Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Pamela San Cristobal, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Pamela San Cristobal
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110  (Online Only)
I work with teens, adults, and couples as they navigate different mental health and relational issues. I also provide parenting support to help parents understand their children's behaviors and emotions, particularly for parents and children who have been through early experiences of trauma. I am also interested in supporting first and second generation Americans navigate different psychological and cultural conflicts, particularly as they move through high school and college.
I work with teens, adults, and couples as they navigate different mental health and relational issues. I also provide parenting support to help parents understand their children's behaviors and emotions, particularly for parents and children who have been through early experiences of trauma. I am also interested in supporting first and second generation Americans navigate different psychological and cultural conflicts, particularly as they move through high school and college.
(415) 858-6739 View (415) 858-6739
Photo of Therese Yrani, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Therese Yrani
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, #110224
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
Not accepting new clients
My role as a therapist is to help you reach your potential. I work with individuals and couples who want to feel more connected and fulfilled in their relationships. Often what holds people and relationships back is a pattern of unhelpful thoughts, behaviors and interactions. Identifying these patterns and developing strategies to overcome them can empower you to get unstuck and move toward your goals. I support couples to gain the insight and skills to overcome conflict, improve communication and find connection. I help individuals grow in awareness, heal from the past and conquer the barriers keeping them from the life they want.
My role as a therapist is to help you reach your potential. I work with individuals and couples who want to feel more connected and fulfilled in their relationships. Often what holds people and relationships back is a pattern of unhelpful thoughts, behaviors and interactions. Identifying these patterns and developing strategies to overcome them can empower you to get unstuck and move toward your goals. I support couples to gain the insight and skills to overcome conflict, improve communication and find connection. I help individuals grow in awareness, heal from the past and conquer the barriers keeping them from the life they want.
(650) 761-2768 View (650) 761-2768
Photo of Wendy C. Ong, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Wendy C. Ong
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
I work with people in various stages of their lives—from young adults to those in or nearing retirement. Some come to therapy when serious, distressing symptoms disrupt their home, school or professional life. Consequent to these trying times, many find themselves alone facing unexpected, painful losses and separations. Life may have become structured around chronic stress, conflictual relationships or managing a debilitating illness. The demands of daily living can become overwhelming, and a new way through is essential to gaining, or regaining, wellness and stability.
I work with people in various stages of their lives—from young adults to those in or nearing retirement. Some come to therapy when serious, distressing symptoms disrupt their home, school or professional life. Consequent to these trying times, many find themselves alone facing unexpected, painful losses and separations. Life may have become structured around chronic stress, conflictual relationships or managing a debilitating illness. The demands of daily living can become overwhelming, and a new way through is essential to gaining, or regaining, wellness and stability.
(415) 918-5490 View (415) 918-5490
Photo of Paulo Rebello, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Paulo Rebello
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114
Not accepting new clients
As your therapist, using mindfulness and a caring presence, I will accompany you on the road to personal growth, supporting you in understanding how you can become appreciative of your behaviors: they helped you come this far! We will explore how you can see your life through different, enriching perspectives to include multiple ways of being in relationship and acting in the world in a more satisfying way for you. It's about empowering you with the ability to choose what you want to live. It is about giving you choices.
As your therapist, using mindfulness and a caring presence, I will accompany you on the road to personal growth, supporting you in understanding how you can become appreciative of your behaviors: they helped you come this far! We will explore how you can see your life through different, enriching perspectives to include multiple ways of being in relationship and acting in the world in a more satisfying way for you. It's about empowering you with the ability to choose what you want to live. It is about giving you choices.
(510) 463-4890 View (510) 463-4890
Photo of Jessica McGowen, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Jessica McGowen
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94104  (Online Only)
I have 20 years of experience but I don't believe that says anything unless I can relate, connect and feel with my clients. I can be professional when necessary but I am better at just being real. I am not everyones therapist and I am okay with it. I engage in the conversation with respect and authenticity. I'm direct with the intention to help and shift the issues in a place for change . I am good at what I do and passionate about helping people through pain.
I have 20 years of experience but I don't believe that says anything unless I can relate, connect and feel with my clients. I can be professional when necessary but I am better at just being real. I am not everyones therapist and I am okay with it. I engage in the conversation with respect and authenticity. I'm direct with the intention to help and shift the issues in a place for change . I am good at what I do and passionate about helping people through pain.
(415) 529-8891 View (415) 529-8891
Photo of Elaine Guerrero Clar, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Elaine Guerrero Clar
Psychologist, PsyD, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102
Dr. Elaine Guerrero Clar is a Psychologist in California who has been practicing since 2013. She has a Psy.D. in Clinical Psychology and an MA in Counseling Psychology. Dr. Clar has robust professional experience in working with various populations and communities, although she has learned that everyone comes with unique complexities. Life’s challenges vary from acute to chronic, from early years, middle age, and throughout one’s golden years. Some individuals have particular life events where short periods of therapy can provide the support needed, while other individuals may benefit from long term therapy for lifelong healing.
Dr. Elaine Guerrero Clar is a Psychologist in California who has been practicing since 2013. She has a Psy.D. in Clinical Psychology and an MA in Counseling Psychology. Dr. Clar has robust professional experience in working with various populations and communities, although she has learned that everyone comes with unique complexities. Life’s challenges vary from acute to chronic, from early years, middle age, and throughout one’s golden years. Some individuals have particular life events where short periods of therapy can provide the support needed, while other individuals may benefit from long term therapy for lifelong healing.
(628) 600-0677 View (628) 600-0677
Photo of Rochelle Greenhagen, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Rochelle Greenhagen
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94123
Therapy provides an opportunity to slow down amidst the rapid paces of our lives and look around to explore the ways we cope with difficulty. Ultimately, this teaches us more about who we truly are. Pain is inevitable in our lives, but it can function as a window into our truer, deeper selves. Contacting and nurturing the parts of ourselves that have been hurt, shamed, or neglected helps us to more fully embody our unique selves and find freedom from the constraints of our suffering.
Therapy provides an opportunity to slow down amidst the rapid paces of our lives and look around to explore the ways we cope with difficulty. Ultimately, this teaches us more about who we truly are. Pain is inevitable in our lives, but it can function as a window into our truer, deeper selves. Contacting and nurturing the parts of ourselves that have been hurt, shamed, or neglected helps us to more fully embody our unique selves and find freedom from the constraints of our suffering.
(415) 524-0061 View (415) 524-0061
Photo of Samuel Khanukayev, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Samuel Khanukayev
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102
I strive to facilitate a reflective and explorative environment where the unbearable can be held and truth can be spoken. Multicultural and bilingual elements of my identity, and a history of enduring ethnic discrimination and immigration, significantly inform how I listen to my clients, think through trauma and fragmentation with them. Unconscious repetitions of aversion, clinging, and reenactments of familiar/familial ways of being bind us in suffering. Through psychotherapy, rigid frames of being can be deconstructed and psychological space can be reclaimed for creativity, desire and becoming.
I strive to facilitate a reflective and explorative environment where the unbearable can be held and truth can be spoken. Multicultural and bilingual elements of my identity, and a history of enduring ethnic discrimination and immigration, significantly inform how I listen to my clients, think through trauma and fragmentation with them. Unconscious repetitions of aversion, clinging, and reenactments of familiar/familial ways of being bind us in suffering. Through psychotherapy, rigid frames of being can be deconstructed and psychological space can be reclaimed for creativity, desire and becoming.
(510) 982-6497 View (510) 982-6497
Photo of Chia-Ying Chou, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Chia-Ying Chou
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104
Let go, let in, and embrace - I believe these three steps can be the hardest, yet, with compassion, they can be the most life-giving and beautiful approaches to human life. It has always been my greatest pleasure to assist clients in the process of letting go, letting in, and embracing life more intimately. Clients I work with include individuals seeking to transform impacts of trauma or loss, relieve burden associated with hoarding or clutterring, learn more about self-love and love for and with others.
Let go, let in, and embrace - I believe these three steps can be the hardest, yet, with compassion, they can be the most life-giving and beautiful approaches to human life. It has always been my greatest pleasure to assist clients in the process of letting go, letting in, and embracing life more intimately. Clients I work with include individuals seeking to transform impacts of trauma or loss, relieve burden associated with hoarding or clutterring, learn more about self-love and love for and with others.
(415) 792-1794 View (415) 792-1794
Photo of Alison L Saylor, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Alison L Saylor
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118
Do you find that you and your partner have fierce fights over seemingly trivial matters? Do you argue over the same thing repeatedly without progress? Do you find that one of you is often chasing after the other for connection and commitment while the other pulls away? Have you been stuck in patterns of self-sabotage? Having trouble keeping yourself out of relationships and situations that are unhealthy or even dangerous? There is hope. I provide short-term, intensive couples therapy, individual therapy and hypnotherapy that has helped hundreds overcome these patterns to find true connection and happiness.
Do you find that you and your partner have fierce fights over seemingly trivial matters? Do you argue over the same thing repeatedly without progress? Do you find that one of you is often chasing after the other for connection and commitment while the other pulls away? Have you been stuck in patterns of self-sabotage? Having trouble keeping yourself out of relationships and situations that are unhealthy or even dangerous? There is hope. I provide short-term, intensive couples therapy, individual therapy and hypnotherapy that has helped hundreds overcome these patterns to find true connection and happiness.
(415) 799-4153 View (415) 799-4153
Photo of Jen McGuire, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Jen McGuire
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104
I work with individuals who are looking to explore the underlying experiences from their past that shape their present suffering, those who have struggled to feel safe in their own bodies, and those who want to welcome greater presence, joy, and agency into their lives right now. With couples and families, I look for the dynamics that create a unique system that has its successes and its stressors. Together, we'll find ways to support you to communicate from a place of openness rather than defensiveness so that you can begin to hear each other through the noise and work toward resolution. Trauma-informed and LGBTQIA affirming.
I work with individuals who are looking to explore the underlying experiences from their past that shape their present suffering, those who have struggled to feel safe in their own bodies, and those who want to welcome greater presence, joy, and agency into their lives right now. With couples and families, I look for the dynamics that create a unique system that has its successes and its stressors. Together, we'll find ways to support you to communicate from a place of openness rather than defensiveness so that you can begin to hear each other through the noise and work toward resolution. Trauma-informed and LGBTQIA affirming.
(510) 851-9354 View (510) 851-9354
Photo of Ashley Paul, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Ashley Paul
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with a passion for self-exploration and personal development, especially regarding balancing the emotional and intellectual sides. Trust, authenticity, and validation are my most-used tools throughout my therapeutic process.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with a passion for self-exploration and personal development, especially regarding balancing the emotional and intellectual sides. Trust, authenticity, and validation are my most-used tools throughout my therapeutic process.
(415) 801-3848 View (415) 801-3848
Photo of Gregory Villalba, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Gregory Villalba
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
I see children, adolescents, and adults in individual psychotherapy and psychoanalysis who are struggling with a variety of issues, including depression, anxiety, relationship problems, life cycle challenges, and trauma. At times the way people cope with and manage their past or present difficulties create additional barriers to feeling good, and fulfilling their hopes and goals. As a conscientious, professional, and compassionate clinician, I strive to provide a therapeutic relationship in which together we can think about, understand and help you work through those feelings and thoughts that are troubling, confusing and worrisome.
I see children, adolescents, and adults in individual psychotherapy and psychoanalysis who are struggling with a variety of issues, including depression, anxiety, relationship problems, life cycle challenges, and trauma. At times the way people cope with and manage their past or present difficulties create additional barriers to feeling good, and fulfilling their hopes and goals. As a conscientious, professional, and compassionate clinician, I strive to provide a therapeutic relationship in which together we can think about, understand and help you work through those feelings and thoughts that are troubling, confusing and worrisome.
(415) 574-0974 View (415) 574-0974
Photo of Marlana Pierson, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Marlana Pierson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94105  (Online Only)
I am passionate about helping individuals better understand how their thoughts and emotions impact behavior to make positive changes. I specialize in working with adults experiencing depression, anxiety, self-harm, trauma, life transitions, and relationship issues. I use an empathetic yet direct approach to help increase self-awareness to look inward at yourself, and relationships, and dive into the past to discover unwanted patterns with the goal of creating a life worth living. Additionally, I have experience supporting parents of teens who are struggling to balance child care, work responsibilities, and self-care.
I am passionate about helping individuals better understand how their thoughts and emotions impact behavior to make positive changes. I specialize in working with adults experiencing depression, anxiety, self-harm, trauma, life transitions, and relationship issues. I use an empathetic yet direct approach to help increase self-awareness to look inward at yourself, and relationships, and dive into the past to discover unwanted patterns with the goal of creating a life worth living. Additionally, I have experience supporting parents of teens who are struggling to balance child care, work responsibilities, and self-care.
(415) 949-2198 View (415) 949-2198
Photo of The Connective (formerly Wellspace SF), Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
The Connective (formerly Wellspace SF)
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
Tired of calling around? We have immediate openings! The Connective is an integrative practice of psychotherapists, certified coaches, and holistic health practitioners dedicated to a common goal: guiding, inspiring, and empowering individuals to live more authentic, fulfulling and healthy lives. From navigating personal and professional roadblocks, to achieving optimal health and wellness, our mission is to provide compassionate and strengths-based support centered on the whole person.
Tired of calling around? We have immediate openings! The Connective is an integrative practice of psychotherapists, certified coaches, and holistic health practitioners dedicated to a common goal: guiding, inspiring, and empowering individuals to live more authentic, fulfulling and healthy lives. From navigating personal and professional roadblocks, to achieving optimal health and wellness, our mission is to provide compassionate and strengths-based support centered on the whole person.
(415) 335-7793 View (415) 335-7793
Photo of Mark Beidelman, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Mark Beidelman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94122
My goal is to help people obtain insight, new perspectives, and tools for improved wellbeing. I enjoy working with a wide variety of people and implement a range of evidence-based treatments. When I work with people in therapy, I utilize the whole person and look at biological, psychological, and social factors that may be impacting their wellbeing. When we begin working together, I discuss different approaches to therapy so that you can make an informed decision about what approach you prefer.
My goal is to help people obtain insight, new perspectives, and tools for improved wellbeing. I enjoy working with a wide variety of people and implement a range of evidence-based treatments. When I work with people in therapy, I utilize the whole person and look at biological, psychological, and social factors that may be impacting their wellbeing. When we begin working together, I discuss different approaches to therapy so that you can make an informed decision about what approach you prefer.
(415) 592-7379 View (415) 592-7379
Photo of Wendi Nelson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Wendi Nelson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94116
Hi, my name is Wendi Nelson, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and psychotherapist working with clients statewide via telehealth. I specialize in working with young adults and adults who are dealing with anxiety, depression, life transitions, low self-esteem, and emotional distress to improve and find more happiness in their lives. I enjoy working with young adults and adults who are dealing with anxiety, depression, life transitions, low self-esteem, and emotional distress. I am passionate about supporting my clients through various challenges and building skills to allow them to feel better about themselves.
Hi, my name is Wendi Nelson, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and psychotherapist working with clients statewide via telehealth. I specialize in working with young adults and adults who are dealing with anxiety, depression, life transitions, low self-esteem, and emotional distress to improve and find more happiness in their lives. I enjoy working with young adults and adults who are dealing with anxiety, depression, life transitions, low self-esteem, and emotional distress. I am passionate about supporting my clients through various challenges and building skills to allow them to feel better about themselves.
(415) 592-7784 View (415) 592-7784
Photo of Melinda Gottesman, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Melinda Gottesman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
Do you find yourself ruminating about certain things? Are you unable to fall asleep at night because your mind keeps racing? Are there things you want to get off your chest but feel like nobody will understand? One way or another, you’re here because you want to feel better. You want to live your life to the fullest yet can’t quite seem to figure out how. This is where our work comes in.
Do you find yourself ruminating about certain things? Are you unable to fall asleep at night because your mind keeps racing? Are there things you want to get off your chest but feel like nobody will understand? One way or another, you’re here because you want to feel better. You want to live your life to the fullest yet can’t quite seem to figure out how. This is where our work comes in.
(415) 300-2459 View (415) 300-2459
Photo of John Paul Vail, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
John Paul Vail
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94104  (Online Only)
Feeling out of control or out of Focus? Do ADHD related issues hold you or a loved one back from dreams and potential? Feelings of worry, confusion, anger, and sadness can make your relationships, parenting, work, or your education seem impossible or like plain torture. My passion is helping people tap into their their inherent worth and significance, while promoting growth. You CAN tackle the problems you have, and you have the power to promote well-being in yourself and in your relationships. Lets get to work, and see the results in your life: improvements in mood/ relationships/work and educational performance, and peace of mind.
Feeling out of control or out of Focus? Do ADHD related issues hold you or a loved one back from dreams and potential? Feelings of worry, confusion, anger, and sadness can make your relationships, parenting, work, or your education seem impossible or like plain torture. My passion is helping people tap into their their inherent worth and significance, while promoting growth. You CAN tackle the problems you have, and you have the power to promote well-being in yourself and in your relationships. Lets get to work, and see the results in your life: improvements in mood/ relationships/work and educational performance, and peace of mind.
(415) 965-8525 View (415) 965-8525
Photo of Lindsay Hesser, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Lindsay Hesser
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94131  (Online Only)
I believe shared humor and relational connection are key for effective therapy. My goal is to meet you where you are, with a grounded, pragmatic approach. Together, we will collaborate to make your daily life more manageable and fulfilling by addressing outdated coping skills, self-sabotaging behaviors, overwhelming emotions, stressful situations, and lingering traumas. I also offer coaching services for professionals, those in the healthcare/wellness field, and graduate students. I enjoy supporting clients through the processes of self-development, self-innovation, radical acceptance, and growth.
I believe shared humor and relational connection are key for effective therapy. My goal is to meet you where you are, with a grounded, pragmatic approach. Together, we will collaborate to make your daily life more manageable and fulfilling by addressing outdated coping skills, self-sabotaging behaviors, overwhelming emotions, stressful situations, and lingering traumas. I also offer coaching services for professionals, those in the healthcare/wellness field, and graduate students. I enjoy supporting clients through the processes of self-development, self-innovation, radical acceptance, and growth.
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.