Therapists in Westerville, OH

Photo of Jennifer Eller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Westerville, OH
Jennifer Eller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Westerville, OH 43081
Hi, I'm Jenny, a compassionate master’s level licensed social worker specializing in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and strengths-based therapy. I help clients and their families who experience trauma, grief, anxiety, or depression. My mission is to create a safe, supportive, and non-judgmental environment where you can freely express yourself and work towards meaningful change.
Hi, I'm Jenny, a compassionate master’s level licensed social worker specializing in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and strengths-based therapy. I help clients and their families who experience trauma, grief, anxiety, or depression. My mission is to create a safe, supportive, and non-judgmental environment where you can freely express yourself and work towards meaningful change.
(614) 756-3856 View (614) 756-3856
Photo of Lindsay Gifford, Licensed Professional Counselor in Westerville, OH
Lindsay Gifford
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Westerville, OH 43081
I recently graduated with a Master's Degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Ashland Theological Seminary and I am currently under the supervision of Sharon Williston-Benadum, MA, LPCC-S, LICDC, SAP. I want my clients to know the joy that comes from living out of freedom from their mental health issues. I believe it is an honor to walk with clients through their struggles in life and desire for them to feel seen, known, and safe in our time together. I view the relationship with my clients as the most important aspect of our work together.
I recently graduated with a Master's Degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Ashland Theological Seminary and I am currently under the supervision of Sharon Williston-Benadum, MA, LPCC-S, LICDC, SAP. I want my clients to know the joy that comes from living out of freedom from their mental health issues. I believe it is an honor to walk with clients through their struggles in life and desire for them to feel seen, known, and safe in our time together. I view the relationship with my clients as the most important aspect of our work together.
(614) 714-6249 x715 View (614) 714-6249 x715
Photo of Jennifer Jury in Westerville, OH
Jennifer Jury
MSEd, CAGS, NCSP
Verified Verified
Westerville, OH 43081
Welcome! With over 20 years of experience, I'm dedicated to creating a partnership and understanding my clients’ needs at a deep level in order to find answers to concerns and unlock potential. If you’re looking for an atmosphere of warmth and acceptance, with reliable, efficient, transparent, and personalized services, you’ve come to the right place! I have a unique perspective and level of expertise by having worked in the schools and also privately.
Welcome! With over 20 years of experience, I'm dedicated to creating a partnership and understanding my clients’ needs at a deep level in order to find answers to concerns and unlock potential. If you’re looking for an atmosphere of warmth and acceptance, with reliable, efficient, transparent, and personalized services, you’ve come to the right place! I have a unique perspective and level of expertise by having worked in the schools and also privately.
(614) 683-3924 View (614) 683-3924
Photo of Jenifer Sparks Schaffner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Westerville, OH
Jenifer Sparks Schaffner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Westerville, OH 43082
I value compassion; we will work together in a non-judgmental, safe environment with active and honest communication. I am a therapist who is proactive and engaged; I believe in providing feedback and sharing my thoughts. I will work with you to identify your goals and help you achieve them.
I value compassion; we will work together in a non-judgmental, safe environment with active and honest communication. I am a therapist who is proactive and engaged; I believe in providing feedback and sharing my thoughts. I will work with you to identify your goals and help you achieve them.
(614) 845-6049 View (614) 845-6049
Photo of Shaun B O'Ryan, Counselor in Westerville, OH
Shaun B O'Ryan
Counselor, MACPC, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Westerville, OH 43081
I began practicing in 2004, seeing children and teens, and working with their parents. Over the years I have broadened my scope of practice to include working with adults and couples as well. An initial focus on young clients' issues like ADHD, depression, anxiety, and behavioral issues like ODD and CD, has grown into addressing a wider number of issues including anxiety disorders (including phobias, PTSD, etc.), marital issues, depression in adults, and so on.
I began practicing in 2004, seeing children and teens, and working with their parents. Over the years I have broadened my scope of practice to include working with adults and couples as well. An initial focus on young clients' issues like ADHD, depression, anxiety, and behavioral issues like ODD and CD, has grown into addressing a wider number of issues including anxiety disorders (including phobias, PTSD, etc.), marital issues, depression in adults, and so on.
(614) 468-5064 View (614) 468-5064
Photo of Kristin McConnell, Counselor in Westerville, OH
Kristin McConnell
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Westerville, OH 43081
If you entered motherhood with your idealistic views and are now buried under the demands of your family’s needs wondering what happened, or where things went awry, I get it! Whether it's the mental load, stress/burn out, sensory overwhelm, default parenting or things like anxiety, neurodivergent features or life transitions...I'm here for you. As a mother your first priority is everyone else but you deserve to have your needs met too. But how? It starts with feelings supported and empowered. It starts with you taking time for yourself. Let's work together and learn some tools and strategies so you can thrive.
If you entered motherhood with your idealistic views and are now buried under the demands of your family’s needs wondering what happened, or where things went awry, I get it! Whether it's the mental load, stress/burn out, sensory overwhelm, default parenting or things like anxiety, neurodivergent features or life transitions...I'm here for you. As a mother your first priority is everyone else but you deserve to have your needs met too. But how? It starts with feelings supported and empowered. It starts with you taking time for yourself. Let's work together and learn some tools and strategies so you can thrive.
(614) 802-6010 View (614) 802-6010
Photo of Jack Hambrick, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Westerville, OH
Jack Hambrick
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MFT-T
Verified Verified
Westerville, OH 43081
Immediate opening available for in-person and telehealth. Jack provides couples counseling for spouses/partners/co-parents who are struggling to communicate; adjusting to marriage, cohabitation, or the demands of parenting; dealing with ADHD, addiction, infidelity, or trauma; and/or considering marriage, cohabitation, separation, or divorce. Jack also works with individuals (ages 15+) who are coping with the impact of ADHD, anxiety, depressive symptoms, trauma, and/or relationship challenges.
Immediate opening available for in-person and telehealth. Jack provides couples counseling for spouses/partners/co-parents who are struggling to communicate; adjusting to marriage, cohabitation, or the demands of parenting; dealing with ADHD, addiction, infidelity, or trauma; and/or considering marriage, cohabitation, separation, or divorce. Jack also works with individuals (ages 15+) who are coping with the impact of ADHD, anxiety, depressive symptoms, trauma, and/or relationship challenges.
(740) 791-0357 View (740) 791-0357
Photo of Eric C Miller, Licensed Professional Counselor in Westerville, OH
Eric C Miller
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Westerville, OH 43081
Eric has a Master's degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from the University of Dayton and a Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology from Otterbein University. He believes in the holistic approach to counseling individuals and couples. Eric values the integration of body, mind, and spirit in his counseling. He has taken a special interest in working with couples. He began studying what makes relationships "work" 25+ years ago when he got married and he helps couples reconnect emotionally. He can also share how he learned to manage the anxiety he struggled with in his 20’s and 30’s. He is accepting new clients .
Eric has a Master's degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from the University of Dayton and a Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology from Otterbein University. He believes in the holistic approach to counseling individuals and couples. Eric values the integration of body, mind, and spirit in his counseling. He has taken a special interest in working with couples. He began studying what makes relationships "work" 25+ years ago when he got married and he helps couples reconnect emotionally. He can also share how he learned to manage the anxiety he struggled with in his 20’s and 30’s. He is accepting new clients .
(614) 980-2290 View (614) 980-2290
Photo of Melanie Bergsten, Psychologist in Westerville, OH
Melanie Bergsten
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Westerville, OH 43082
Not accepting new clients
Life can be challenging and we all need a place where we can be seen, heard and understood without judgement. You may feel stuck as a result of depression or anxiety or you may want to grow, change or feel more confident and connected to others. I have a passion for helping others as they navigate their unique life path and encounter a variety of life stressors.
Life can be challenging and we all need a place where we can be seen, heard and understood without judgement. You may feel stuck as a result of depression or anxiety or you may want to grow, change or feel more confident and connected to others. I have a passion for helping others as they navigate their unique life path and encounter a variety of life stressors.
(740) 245-3669 View (740) 245-3669
Photo of Amanda Corrigan, Marriage & Family Therapist in Westerville, OH
Amanda Corrigan
Marriage & Family Therapist, IMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Westerville, OH 43081
After receiving her Masters of Science in Marriage and Family Therapy from Edgewood College in 2007, Amanda pursued her Independent license as a Marriage and Family Therapist (IMFT) in Ohio. She has more than a decade of clinical experience working with kids, adults, couples, and families treating a variety of mental health, behavioral, and relationship issues. Amanda also has additional specialized experience and training in the areas of trauma treatment, suicide intervention, and intensive home-based therapy.
After receiving her Masters of Science in Marriage and Family Therapy from Edgewood College in 2007, Amanda pursued her Independent license as a Marriage and Family Therapist (IMFT) in Ohio. She has more than a decade of clinical experience working with kids, adults, couples, and families treating a variety of mental health, behavioral, and relationship issues. Amanda also has additional specialized experience and training in the areas of trauma treatment, suicide intervention, and intensive home-based therapy.
(614) 918-4243 View (614) 918-4243
Photo of Brittany Taylor, Counselor in Westerville, OH
Brittany Taylor
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Westerville, OH 43081  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor with specialized experience treating trauma and anxiety disorders. My practice utilizes intentional listening and attunement, curiosity, and empathy, to guide and support my clients to identify beliefs that no longer serve them and help them recover from symptoms of stress, anxiety, difficult life changes/transitions, women’s issues, and trauma. I believe that transformation occurs when the body, mind and heart are working in unison and symbiotically, and it is my mission to use therapy as a tool to help clients achieve that.
I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor with specialized experience treating trauma and anxiety disorders. My practice utilizes intentional listening and attunement, curiosity, and empathy, to guide and support my clients to identify beliefs that no longer serve them and help them recover from symptoms of stress, anxiety, difficult life changes/transitions, women’s issues, and trauma. I believe that transformation occurs when the body, mind and heart are working in unison and symbiotically, and it is my mission to use therapy as a tool to help clients achieve that.
(614) 945-4571 View (614) 945-4571
Photo of Carol E McClure, Counselor in Westerville, OH
Carol E McClure
Counselor, MACMHC, LPCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Westerville, OH 43081
I have extensive training and over 30 years of experience working with adult survivors of childhood abuse and pregnancy loss, including abortion. I hold an MA in Mental Health Clinical Counseling and have completed the Jungian Professional Psychotherapy program with the CG Jung Institute of Chicago. Additionally, I work with couples using the Gottman Method to strengthen relationships and deal with underlying issues. I also hold a certification for coaching with the Enneagram. Recently, my husband and I celebrated 44 years of marriage.
I have extensive training and over 30 years of experience working with adult survivors of childhood abuse and pregnancy loss, including abortion. I hold an MA in Mental Health Clinical Counseling and have completed the Jungian Professional Psychotherapy program with the CG Jung Institute of Chicago. Additionally, I work with couples using the Gottman Method to strengthen relationships and deal with underlying issues. I also hold a certification for coaching with the Enneagram. Recently, my husband and I celebrated 44 years of marriage.
(614) 980-0093 View (614) 980-0093
Photo of Dana Moody, Marriage & Family Therapist in Westerville, OH
Dana Moody
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, IMFT
Verified Verified
Westerville, OH 43082
Our mental/emotional health is often overlooked despite being central to our well-being. Sometimes we can feel suffocated by the pain of our life experiences. Counseling offers hope and a pathway for healing so that the brokenness in our past doesn't negatively affect our present and future. Decide to invest in yourself and improve your enjoyment of life regardless of your past or current circumstances. Getting the help you need is something you'll never regret.
Our mental/emotional health is often overlooked despite being central to our well-being. Sometimes we can feel suffocated by the pain of our life experiences. Counseling offers hope and a pathway for healing so that the brokenness in our past doesn't negatively affect our present and future. Decide to invest in yourself and improve your enjoyment of life regardless of your past or current circumstances. Getting the help you need is something you'll never regret.
(614) 918-4364 View (614) 918-4364
Photo of Mercedes Jones, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Westerville, OH
Mercedes Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Westerville, OH 43081  (Online Only)
As a mental health therapist, I strive to create a space safe enough for individuals to be vulnerable enough to be "them." Vulnerable enough to laugh and cry in therapy, while also being heard and challenged in a healthy manner. As a therapeutic team, we will work together to embrace vulnerability, while embracing a healthier version of you.
As a mental health therapist, I strive to create a space safe enough for individuals to be vulnerable enough to be "them." Vulnerable enough to laugh and cry in therapy, while also being heard and challenged in a healthy manner. As a therapeutic team, we will work together to embrace vulnerability, while embracing a healthier version of you.
(614) 697-1202 View (614) 697-1202
Photo of Elise Bailey, Social Worker Trainee in Westerville, OH
Elise Bailey
Social Worker Trainee, MFT
Verified Verified
Westerville, OH 43081
Elise Bailey is a Licensed Social Work Trainee through the State of Ohio Counselor, Social Worker, and Marriage and Family Therapist Board. She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology and Criminology with minors in Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies and History from The Ohio State University in Spring 2022. She is currently a student in The Ohio State University's Master of Social Work program. She is interested in working with children, adolescents, and adults struggling with mood disorders, anxiety disorders, trauma, eating disorders, and anger management.
Elise Bailey is a Licensed Social Work Trainee through the State of Ohio Counselor, Social Worker, and Marriage and Family Therapist Board. She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology and Criminology with minors in Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies and History from The Ohio State University in Spring 2022. She is currently a student in The Ohio State University's Master of Social Work program. She is interested in working with children, adolescents, and adults struggling with mood disorders, anxiety disorders, trauma, eating disorders, and anger management.
(614) 665-0533 View (614) 665-0533
Photo of Jennifer Kimpan, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Westerville, OH
Jennifer Kimpan
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MS, LICDC, ICADC, LADC
Verified Verified
Westerville, OH 43082
Change is Possible, Recovery Works. When you or someone you know is struggling with Addiction, it is difficult to know what to do. Make New Beginnings Counseling Center your first step. We provide comprehensive drug, alcohol, and addiction recovery services for those struggling and for those who want to support their recovery. Hope starts here. Recovery works, take the first step toward yours.
Change is Possible, Recovery Works. When you or someone you know is struggling with Addiction, it is difficult to know what to do. Make New Beginnings Counseling Center your first step. We provide comprehensive drug, alcohol, and addiction recovery services for those struggling and for those who want to support their recovery. Hope starts here. Recovery works, take the first step toward yours.
(937) 583-4022 View (937) 583-4022
Photo of Kerry Schantz-Held, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Westerville, OH
Kerry Schantz-Held
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Westerville, OH 43081
I believe that therapy is first and foremost a relationship. I strive to create an environment that fosters this connection, acceptance, and growth. My interpersonal style is validating and warm, while authentically leaning into emotion and non-judgement. It is my goal that each client feels safe and supported to explore the concerns which brought them in, while also embracing the challenge of trying something new. While initiating therapy is intimidating, I hope that by fostering a strength-based, brave space, I can help you to work toward healing, growth, and increased fulfillment in your life.
I believe that therapy is first and foremost a relationship. I strive to create an environment that fosters this connection, acceptance, and growth. My interpersonal style is validating and warm, while authentically leaning into emotion and non-judgement. It is my goal that each client feels safe and supported to explore the concerns which brought them in, while also embracing the challenge of trying something new. While initiating therapy is intimidating, I hope that by fostering a strength-based, brave space, I can help you to work toward healing, growth, and increased fulfillment in your life.
(380) 207-9730 View (380) 207-9730
Photo of Vicky Pomarico, Counselor in Westerville, OH
Vicky Pomarico
Counselor, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Westerville, OH 43082
Vicky Pomarico is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Ohio who has been practicing since 2006. She has a Master's Degree from Ashland Theological Seminary. Vicky provides a safe place where individuals feel empowered to heal from their experiences and build a hope for the future. She offers a holistic approach using evidence-based practices including TFCBT, traditional CBT, person-centered therapy, and behavior management, as well as offering self-care plans and coping skills. Each client will receive an individual plan that meets the needs of their overall wellness.
Vicky Pomarico is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Ohio who has been practicing since 2006. She has a Master's Degree from Ashland Theological Seminary. Vicky provides a safe place where individuals feel empowered to heal from their experiences and build a hope for the future. She offers a holistic approach using evidence-based practices including TFCBT, traditional CBT, person-centered therapy, and behavior management, as well as offering self-care plans and coping skills. Each client will receive an individual plan that meets the needs of their overall wellness.
(614) 756-3422 View (614) 756-3422
Photo of Compassionate Counseling for Seniors & Caregivers, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Westerville, OH
Compassionate Counseling for Seniors & Caregivers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
Westerville, OH 43081
Compassionate Counseling for Seniors & Caregivers is dedicated in helping to support older adults during some of life's toughest transitions. As we age, we encounter both expected and unexpected changes which can lead to complicated grief for reasons such as decline in physical health, decreased sense of purpose, loss of loved ones, downsizing stress, and unexpected medical diagnosis/es. These transitions can leave one feeling hopeless and lost. You are not alone, we are here to help you find effective ways to feel better. Please visit our website to learn more about our services, www.cc4seniors.com.
Compassionate Counseling for Seniors & Caregivers is dedicated in helping to support older adults during some of life's toughest transitions. As we age, we encounter both expected and unexpected changes which can lead to complicated grief for reasons such as decline in physical health, decreased sense of purpose, loss of loved ones, downsizing stress, and unexpected medical diagnosis/es. These transitions can leave one feeling hopeless and lost. You are not alone, we are here to help you find effective ways to feel better. Please visit our website to learn more about our services, www.cc4seniors.com.
(380) 201-9885 View (380) 201-9885
Photo of De’Aja Hines, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Westerville, OH
De’Aja Hines
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, Deaja Hines, MSW, LISW-S
Verified Verified
Westerville, OH 43081
Waitlist for new clients
Is it time for a change? Have you desperately attempted to make changes in your life and still feel no satisfaction? Are you ready to elevate beyond your current circumstances? Through our journey together, I will teach you how our thoughts directly influence our feelings and behaviors. By becoming more aware of your thinking patterns, identifying strengths, and processing stressors, WE can overcome any obstacle you are currently facing. Together we can manifest a life that gives you purpose, hope, and peace. Together, we will overcome the fear, shame, and anxiety that is holding us back.
Is it time for a change? Have you desperately attempted to make changes in your life and still feel no satisfaction? Are you ready to elevate beyond your current circumstances? Through our journey together, I will teach you how our thoughts directly influence our feelings and behaviors. By becoming more aware of your thinking patterns, identifying strengths, and processing stressors, WE can overcome any obstacle you are currently facing. Together we can manifest a life that gives you purpose, hope, and peace. Together, we will overcome the fear, shame, and anxiety that is holding us back.
(614) 683-4803 View (614) 683-4803

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Westerville, OH

200+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Westerville, OH who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
88% Depression
72% Trauma and PTSD
71% Relationship Issues
68% Self Esteem
66% Grief
64% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% Aetna
75% Optum
70% Medical Mutual

How Therapists in Westerville, OH see their clients

82% In Person and Online
18% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Westerville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.