Therapists in Scottsdale, AZ

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Photo of Abby Hauer, Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Abby Hauer
Counselor, MC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85258
Accepting new clients. As a clinician I’ve learned exposure based work is crucial regardless of what you are struggling with. Learning how to tolerate discomfort and hold it with acceptance and compassion is what makes healing so hard. This is what I help clients learn how to do, accept all parts of who they are and hold it with compassion and understanding. I have experience working with a wide variety of individuals, I have found myself excelling working with OCD, Anxiety related disorders, Trauma, and ADHD. There is a discernment process in healing, learning when we need to respond and when we dont. This is what takes time.
Accepting new clients. As a clinician I’ve learned exposure based work is crucial regardless of what you are struggling with. Learning how to tolerate discomfort and hold it with acceptance and compassion is what makes healing so hard. This is what I help clients learn how to do, accept all parts of who they are and hold it with compassion and understanding. I have experience working with a wide variety of individuals, I have found myself excelling working with OCD, Anxiety related disorders, Trauma, and ADHD. There is a discernment process in healing, learning when we need to respond and when we dont. This is what takes time.
(520) 779-5519 View (520) 779-5519
Photo of Kelli Schidler, Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Kelli Schidler
Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85255
I understand that it is difficult asking for help, especially from a stranger. I believe that a warm and supportive environment is essential in the therapeutic process. My goal is to empower each client and to help them realize their potential.
I understand that it is difficult asking for help, especially from a stranger. I believe that a warm and supportive environment is essential in the therapeutic process. My goal is to empower each client and to help them realize their potential.
(480) 620-5464 View (480) 620-5464
Lynn Terry Stoffers
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85254
I am an experienced and committed licensed professional counselor with a diverse and rewarding background. I am committed to helping others find solutions to difficult life circumstances through compassion, respect and with dignity. I am committed to utilizing individual strengths and resources in accommodating personal needs. I use a variety of treatment approaches and enjoy working with my clients so they can achieve their desired goals. I work collaboratively with my clients toward attaining a sense of emotional and behavioral well-being. I truly believe that through the strength of the human spirit, people have the capacity for change.
I am an experienced and committed licensed professional counselor with a diverse and rewarding background. I am committed to helping others find solutions to difficult life circumstances through compassion, respect and with dignity. I am committed to utilizing individual strengths and resources in accommodating personal needs. I use a variety of treatment approaches and enjoy working with my clients so they can achieve their desired goals. I work collaboratively with my clients toward attaining a sense of emotional and behavioral well-being. I truly believe that through the strength of the human spirit, people have the capacity for change.
(602) 207-8416 View (602) 207-8416
Photo of Mary Margaret Kading, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Mary Margaret Kading
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85254
Hey there! Are you feeling overwhelmed by life's challenges? My ideal client is someone like you: navigating the intricate landscape of mental health and growth, searching for understanding, validation, and effective coping strategies. I am here to help. My approach empowers clients to cultivate self-awareness, embrace emotions, and enhance resilience. Together, we embark on a journey towards healing and growth, fostering acceptance and mindfulness. My goal will always be to guide you towards a life filled with meaning, authenticity, and inner peace.
Hey there! Are you feeling overwhelmed by life's challenges? My ideal client is someone like you: navigating the intricate landscape of mental health and growth, searching for understanding, validation, and effective coping strategies. I am here to help. My approach empowers clients to cultivate self-awareness, embrace emotions, and enhance resilience. Together, we embark on a journey towards healing and growth, fostering acceptance and mindfulness. My goal will always be to guide you towards a life filled with meaning, authenticity, and inner peace.
(480) 506-0895 View (480) 506-0895
Photo of Joanna Sena, Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Joanna Sena
Counselor, LAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85251
Everyone needs care and support and I believe treatment is more successful when there is an openness and a willingness to collaborate and work together. You do not have to know where to begin but if we work together we can help you reach deeper levels of understanding and healing. Whether it is struggling with the stresses of life or life transitions I want you to feel supported and empowered to be bold in living your best life.
Everyone needs care and support and I believe treatment is more successful when there is an openness and a willingness to collaborate and work together. You do not have to know where to begin but if we work together we can help you reach deeper levels of understanding and healing. Whether it is struggling with the stresses of life or life transitions I want you to feel supported and empowered to be bold in living your best life.
(480) 800-0949 View (480) 800-0949
Photo of Joan Kay-Johnson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Joan Kay-Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85250
Do you ever find yourself thinking… “Nobody understands me, heck I don’t understand me. It seems like my family and friends don’t hear me or, at the very least, even listen to me. I feel like I should do better, be better. I’m just not good enough. I don’t deserve good things to happen. I feel so alone in this. I feel so overwhelmed and stuck and anxious. I want to change, be happy, feel deserving, and have good relationships with my family and friends, but, how?”
Do you ever find yourself thinking… “Nobody understands me, heck I don’t understand me. It seems like my family and friends don’t hear me or, at the very least, even listen to me. I feel like I should do better, be better. I’m just not good enough. I don’t deserve good things to happen. I feel so alone in this. I feel so overwhelmed and stuck and anxious. I want to change, be happy, feel deserving, and have good relationships with my family and friends, but, how?”
(480) 470-3480 View (480) 470-3480
Photo of Kerry Troyer, Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Kerry Troyer
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
Pressures of relationships, parenting, or work responsibilities may be piling up and you are feeling anxious, depressed, or overwhelmed. Maybe you are caught off guard by a trigger which hijacks your body, and you find yourself feeling out of control. Perhaps you feel constant conflict in your relationships, you are frustrated with poor communication, there is a lack of intimacy, and you live in anger and resentment. What if the worst has happened and you are experiencing overwhelming grief? Your story matters!
Pressures of relationships, parenting, or work responsibilities may be piling up and you are feeling anxious, depressed, or overwhelmed. Maybe you are caught off guard by a trigger which hijacks your body, and you find yourself feeling out of control. Perhaps you feel constant conflict in your relationships, you are frustrated with poor communication, there is a lack of intimacy, and you live in anger and resentment. What if the worst has happened and you are experiencing overwhelming grief? Your story matters!
(480) 576-5537 View (480) 576-5537
Photo of Marjorie Schulte, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Marjorie Schulte
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PLLC, BCD
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85251
Marjorie Schulte is a Psychotherapist with over 40 years experience. She is a licensed clinical social worker; a transactional analyst; board certified diplomate in clinical social work; board certified diplomate in the American Psychotherapy Association and a member of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. Marjorie has a general clinical practice with a specialty in resolving relationship conflicts. She is a consultant on teaching and communicating about effective skills for successful and healthy living. Marjorie's style is forthright and interactive. Clients are expected to assume personal responsibility.
Marjorie Schulte is a Psychotherapist with over 40 years experience. She is a licensed clinical social worker; a transactional analyst; board certified diplomate in clinical social work; board certified diplomate in the American Psychotherapy Association and a member of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. Marjorie has a general clinical practice with a specialty in resolving relationship conflicts. She is a consultant on teaching and communicating about effective skills for successful and healthy living. Marjorie's style is forthright and interactive. Clients are expected to assume personal responsibility.
(480) 941-9004 View (480) 941-9004
Photo of Alyssa Mandel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Alyssa Mandel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, CEDS
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
I am the founder and Director of The Mandel Center of Arizona and have created an environment to promote psychotherapeutic healing to people in need. My philosophy centers on empowering clients through the therapeutic relationship. I feel that by working with patients from a non-judgmental perspective, fostering a comfortable and trusting environment and "being where the client is", the time spent in treatment is made more productive for all involved. I provide a safe environment that promotes personal growth using proven therapeutic techniques and over 25+ years of experience.
I am the founder and Director of The Mandel Center of Arizona and have created an environment to promote psychotherapeutic healing to people in need. My philosophy centers on empowering clients through the therapeutic relationship. I feel that by working with patients from a non-judgmental perspective, fostering a comfortable and trusting environment and "being where the client is", the time spent in treatment is made more productive for all involved. I provide a safe environment that promotes personal growth using proven therapeutic techniques and over 25+ years of experience.
(520) 549-3063 View (520) 549-3063
Photo of Diana Sussman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Diana Sussman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85251
Feeling depressed or anxious? Having difficulties in your marriage/relationships? I am committed to helping you to make positive changes to cope with your problems as quickly and effectively as possible, with all the tools at my disposal.
Feeling depressed or anxious? Having difficulties in your marriage/relationships? I am committed to helping you to make positive changes to cope with your problems as quickly and effectively as possible, with all the tools at my disposal.
(480) 382-3977 View (480) 382-3977
Photo of Sondra (Sandy) Grossman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Sondra (Sandy) Grossman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85254  (Online Only)
Have you asked yourself, "Do I have the inner wisdom/strength to get through an unanticipated personal crisis, manage a stressful relationship or change recurring patterns that result in a "bursted bubble?" "Do fears, low self confidence or past traumas block me from achieving the life I "really" want?" "Is my smoking, food or other habit controlling me?" "Am I overwhelmed by physical discomfort, job, family stress or life in general?" I can guide you to your "miracle" destination. Unlike long term traditional talk psychotherapy, my integrated short term solution focused approach will make an IMMEDIATE WORLD of DIFFERENCE.
Have you asked yourself, "Do I have the inner wisdom/strength to get through an unanticipated personal crisis, manage a stressful relationship or change recurring patterns that result in a "bursted bubble?" "Do fears, low self confidence or past traumas block me from achieving the life I "really" want?" "Is my smoking, food or other habit controlling me?" "Am I overwhelmed by physical discomfort, job, family stress or life in general?" I can guide you to your "miracle" destination. Unlike long term traditional talk psychotherapy, my integrated short term solution focused approach will make an IMMEDIATE WORLD of DIFFERENCE.
(949) 697-6677 View (949) 697-6677
Photo of Kristen Radke, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Kristen Radke
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85258  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients / Teletherapy or equine assisted psychotherapy / EAGALA (weather permitting). I primarily treat anxiety, depression, bipolar, relational and/or marital issues, and life transitions. I also provide Christian/biblical therapy upon request. Working with me you'll learn to be more present, feel less anxious, communicate your feelings and thoughts, process through past hurts, set healthy boundaries, and learn to move forward. Let me help you bring a more balanced perspective to your life.
Accepting new clients / Teletherapy or equine assisted psychotherapy / EAGALA (weather permitting). I primarily treat anxiety, depression, bipolar, relational and/or marital issues, and life transitions. I also provide Christian/biblical therapy upon request. Working with me you'll learn to be more present, feel less anxious, communicate your feelings and thoughts, process through past hurts, set healthy boundaries, and learn to move forward. Let me help you bring a more balanced perspective to your life.
(480) 630-4187 View (480) 630-4187
Photo of Alexander Nelson, Licensed Associate Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Alexander Nelson
Licensed Associate Counselor, MC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
Reaching out for support can be a challenging process. I encourage you to take a step for your well being and personal growth. My first priority is to provide a comfortable space where you feel relaxed when expressing your concerns. By listening attentively and without judgment, my goal is to understand your perspective. With this understanding, I am able to assist in ways that compliment your unique mindset and tendencies. Not only will I validate your concerns, but I will also considerately and respectfully provide perspectives on unhelpful thought patterns that I may notice. I practice with a trauma informed lens and offer EMDR.
Reaching out for support can be a challenging process. I encourage you to take a step for your well being and personal growth. My first priority is to provide a comfortable space where you feel relaxed when expressing your concerns. By listening attentively and without judgment, my goal is to understand your perspective. With this understanding, I am able to assist in ways that compliment your unique mindset and tendencies. Not only will I validate your concerns, but I will also considerately and respectfully provide perspectives on unhelpful thought patterns that I may notice. I practice with a trauma informed lens and offer EMDR.
(623) 471-4266 View (623) 471-4266
Photo of Linford Wells Whittle, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Linford Wells Whittle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, JD, MPAff
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85258  (Online Only)
I provide a compassionate and supportive therapeutic environment for my clients. Together we can explore and transform painful feelings and conflicted relationships. I have extensive experience in crisis intervention, substance abuse and long-term treatment. We can find meaning in your struggles and turn suffering into strength.
I provide a compassionate and supportive therapeutic environment for my clients. Together we can explore and transform painful feelings and conflicted relationships. I have extensive experience in crisis intervention, substance abuse and long-term treatment. We can find meaning in your struggles and turn suffering into strength.
(520) 335-9037 View (520) 335-9037
Photo of Kristen Smith, Marriage & Family Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Kristen Smith
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LISAC, MAPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85254
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and a Licensed Substance Abuse Counselor as well as Owner and Director of Living Hope Counseling. I have a passion and have enjoyed providing effective treatement for: Relational issues, Marriage/Premarital counseling, Post traumatic stress disorder, Women's issues. Infidelity/Imtimacy Recovery, Recent or past trauma loss, Addictions recovery, Anxieties depression, panic disorder and attachment issues. My desire is to create an environment where you feel safe and comfortable sharing your heart and story in a non judgemental environment.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and a Licensed Substance Abuse Counselor as well as Owner and Director of Living Hope Counseling. I have a passion and have enjoyed providing effective treatement for: Relational issues, Marriage/Premarital counseling, Post traumatic stress disorder, Women's issues. Infidelity/Imtimacy Recovery, Recent or past trauma loss, Addictions recovery, Anxieties depression, panic disorder and attachment issues. My desire is to create an environment where you feel safe and comfortable sharing your heart and story in a non judgemental environment.
(602) 492-3479 View (602) 492-3479
Photo of Laurie Beth Morales Inc., Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Laurie Beth Morales Inc.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CADAC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
Many people look for happiness outside of themselves, but true happiness must come from within...I specialize in helping individuals and families with grief, trauma and loss especially loss of children, victims of crime, sudden death, infertility and major life changes. I also have an expertise in palliative counseling with those who are living with or have family members living with chronic, terminal illnesses. My approach is to support you in preventing and relieving suffering. I am certified in addictions and provide telemedicine as clinically indicated.
Many people look for happiness outside of themselves, but true happiness must come from within...I specialize in helping individuals and families with grief, trauma and loss especially loss of children, victims of crime, sudden death, infertility and major life changes. I also have an expertise in palliative counseling with those who are living with or have family members living with chronic, terminal illnesses. My approach is to support you in preventing and relieving suffering. I am certified in addictions and provide telemedicine as clinically indicated.
(480) 448-1240 View (480) 448-1240
Photo of Angela Smigiel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Angela Smigiel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CSAT
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and have worked in the mental and behavioral health field since 2004. I am a graduate of Arizona State University, receiving a Bachelor's Degree in Psychology and Master's of Social Work degree. My approach is integrative and trauma informed. My objective as a Therapist is to help you heal from your past and identify and shift patterns that are no longer serving you.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and have worked in the mental and behavioral health field since 2004. I am a graduate of Arizona State University, receiving a Bachelor's Degree in Psychology and Master's of Social Work degree. My approach is integrative and trauma informed. My objective as a Therapist is to help you heal from your past and identify and shift patterns that are no longer serving you.
(480) 428-2670 View (480) 428-2670
Photo of Lisa Lorence del Valle, Psychologist in Scottsdale, AZ
Lisa Lorence del Valle
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85258
Are you in need of additional support and direction to get through difficult moments? Are you struggling with issues that have been around for weeks, or even decades? For 28 years, I have been working with adults who are looking to break old patterns (thinking, eating, etc), take better care of themselves, and create a more mindful way of living.
Are you in need of additional support and direction to get through difficult moments? Are you struggling with issues that have been around for weeks, or even decades? For 28 years, I have been working with adults who are looking to break old patterns (thinking, eating, etc), take better care of themselves, and create a more mindful way of living.
(480) 637-3828 View (480) 637-3828
Photo of Spark Inner Wellness, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Spark Inner Wellness
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85262
Learn in a nurturing therapeutic environment, discover tools for self-development and gain pragmatic skills to enhance the fullness of your life. While the old age adage asks "glass half full or half empty?" my personal mantra is "why not change the size of the container so your glass is always full!" Perhaps you are experiencing a time when you are unable to move beyond your current level of awareness and/or seeing limited growth? It is with your full potential in mind that I choose to incorporate not only "talk therapy", but also integrative depth psychological practices such as dream work into the clinical setting.
Learn in a nurturing therapeutic environment, discover tools for self-development and gain pragmatic skills to enhance the fullness of your life. While the old age adage asks "glass half full or half empty?" my personal mantra is "why not change the size of the container so your glass is always full!" Perhaps you are experiencing a time when you are unable to move beyond your current level of awareness and/or seeing limited growth? It is with your full potential in mind that I choose to incorporate not only "talk therapy", but also integrative depth psychological practices such as dream work into the clinical setting.
(480) 613-2032 View (480) 613-2032
Photo of Emma Whitcomb, Marriage & Family Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Emma Whitcomb
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85254  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My approach to therapy is like a tool box. I believe we need all types of tools to create, build, and work on things in our life. I want to help you create your toolbox into a way that can be helpful for you. I believe in utilizing holistic approaches, and person-centered services with clients. We are all diverse as humans and I don’t believe there is “one size fits all.” I value building relationships with my clients that can foster curiosity to explore the challenges they have faced and how we can navigate this journey together to achieve their goals.
My approach to therapy is like a tool box. I believe we need all types of tools to create, build, and work on things in our life. I want to help you create your toolbox into a way that can be helpful for you. I believe in utilizing holistic approaches, and person-centered services with clients. We are all diverse as humans and I don’t believe there is “one size fits all.” I value building relationships with my clients that can foster curiosity to explore the challenges they have faced and how we can navigate this journey together to achieve their goals.
(480) 944-9160 View (480) 944-9160

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Scottsdale, AZ

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Scottsdale, AZ who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
85% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
74% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills
69% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
63% BlueCross and BlueShield
58% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Scottsdale, AZ see their clients

72% In Person and Online
28% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Scottsdale?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.