Therapists in Denver, CO

View neighborhoods in Denver
Photo of Henry Dooley, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Henry Dooley
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80222
Not accepting new clients
Are you struggling with something that seems beyond your control? Are you are starting to give up hope that things will ever change? Afraid that you are doomed to forever repeat the same old patterns that are holding you back? When you reach that point, it is easy to feel like misunderstood, hopeless, and alone. It can impact your mood, work life, relationships, and even your ability to sleep at night. If any of this sounds familiar, it is time to stop struggling with this alone. Help and hope are available.
Are you struggling with something that seems beyond your control? Are you are starting to give up hope that things will ever change? Afraid that you are doomed to forever repeat the same old patterns that are holding you back? When you reach that point, it is easy to feel like misunderstood, hopeless, and alone. It can impact your mood, work life, relationships, and even your ability to sleep at night. If any of this sounds familiar, it is time to stop struggling with this alone. Help and hope are available.
(303) 747-6803 View (303) 747-6803
Photo of Patrick Duiven, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Patrick Duiven
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80222
I strive to give each patient the experience of being clearly seen and deeply understood. This occurs through interactive inquiry into the unique life experiences of each person. As we explore the sources of anxiety and distress that typically bring someone in to see me, trust develops and becomes the foundation for continued growth. Gradually, suffering diminishes, and there is an increase in self understanding and personal freedom. My hope is for each patient to live fully in the present with a strong sense of self, and with the capacity to have relationships that are rich and deeply satisfying. .
I strive to give each patient the experience of being clearly seen and deeply understood. This occurs through interactive inquiry into the unique life experiences of each person. As we explore the sources of anxiety and distress that typically bring someone in to see me, trust develops and becomes the foundation for continued growth. Gradually, suffering diminishes, and there is an increase in self understanding and personal freedom. My hope is for each patient to live fully in the present with a strong sense of self, and with the capacity to have relationships that are rich and deeply satisfying. .
(720) 613-6765 View (720) 613-6765
Photo of Kayleigh Boveri, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Kayleigh Boveri
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80220  (Online Only)
Hello! I'm Kayleigh, and I'm dedicated to helping you navigate life's challenges with practical solutions and a down-to-earth approach. I believe in starting fresh and tackling issues head-on, whether they're related to relationships, ongoing personal growth, communication, or overcoming trauma. I'm here to provide a supportive and open-minded space where we can dig deep into your experiences and everyday events, working together to address your concerns and achieve your goals. With a compassionate and non-judgmental approach, I am here to support you every step of the way as you uncover new insights & discover your true potential.
Hello! I'm Kayleigh, and I'm dedicated to helping you navigate life's challenges with practical solutions and a down-to-earth approach. I believe in starting fresh and tackling issues head-on, whether they're related to relationships, ongoing personal growth, communication, or overcoming trauma. I'm here to provide a supportive and open-minded space where we can dig deep into your experiences and everyday events, working together to address your concerns and achieve your goals. With a compassionate and non-judgmental approach, I am here to support you every step of the way as you uncover new insights & discover your true potential.
(720) 740-4971 View (720) 740-4971
Photo of Center for Resilience Strategies, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Center for Resilience Strategies
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80203
Stressed? Anxious? Unresolved trauma? Grief from loss? Relationship issues? Low self-esteem? We're here to help you make big changes in your life. CRS provides accessible, affordable, and effective mental health services for Coloradans. With offices in Denver, Aurora, Westminster, and Wheat Ridge, CRS provides individual counseling for teens and adults, play therapy, couple and marital therapy, and family therapy. We work with multiple insurance companies and offer income-based fees for services, all provided in a private practice clinic setting or via telehealth.
Stressed? Anxious? Unresolved trauma? Grief from loss? Relationship issues? Low self-esteem? We're here to help you make big changes in your life. CRS provides accessible, affordable, and effective mental health services for Coloradans. With offices in Denver, Aurora, Westminster, and Wheat Ridge, CRS provides individual counseling for teens and adults, play therapy, couple and marital therapy, and family therapy. We work with multiple insurance companies and offer income-based fees for services, all provided in a private practice clinic setting or via telehealth.
(720) 734-7069 View (720) 734-7069
Photo of Camille Sinclair, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Camille Sinclair
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80209
Welcome! My name is Dr. Sinclair and I am the Founder and Director of Sinclair Psychological Associates. I am both a Clinical and Health Psychologist; meaning, I have expertise in treating clients with psychological and emotional stressors (typically trauma, anxiety, grief and other stress responses); as well as clients with medical conditions negatively impacting their daily lives.
Welcome! My name is Dr. Sinclair and I am the Founder and Director of Sinclair Psychological Associates. I am both a Clinical and Health Psychologist; meaning, I have expertise in treating clients with psychological and emotional stressors (typically trauma, anxiety, grief and other stress responses); as well as clients with medical conditions negatively impacting their daily lives.
(720) 802-2176 View (720) 802-2176
Photo of Colleen Fischer, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Colleen Fischer
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80206
I am a licensed pediatric psychologist in the state of Colorado and I offer psychological assessment services to help answer important questions regarding your child or adolescent. I offer the full range of pediatric testing services, including cognitive testing, social/emotional testing, focused ADHD assessments, and in-depth learning disability evaluations. With over 20 years of experience assessing children and adolescents, I understand the complex needs of children with multiple diagnoses, emotional and learning concerns, and gifted and talented/2E issues. Evaluations can be conducted in the office setting or in your home.
I am a licensed pediatric psychologist in the state of Colorado and I offer psychological assessment services to help answer important questions regarding your child or adolescent. I offer the full range of pediatric testing services, including cognitive testing, social/emotional testing, focused ADHD assessments, and in-depth learning disability evaluations. With over 20 years of experience assessing children and adolescents, I understand the complex needs of children with multiple diagnoses, emotional and learning concerns, and gifted and talented/2E issues. Evaluations can be conducted in the office setting or in your home.
(720) 310-1100 View (720) 310-1100
Photo of Vanessa Richards-Zorrilla, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Vanessa Richards-Zorrilla
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80232
Hello! I am a bilingual (Spanish and English) psychotherapist and Licensed Professional Counselor based in Aurora, Colorado. I am an expert in individual, child, and family/couples counseling, with over a decade of clinical experience. I am skilled in multiple modalities of treatment, with EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing Therapy) and EFT (Emotion Focused Therapy) being a some of my specialties. As a Hispanic woman, I understand the effects of being marginalized and disempowered in this culture. I would love to have the opportunity to meet you and hear your story.
Hello! I am a bilingual (Spanish and English) psychotherapist and Licensed Professional Counselor based in Aurora, Colorado. I am an expert in individual, child, and family/couples counseling, with over a decade of clinical experience. I am skilled in multiple modalities of treatment, with EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing Therapy) and EFT (Emotion Focused Therapy) being a some of my specialties. As a Hispanic woman, I understand the effects of being marginalized and disempowered in this culture. I would love to have the opportunity to meet you and hear your story.
(720) 399-4582 View (720) 399-4582
Photo of Elise Salas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Elise Salas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80210
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has been practicing in adult mental health since 2014. I am experienced in providing therapy to adults of all ages and stages of life. I treat a wide range of behavioral health conditions including: anxiety, depression, mood disorders, personality disorders, PTSD, women's issues (post-partum anxiety/depression, infertility, loss), life transitions, and grief/loss issues. We all experience emotional challenges. Therapy can equip you with the necessary skills and assist with navigating your feelings as you work towards wellness.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has been practicing in adult mental health since 2014. I am experienced in providing therapy to adults of all ages and stages of life. I treat a wide range of behavioral health conditions including: anxiety, depression, mood disorders, personality disorders, PTSD, women's issues (post-partum anxiety/depression, infertility, loss), life transitions, and grief/loss issues. We all experience emotional challenges. Therapy can equip you with the necessary skills and assist with navigating your feelings as you work towards wellness.
(720) 713-3295 View (720) 713-3295
Photo of A Better You Counseling Denver, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
A Better You Counseling Denver
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80209
I am so glad you have taken the first step towards a better you! I look forward to connecting with you and helping you improve your life and relationships through a collaborative, supportive process of exploring the connections between your thoughts, feelings, and actions. I utilize solution focused therapy where we envision what you want your life to look like and identify the old habits and feelings that are blocking you from achieving your desired life.
I am so glad you have taken the first step towards a better you! I look forward to connecting with you and helping you improve your life and relationships through a collaborative, supportive process of exploring the connections between your thoughts, feelings, and actions. I utilize solution focused therapy where we envision what you want your life to look like and identify the old habits and feelings that are blocking you from achieving your desired life.
(720) 738-7913 View (720) 738-7913
Photo of Amanda N'zi, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Amanda N'zi
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80207
I believe children and families should dream, thrive, and grow together. I promote child well-being through practical and evidence-based interventions to help children and families with big feelings and big behaviors. My services include individual and family approaches to treat anxiety, depression, childhood behavior problems, attention problems/ADHD, trauma, and emotions/behaviors related to acquired brain injury. My interventions aim to enhance your child's and family's strengths while providing sustainable solutions to improve quality of life. I look forward to meeting you.
I believe children and families should dream, thrive, and grow together. I promote child well-being through practical and evidence-based interventions to help children and families with big feelings and big behaviors. My services include individual and family approaches to treat anxiety, depression, childhood behavior problems, attention problems/ADHD, trauma, and emotions/behaviors related to acquired brain injury. My interventions aim to enhance your child's and family's strengths while providing sustainable solutions to improve quality of life. I look forward to meeting you.
(720) 571-4431 View (720) 571-4431
Photo of Darrel Beaty, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Darrel Beaty
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80238
My approach to providing therapeutic services is grounded in being person centered. Each person has the potential for health, however, life provides challenges that are barriers to overcome. Sometimes getting stuck in cycles prevents the perspective needed to name the challenges, and also look at new ways to overcome these challenges.
My approach to providing therapeutic services is grounded in being person centered. Each person has the potential for health, however, life provides challenges that are barriers to overcome. Sometimes getting stuck in cycles prevents the perspective needed to name the challenges, and also look at new ways to overcome these challenges.
(720) 796-7154 View (720) 796-7154
Photo of Sara M May, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Sara M May
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80224
Waitlist for new clients
Struggling with life stressors? Feeling depleted, overwhelmed or downright trampled by something challenging in your life? Need someone to help you find your way to a better feeling place? I love collaborating with people in the safe and special setting of psychotherapy. I combine working through issues and helping people develop skills with focus on emotions, thoughts and behaviors. I draw from various types of interventions so I can tailor the therapy to each individual person with the goal of finding an approach that works for them.
Struggling with life stressors? Feeling depleted, overwhelmed or downright trampled by something challenging in your life? Need someone to help you find your way to a better feeling place? I love collaborating with people in the safe and special setting of psychotherapy. I combine working through issues and helping people develop skills with focus on emotions, thoughts and behaviors. I draw from various types of interventions so I can tailor the therapy to each individual person with the goal of finding an approach that works for them.
(720) 893-8651 View (720) 893-8651
Photo of Martin Dee, Marriage & Family Therapist in Denver, CO
Martin Dee
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80217  (Online Only)
You're looking for a counselor because your life isn't working out the way it should. You're feeling angry, unhappy, frustrated, worried, confused or empty. Maybe you want to fix your marriage, straighten out your kids, let go of the past, learn to forgive yourself or stop repeating the same mistakes over and over. Perhaps you're questioning your spiritual beliefs or trying to figure out what it will take to truly be happy. The bottom line: You want to change your life, and I'm here to help you do that. As your therapist, I'll create a safe space for you to freely express your thoughts and feelings, explore options, and heal.
You're looking for a counselor because your life isn't working out the way it should. You're feeling angry, unhappy, frustrated, worried, confused or empty. Maybe you want to fix your marriage, straighten out your kids, let go of the past, learn to forgive yourself or stop repeating the same mistakes over and over. Perhaps you're questioning your spiritual beliefs or trying to figure out what it will take to truly be happy. The bottom line: You want to change your life, and I'm here to help you do that. As your therapist, I'll create a safe space for you to freely express your thoughts and feelings, explore options, and heal.
(720) 410-5743 View (720) 410-5743
Photo of Allie Betzer, Pre-Licensed Professional in Denver, CO
Allie Betzer
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80246  (Online Only)
It shows a lot of strength to take the first step toward mental wellness. You may be feeling completely overwhelmed right now; stuck in a constant loop of anxiety, depression, or both. You may be feeling as if you’ve been trying to handle this alone for too long. Maybe you are seeking to gain a deeper understanding of yourself. Rest assured, you are not alone. These thoughts and feelings are perfectly normal and we all experience them to some degree as we journey through our lives. Let’s work together to clear a path for growth and move toward healing, one step at a time. You’ve already taken that first step on your own.
It shows a lot of strength to take the first step toward mental wellness. You may be feeling completely overwhelmed right now; stuck in a constant loop of anxiety, depression, or both. You may be feeling as if you’ve been trying to handle this alone for too long. Maybe you are seeking to gain a deeper understanding of yourself. Rest assured, you are not alone. These thoughts and feelings are perfectly normal and we all experience them to some degree as we journey through our lives. Let’s work together to clear a path for growth and move toward healing, one step at a time. You’ve already taken that first step on your own.
(720) 802-2741 View (720) 802-2741
Photo of Katie Amsberry, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Katie Amsberry
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80209
Asking for help can seem overwhelming, but you are truly the expert of your own life. I can guide you through feelings of anxiety, depression, and life stressors. We all experience trauma in different ways and with a trauma informed lens and a safe space together we can map out the next steps best for you in your journey. Clients will leave feeling confident to navigate barriers that come up in life while practicing self-care and compassion.
Asking for help can seem overwhelming, but you are truly the expert of your own life. I can guide you through feelings of anxiety, depression, and life stressors. We all experience trauma in different ways and with a trauma informed lens and a safe space together we can map out the next steps best for you in your journey. Clients will leave feeling confident to navigate barriers that come up in life while practicing self-care and compassion.
(720) 605-9816 View (720) 605-9816
Photo of Antonia Pieracci, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Antonia Pieracci
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80246
I am a managing partner of Cognitive Behavior Therapy Associates of Denver (CBTDenver), a private clinic specializing in evidence-based psychotherapies. We provide effective, skills-based, short-term, and compassionate psychotherapy. I specialize in anxiety and mood disorders, mood disorders, insomnia, OCD, perinatal issues, relationship issues, parenting issues and many other problems.
I am a managing partner of Cognitive Behavior Therapy Associates of Denver (CBTDenver), a private clinic specializing in evidence-based psychotherapies. We provide effective, skills-based, short-term, and compassionate psychotherapy. I specialize in anxiety and mood disorders, mood disorders, insomnia, OCD, perinatal issues, relationship issues, parenting issues and many other problems.
(720) 893-8762 View (720) 893-8762
Photo of Denver Psychology, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Denver Psychology
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80237
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience. We are a collective of therapists with a wide range of specialties. Our intake professionals will help connect you with the right therapist for your needs. We make appointments easy, offering evenings and weekends and flexibility for creative professionals who can't make the same time each week.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience. We are a collective of therapists with a wide range of specialties. Our intake professionals will help connect you with the right therapist for your needs. We make appointments easy, offering evenings and weekends and flexibility for creative professionals who can't make the same time each week.
(720) 704-4731 View (720) 704-4731
Photo of InnerWorkings, Counselor in Denver, CO
InnerWorkings
Counselor, PhD, ND, APRN, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80224
Have you ever wondered how an holistic approach to counseling could help you change how you think about and live your life or improve your health? Consider a therapist who uses techniques tailored to specifically meet your needs with strategies for coping and growth to help you thrive. Sometimes we encounter challenging experiences that interfere with our personal growth, well-being, and happiness without adequate skills to maintain balance. If you are looking for a caring and engaged evidence-based treatment approach and skill building to navigate your world, call for a free consultation today.
Have you ever wondered how an holistic approach to counseling could help you change how you think about and live your life or improve your health? Consider a therapist who uses techniques tailored to specifically meet your needs with strategies for coping and growth to help you thrive. Sometimes we encounter challenging experiences that interfere with our personal growth, well-being, and happiness without adequate skills to maintain balance. If you are looking for a caring and engaged evidence-based treatment approach and skill building to navigate your world, call for a free consultation today.
(303) 900-7236 View (303) 900-7236
Photo of Jennifer Droski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Jennifer Droski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80204  (Online Only)
I am a licensed clinical social worker committed to working with individuals looking to address depression, anxiety, relationship and intimacy issues. I also have a background in chemical dependency and trauma. I strongly believe that relationships– whether with ourselves or others– greatly impact our life satisfaction. My goal is to help you strengthen the connection and balance within your relationships to live a meaningful and authentic life.
I am a licensed clinical social worker committed to working with individuals looking to address depression, anxiety, relationship and intimacy issues. I also have a background in chemical dependency and trauma. I strongly believe that relationships– whether with ourselves or others– greatly impact our life satisfaction. My goal is to help you strengthen the connection and balance within your relationships to live a meaningful and authentic life.
(720) 664-7047 View (720) 664-7047
Photo of Catherine Tenedios Hayes, Marriage & Family Therapist in Denver, CO
Catherine Tenedios Hayes
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MS
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80203
Many of us live with higher levels of stress than we desire, experience unfulfilling relationships, and arguments full of miscommunication and we are so hopeful that there is another side to all of this. You may have already tried many things to relieve the stress, worry, and burdens of your life…and yet still find that you are struggling, but believe that relief is possible, and it is. ​ I have experience working with children, adults & couples who are interested in a powerful exploration of what is currently
Many of us live with higher levels of stress than we desire, experience unfulfilling relationships, and arguments full of miscommunication and we are so hopeful that there is another side to all of this. You may have already tried many things to relieve the stress, worry, and burdens of your life…and yet still find that you are struggling, but believe that relief is possible, and it is. ​ I have experience working with children, adults & couples who are interested in a powerful exploration of what is currently
(720) 802-6621 View (720) 802-6621

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Denver, CO

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Denver, CO who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
71% Stress
68% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% Aetna
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
62% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Denver, CO see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Denver?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.