Therapists in New York, NY

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Photo of Madison Trifon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Madison Trifon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10007
I believe that building the therapeutic relationship marks the beginning of the healing process. Together we will explore your life and gain a greater understanding of your experience in the world. I use a warm, empathic, patient, and non-judgmental style. I’m a queer woman and I was born and raised by a South American immigrant mother and a white father, which influences my belief in an intersectional approach to psychotherapy. Together we will uncover the many parts of yourself that impact your identity. Creating a space that feels comforting, safe, exploratory, and authentic is important to me as a therapist.
I believe that building the therapeutic relationship marks the beginning of the healing process. Together we will explore your life and gain a greater understanding of your experience in the world. I use a warm, empathic, patient, and non-judgmental style. I’m a queer woman and I was born and raised by a South American immigrant mother and a white father, which influences my belief in an intersectional approach to psychotherapy. Together we will uncover the many parts of yourself that impact your identity. Creating a space that feels comforting, safe, exploratory, and authentic is important to me as a therapist.
(646) 969-3569 View (646) 969-3569
Photo of Stephanie A Fischer, Counselor in New York, NY
Stephanie A Fischer
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10025
In therapy, we will create a safe space to explore deep issues while fostering your unique needs for growth and self-acceptance. I am warm, active, and open-minded. I enjoy working with adults who seek to improve their relationships with themselves and others. You may feel empty, anxious, depressed, or have issues communicating needs and boundaries. Maybe you are struggling to cope with changes in your life or suffering from troubling experiences in the past. I specialize in helping people work through life transitions, manage anxiety, have intimacy and relationship issues, and explore their identity/sexuality.
In therapy, we will create a safe space to explore deep issues while fostering your unique needs for growth and self-acceptance. I am warm, active, and open-minded. I enjoy working with adults who seek to improve their relationships with themselves and others. You may feel empty, anxious, depressed, or have issues communicating needs and boundaries. Maybe you are struggling to cope with changes in your life or suffering from troubling experiences in the past. I specialize in helping people work through life transitions, manage anxiety, have intimacy and relationship issues, and explore their identity/sexuality.
(914) 344-6048 View (914) 344-6048
Photo of Grace Reeves, MA, MHC-LP at Dr Fallon's Practice in New York, NY
Grace Reeves, MA, MHC-LP at Dr Fallon's Practice
MA, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10017  (Online Only)
Grace, born and raised on Long Island, NY, graduated from Marist College with an MA in Clinical Mental Health Counseling and a BA in psychology with a biology minor. Grace’s experience as a championship winning NCAA Division 1 athlete in swimming and diving along, her impressive academic record, and experience in the fields of mental health and behavioral health inform her warm, compassionate, and goal-oriented therapeutic style. Grace has a deep desire to enrich the lives of fellow New Yorkers through providing the highest quality psychotherapy.
Grace, born and raised on Long Island, NY, graduated from Marist College with an MA in Clinical Mental Health Counseling and a BA in psychology with a biology minor. Grace’s experience as a championship winning NCAA Division 1 athlete in swimming and diving along, her impressive academic record, and experience in the fields of mental health and behavioral health inform her warm, compassionate, and goal-oriented therapeutic style. Grace has a deep desire to enrich the lives of fellow New Yorkers through providing the highest quality psychotherapy.
(929) 930-4511 View (929) 930-4511
Photo of Irene Veralli Gutmann, Licensed Master Social Worker in New York, NY
Irene Veralli Gutmann
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
While being truly seen and heard is one of the most beautiful aspects of good therapy, I’m sure you also want help with relieving stress and dealing with painful problems - the kind that can play with emotions and make you doubt yourself. Combining insight-oriented therapy and practical strategies can bring about really positive change. I draw from many schools of thought, yet I most align with cognitive behavioral and insight-oriented therapy. Drawing on your strengths, we can explore new ways to look at difficult situations, which can bring about positive feelings, actions and results.
While being truly seen and heard is one of the most beautiful aspects of good therapy, I’m sure you also want help with relieving stress and dealing with painful problems - the kind that can play with emotions and make you doubt yourself. Combining insight-oriented therapy and practical strategies can bring about really positive change. I draw from many schools of thought, yet I most align with cognitive behavioral and insight-oriented therapy. Drawing on your strengths, we can explore new ways to look at difficult situations, which can bring about positive feelings, actions and results.
(929) 560-6503 View (929) 560-6503
Photo of Nina Dreyfus in New York, NY
Nina Dreyfus
LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
Nina believes that each and every person has the internal strengths and resilience that can lead to a more fulfilling life. She supports her clients in identifying their unique goals and guides them through a profound transformation using a collaborative and trusting dynamic. Nina provides support to couples and individuals struggling with life transitions, relationship dynamics, anxiety and depressive symptoms.
Nina believes that each and every person has the internal strengths and resilience that can lead to a more fulfilling life. She supports her clients in identifying their unique goals and guides them through a profound transformation using a collaborative and trusting dynamic. Nina provides support to couples and individuals struggling with life transitions, relationship dynamics, anxiety and depressive symptoms.
(332) 264-1168 View (332) 264-1168
Photo of Kristine Miranda, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Kristine Miranda
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
Think of how good it would feel to have a day that is set up for you where you spend your time doing things that nourish your interests and tap into your talents, a life where you genuinely feel so connected to others and the work that you’re doing that it doesn’t even feel like work but like flow instead. Where joy and fun are an accessible norm, and you feel grounded, centered and confident in yourself. This is a true possible reality for you, one that can be reached through actionable steps. If you’re wanting to move forward in life, trust that inner knowing. It's the first step in guiding you to the life you're meant to have.
Think of how good it would feel to have a day that is set up for you where you spend your time doing things that nourish your interests and tap into your talents, a life where you genuinely feel so connected to others and the work that you’re doing that it doesn’t even feel like work but like flow instead. Where joy and fun are an accessible norm, and you feel grounded, centered and confident in yourself. This is a true possible reality for you, one that can be reached through actionable steps. If you’re wanting to move forward in life, trust that inner knowing. It's the first step in guiding you to the life you're meant to have.
(347) 472-0391 View (347) 472-0391
Photo of Jessica Zmood, Psychologist in New York, NY
Jessica Zmood
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10025
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist in private practice on Manhattan's Upper West Side. I am warm, engaged and committed to helping you achieve your therapeutic goals in a timely manner. Using a gentle, yet direct approach, I will work collaboratively with you to make positive changes in your life. Whether you are struggling with relationships, communication, depression or anxiety, I can help you identify your roadblocks and move towards a more satisfied life. While I am supportive and empathic, I will also provide you with honest feedback and conduct regular check-ins to ensure that our work is on track.
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist in private practice on Manhattan's Upper West Side. I am warm, engaged and committed to helping you achieve your therapeutic goals in a timely manner. Using a gentle, yet direct approach, I will work collaboratively with you to make positive changes in your life. Whether you are struggling with relationships, communication, depression or anxiety, I can help you identify your roadblocks and move towards a more satisfied life. While I am supportive and empathic, I will also provide you with honest feedback and conduct regular check-ins to ensure that our work is on track.
(917) 580-6718 View (917) 580-6718
Photo of Jessica Muñoz in New York, NY
Jessica Muñoz
LMHC-LP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10012
I love to work with any adult who is ready to show up and work, just as I am. I enjoy working with clients in person, the walk you take to my office is part of our clinical focus on setting routines and making space for ourselves. That said, some of my most loyal clients see me on zoom, we work together to get therapy in.
I love to work with any adult who is ready to show up and work, just as I am. I enjoy working with clients in person, the walk you take to my office is part of our clinical focus on setting routines and making space for ourselves. That said, some of my most loyal clients see me on zoom, we work together to get therapy in.
(646) 791-3755 View (646) 791-3755
Photo of Kassia R Ringell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Kassia R Ringell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10033  (Online Only)
Do you have anxiety and depression? Perhaps you're experiencing severe stress from the changes going on in your life, and you're having difficulty adjusting. If this is you, then I can help. As a practitioner for 18+ years, I have expertise in the treatment of Depression, Trauma, Grief/Loss, and Generalized Anxiety Disorders to help you work through your challenges, maximize your strengths, and embrace change in your life. As a black identified biracial woman, I am deeply interested and passionate about working with a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic clientele who may carry multiple racial, sexual, and gender identities.
Do you have anxiety and depression? Perhaps you're experiencing severe stress from the changes going on in your life, and you're having difficulty adjusting. If this is you, then I can help. As a practitioner for 18+ years, I have expertise in the treatment of Depression, Trauma, Grief/Loss, and Generalized Anxiety Disorders to help you work through your challenges, maximize your strengths, and embrace change in your life. As a black identified biracial woman, I am deeply interested and passionate about working with a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic clientele who may carry multiple racial, sexual, and gender identities.
(914) 339-5674 View (914) 339-5674
Photo of Silvia B. Espinal, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Silvia B. Espinal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
“To love well is the task in all meaningful relationships, not just romantic bonds.” bell hooks. Would you like professional support to understand and heal your relationships? if you are searching for a safe therapeutic space where you can openly express your emotions and find solutions to your issues, I will be a suitable therapist for you. I am a relational psychotherapist, clinical supervisor, and educator, and I will work with you in coping with heartaches caused by trauma, ruptures, loneliness, discord, and loss and support you through your healing.
“To love well is the task in all meaningful relationships, not just romantic bonds.” bell hooks. Would you like professional support to understand and heal your relationships? if you are searching for a safe therapeutic space where you can openly express your emotions and find solutions to your issues, I will be a suitable therapist for you. I am a relational psychotherapist, clinical supervisor, and educator, and I will work with you in coping with heartaches caused by trauma, ruptures, loneliness, discord, and loss and support you through your healing.
(917) 994-6446 View (917) 994-6446
Photo of Roxanne Turturro, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Roxanne Turturro
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10018  (Online Only)
Roxanne L. Turturro is a licensed clinical social worker. Roxanne is an insightful, compassionate, and highly-experienced provider with a diverse background in the mental health field. Roxanne makes sure to be fully present for each person she provides services to. She listens attentively with an open heart. She assists her patients in addressing and minimizing their presenting issues with evidence-based treatments that align with each individual’s needs. Her goal is to enrich patients so they can manifest and sustain harmony and peace in their day-to-day experiences.
Roxanne L. Turturro is a licensed clinical social worker. Roxanne is an insightful, compassionate, and highly-experienced provider with a diverse background in the mental health field. Roxanne makes sure to be fully present for each person she provides services to. She listens attentively with an open heart. She assists her patients in addressing and minimizing their presenting issues with evidence-based treatments that align with each individual’s needs. Her goal is to enrich patients so they can manifest and sustain harmony and peace in their day-to-day experiences.
(929) 209-2874 View (929) 209-2874
Photo of Jason Rudolph, Psychologist in New York, NY
Jason Rudolph
Psychologist
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
My role is to support and comfort people while they engage in the therapeutic process. I consider myself to be one part of the many things that lead to personal change. I offer a safe, non-judgemental space to gain insight and develop a path towards personal and emotional growth.
My role is to support and comfort people while they engage in the therapeutic process. I consider myself to be one part of the many things that lead to personal change. I offer a safe, non-judgemental space to gain insight and develop a path towards personal and emotional growth.
(917) 750-8400 View (917) 750-8400
Photo of Chelsea Heacock, Licensed Master Social Worker in New York, NY
Chelsea Heacock
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10065  (Online Only)
Welcome! I am an EMDR-trained therapist working to help individuals navigate the transitions of early adulthood, parenting, relationships, and mental health struggles to heal from traumatic experiences and achieve their goals. I believe in the power of EMDR therapy to bring lasting change and transformation through working with clients to process and integrate past experiences, resolve current problems, and enhance future potential. In addition to EMDR, I also practice a variety of other evidence-based therapies that I have used over the past 17 years to help clients improve their overall mental health.
Welcome! I am an EMDR-trained therapist working to help individuals navigate the transitions of early adulthood, parenting, relationships, and mental health struggles to heal from traumatic experiences and achieve their goals. I believe in the power of EMDR therapy to bring lasting change and transformation through working with clients to process and integrate past experiences, resolve current problems, and enhance future potential. In addition to EMDR, I also practice a variety of other evidence-based therapies that I have used over the past 17 years to help clients improve their overall mental health.
(646) 679-7544 View (646) 679-7544
Photo of Amanda Whitehurst, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Amanda Whitehurst
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, SEP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
I am passionate about working with folks who are navigating trauma, depression, anxiety, or interpersonal issues. My goal is to come alongside you as we pursue healing together. This is because I believe every one of us necessitates some additional support when our experiences feel unmanageable; while often difficult to initiate, meeting with someone can be the catalyst for growth.
I am passionate about working with folks who are navigating trauma, depression, anxiety, or interpersonal issues. My goal is to come alongside you as we pursue healing together. This is because I believe every one of us necessitates some additional support when our experiences feel unmanageable; while often difficult to initiate, meeting with someone can be the catalyst for growth.
(646) 921-7933 View (646) 921-7933
Photo of Lizzie Livingston, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Lizzie Livingston
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
I believe in creating a supportive and safe environment in which you are able to make transitions and changes to lead a happier, more successful and connected life. Our work together helps to build stronger relationships, alleviate struggles and help you achieve your goals. Therapy is a meaningful endeavor; by examining your life and relationships you will gain a deeper understanding of yourself and how you engage with others.
I believe in creating a supportive and safe environment in which you are able to make transitions and changes to lead a happier, more successful and connected life. Our work together helps to build stronger relationships, alleviate struggles and help you achieve your goals. Therapy is a meaningful endeavor; by examining your life and relationships you will gain a deeper understanding of yourself and how you engage with others.
(917) 609-9864 View (917) 609-9864
Photo of Lynn Gordon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Lynn Gordon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10017
Do you sometimes feel at a distance from your own life and relationships, a loss of initiative and aliveness to your experiences? Or become overly involved, quick to feel anxious and overwhelmed? In an engaged, supportive and interactive working relationship, you and I can identify and build upon strengths, goals and values, lend force and action to your search for meaning and belonging, and resolve emotional struggles. For example, you may want to target a specific issue that will involve learning new skills or adjusting thought patterns and behaviors in a life management model.
Do you sometimes feel at a distance from your own life and relationships, a loss of initiative and aliveness to your experiences? Or become overly involved, quick to feel anxious and overwhelmed? In an engaged, supportive and interactive working relationship, you and I can identify and build upon strengths, goals and values, lend force and action to your search for meaning and belonging, and resolve emotional struggles. For example, you may want to target a specific issue that will involve learning new skills or adjusting thought patterns and behaviors in a life management model.
(917) 791-1229 View (917) 791-1229
Photo of Michaela D'Urso, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Michaela D'Urso
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10022
Michaela is a passionate Cognitive Behavioral therapist (which is the most effective, researched, and validated therapy to date). She will work with you to identify and change overly negative thinking and unhelpful behaviors that interfere with your mood, reaching your goals, or hampering interpersonal relationships. She works with those struggling with depression, anxiety, worry, phobias, stress, body image issues, performance anxiety, defiant behavior in children, relationship struggles, and work/school issues.
Michaela is a passionate Cognitive Behavioral therapist (which is the most effective, researched, and validated therapy to date). She will work with you to identify and change overly negative thinking and unhelpful behaviors that interfere with your mood, reaching your goals, or hampering interpersonal relationships. She works with those struggling with depression, anxiety, worry, phobias, stress, body image issues, performance anxiety, defiant behavior in children, relationship struggles, and work/school issues.
View
Photo of Anna Zelig, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Anna Zelig
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10128
As a therapist I create a safe and non-judgmental space where you will feel validated and supported. From a collaborative and strength-based approach, I am passionate about working with individuals, couples, and families to enrich and deepen their connections to those who matter most. I focus on resolving issues related to breakdowns in communication and life transitions including marriage, separation, illness, loss, pregnancy and the birth of a child. I believe that through therapy, ruptures can be repaired, and couples and families can navigate tumultuous times with greater ease and grace.
As a therapist I create a safe and non-judgmental space where you will feel validated and supported. From a collaborative and strength-based approach, I am passionate about working with individuals, couples, and families to enrich and deepen their connections to those who matter most. I focus on resolving issues related to breakdowns in communication and life transitions including marriage, separation, illness, loss, pregnancy and the birth of a child. I believe that through therapy, ruptures can be repaired, and couples and families can navigate tumultuous times with greater ease and grace.
(929) 325-2455 View (929) 325-2455
Photo of Christina Harrington-Stutzmann, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Christina Harrington-Stutzmann
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMFT, LMHC, GC-C, LCSW-R, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10012
My approach towards helping you is create a supportive space to bring you comfort to your current experiences. I believe it's necessary to accept where you are and to understand where you want to go. I am a licensed as a Clinical Marriage and family Therapist (LMFT), a Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) and in Clinical Social Worker-R (LCSW-R). I also have Gottman and Imago training experience for couples.
My approach towards helping you is create a supportive space to bring you comfort to your current experiences. I believe it's necessary to accept where you are and to understand where you want to go. I am a licensed as a Clinical Marriage and family Therapist (LMFT), a Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) and in Clinical Social Worker-R (LCSW-R). I also have Gottman and Imago training experience for couples.
(518) 302-2837 x443 View (518) 302-2837 x443
Photo of Ludovica Alcorn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Ludovica Alcorn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
Not accepting new clients
We live in a complex, interconnected world, making it challenging to process our thoughts and experiences, while also prioritizing our own needs and wants. When we seek support from others, it opens up a whole new realm of possibility, as we’re not meant to go it alone. Using a social-justice lens, I aim to provide person-centered, strength-based modalities that foster equilibrium and empowerment. I specialize in providing psychodynamic, CBT, mindfulness, and supportive therapy to folks experiencing anxiety, depression, interpersonal conflict, life transitions, work/school pressures, as well as as those living with disabilities.
We live in a complex, interconnected world, making it challenging to process our thoughts and experiences, while also prioritizing our own needs and wants. When we seek support from others, it opens up a whole new realm of possibility, as we’re not meant to go it alone. Using a social-justice lens, I aim to provide person-centered, strength-based modalities that foster equilibrium and empowerment. I specialize in providing psychodynamic, CBT, mindfulness, and supportive therapy to folks experiencing anxiety, depression, interpersonal conflict, life transitions, work/school pressures, as well as as those living with disabilities.
(347) 338-6747 View (347) 338-6747

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.