individuals manage their lives and adequately function in the community. I can provide Life Coach Services to Adults and Children who are ready to allow me to guide them to the path of success.
I have worked in the mental health field for over 20 years working as a mental health case manager, TSS, MT, BSC, Crisis Counselor and Clinical Director. I have assisted individuals who experience various diagnoses such as anxiety, bipolar disorder, psychosis, and depression, just to name a few. Through my extensive history I have gained the necessary tools and techniques needed to effectively help individuals manage their lives and adequately function in the community. I can provide Life Coach Services to Adults and Children who are ready to allow me to guide them to the path of success.
(610) 590-7473 View (610) 590-7473

See more therapy options for Ardmore

Testing and Evaluation Therapists
What is a psychological evaluation?
A psychological evaluation is a test or assessment most commonly administered by a trained psychologist that is intended to be used in the diagnosis of specific psychological conditions, such as ADHD, mood disorders, personality disorders, dementia or Alzheimer's, and learning disabilities. Psychological evaluations can help inform future treatment decisions and help direct clients to professionals and resources that may be most helpful, such as potential therapy options or additional school supports.

Can psychological evaluations be done on individuals of any age group?
Psychological evaluations are conducted on individuals of all ages and can be beneficial to individuals across the lifespan. However, specific types of evaluations may be most frequently conducted on individuals of certain age groups. For instance, ADHD or learning disability testing is often conducted in children ages 4-12--the period of time when ADHD symptoms most commonly emerge. In contrast, cognitive functioning assessments, such as those conducted to diagnose dementia, are most commonly conducted in elderly individuals. Clients should ensure that the psychologist they are seeing has specific expertise in conducting evaluations in their age group to ensure they receive a correct diagnosis.

How long does a psychological evaluation take?
Psychological evaluations vary in length depending on the test being administered and the goals of the evaluation; however, most evaluations are 2-4 hours in length. Some evaluations may take as long as 8 hours but can often be spread across multiple days. In some cases, clients will also attend an intake session or interview, which can help the psychologist assess client functioning outside of the testing environment.

How should I prepare for a psychological test and evaluation?
Individuals do not need to prepare for psychological tests or evaluations in most cases, as they are intended to measure a client's baseline psychological status without test-specific preparation. However, clients may want to brainstorm a list of questions for their psychologist about any tests they are receiving prior to the assessment, including what potential outcomes may mean for what next steps the client should take.