Therapists in Cannon Beach, OR

Photo of Brianne Crane, Professional Counselor Associate, MA
Brianne Crane
Professional Counselor Associate, MA
Online Only
For as long as I can remember, people have been my passion. I am drawn to learning what shapes their inner world, understanding the experiences that influenced their path in life, and offering compassion for their challenges. I enjoy working with adults and adolescents who are navigating a wide range of mental health concerns, as well as the everyday highs and lows that come with being human. My approach is warm, collaborative, and grounded in empathy. I strive to meet my clients exactly where they are, walk beside them as they move through and make sense of their lives, and offer thoughtful insight that supports meaningful growth.
For as long as I can remember, people have been my passion. I am drawn to learning what shapes their inner world, understanding the experiences that influenced their path in life, and offering compassion for their challenges. I enjoy working with adults and adolescents who are navigating a wide range of mental health concerns, as well as the everyday highs and lows that come with being human. My approach is warm, collaborative, and grounded in empathy. I strive to meet my clients exactly where they are, walk beside them as they move through and make sense of their lives, and offer thoughtful insight that supports meaningful growth.
(971) 506-3737 View (971) 506-3737
Photo of Jodie Ann Leer, Counselor, LMHC, LPC, CCTP
Jodie Ann Leer
Counselor, LMHC, LPC, CCTP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I believe in providing a safe, judgement free space where individuals can explore their emotions, identify their strengths and achieve personal growth. One thing I have learned over the years is that therapy isn't a one size fits all, so I adapt my approach to meet each person's unique need.
I believe in providing a safe, judgement free space where individuals can explore their emotions, identify their strengths and achieve personal growth. One thing I have learned over the years is that therapy isn't a one size fits all, so I adapt my approach to meet each person's unique need.
(253) 499-5070 View (253) 499-5070
Photo of Mel Langston - Mel Langston Professional Services, Inc., Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Mel Langston Professional Services, Inc.
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Serves Area
I have worked in the mental health field for over 30 years, with individuals and families of all ages. My professional training includes Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Psychology and Counseling and a PhD in Health Psychology. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in Oregon. I believe in a holistic approach to counseling and respect the individuality of all human beings. We will work together to reach your stated goals of therapy. Whatever your presenting problem, however desperate you may feel, I am here to offer hope.
I have worked in the mental health field for over 30 years, with individuals and families of all ages. My professional training includes Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Psychology and Counseling and a PhD in Health Psychology. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in Oregon. I believe in a holistic approach to counseling and respect the individuality of all human beings. We will work together to reach your stated goals of therapy. Whatever your presenting problem, however desperate you may feel, I am here to offer hope.
(503) 406-3901 View (503) 406-3901
Photo of Cheri S Havlena - Cheri Havlena Counseling, LLC, Clinical Social Work Associate, MSW, CSWA
Cheri Havlena Counseling, LLC
Clinical Social Work Associate, MSW, CSWA
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Hello! Thanks for stopping by my page! Taking the first step to finding help can feel overwhelming and even scary. I have been a social worker in the field since 2014 and look forward to supporting you on your path to wellness. I enjoy working with Adults and Teenagers (13-19) by walking beside them on their path to find inner healing and their best self. Your goals are my goals. Let me be there for you on your journey.
Hello! Thanks for stopping by my page! Taking the first step to finding help can feel overwhelming and even scary. I have been a social worker in the field since 2014 and look forward to supporting you on your path to wellness. I enjoy working with Adults and Teenagers (13-19) by walking beside them on their path to find inner healing and their best self. Your goals are my goals. Let me be there for you on your journey.
(503) 874-6672 View (503) 874-6672

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Anna Long-Stokes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Anna Long-Stokes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
If you're in a life transition, feeling anxious, or stuck in old patterns — you're not alone. I work with thoughtful, intuitive adults who are ready for real, lasting change. In our sessions, we go deeper than symptom management. I blend ACT therapy with somatic and energetic practices to help you clear emotional clutter, reconnect to your body, and make choices that actually feel like you. Therapy with me is warm, practical, a little intuitive, and sometimes even funny — because healing doesn’t have to be heavy to be effective.
If you're in a life transition, feeling anxious, or stuck in old patterns — you're not alone. I work with thoughtful, intuitive adults who are ready for real, lasting change. In our sessions, we go deeper than symptom management. I blend ACT therapy with somatic and energetic practices to help you clear emotional clutter, reconnect to your body, and make choices that actually feel like you. Therapy with me is warm, practical, a little intuitive, and sometimes even funny — because healing doesn’t have to be heavy to be effective.
(971) 299-8061 View (971) 299-8061
Photo of Alicia M Krawczyk, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCM, PMH-C
Alicia M Krawczyk
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCM, PMH-C
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
You are not alone. I work with women who are feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or stuck as they move through life transitions — experiencing infertility, facing pregnancy loss, birth trauma, adjusting to motherhood, or navigating the ups and downs of life transitions including change in relationships. These seasons can be hard, but healing is possible. I have a passion to support other women navigate these transitions of life to establish fulfillment in life. Together, we’ll create space for you to feel understood, find balance, and reconnect with yourself.
You are not alone. I work with women who are feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or stuck as they move through life transitions — experiencing infertility, facing pregnancy loss, birth trauma, adjusting to motherhood, or navigating the ups and downs of life transitions including change in relationships. These seasons can be hard, but healing is possible. I have a passion to support other women navigate these transitions of life to establish fulfillment in life. Together, we’ll create space for you to feel understood, find balance, and reconnect with yourself.
(541) 834-8617 View (541) 834-8617
Photo of Deb Montgomery, Counselor, MA, LMHC, CPCL
Deb Montgomery
Counselor, MA, LMHC, CPCL
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Whether you’re navigating a major life transition, seeking greater insight into yourself, working through relationship changes, or wanting to make sense of your story, I offer a supportive space to explore what matters most to you. For over 15 years, I’ve had the privilege of accompanying people on their personal and professional journeys. As both a Therapist and Life Coach, I work collaboratively with clients to bring about meaningful and lasting change. My approach is solution-focused and goal-oriented, helping you identify practical steps toward growth and wellbeing. Together, we’ll work toward the next version of yourself
Whether you’re navigating a major life transition, seeking greater insight into yourself, working through relationship changes, or wanting to make sense of your story, I offer a supportive space to explore what matters most to you. For over 15 years, I’ve had the privilege of accompanying people on their personal and professional journeys. As both a Therapist and Life Coach, I work collaboratively with clients to bring about meaningful and lasting change. My approach is solution-focused and goal-oriented, helping you identify practical steps toward growth and wellbeing. Together, we’ll work toward the next version of yourself
(206) 535-1358 View (206) 535-1358
Photo of Vicky L Spear - Living Water Consulting, Professional Counselor Associate, MA, CADCII
Living Water Consulting
Professional Counselor Associate, MA, CADCII
Online Only
Welcome! My name is Vicky Spear and I am a Professional Counselor Associate. I facilitate individual counseling and group services. I hold a Masters in Counseling Psychology from Lewis and Clark and a CADCII certification from MHACBO. I work with adults who have grown up in unhealthy family systems and struggle with co-dependency, addiction, trauma and abuse issues, grief and loss, low self worth, anger issues, depression and anxiety.
Welcome! My name is Vicky Spear and I am a Professional Counselor Associate. I facilitate individual counseling and group services. I hold a Masters in Counseling Psychology from Lewis and Clark and a CADCII certification from MHACBO. I work with adults who have grown up in unhealthy family systems and struggle with co-dependency, addiction, trauma and abuse issues, grief and loss, low self worth, anger issues, depression and anxiety.
(971) 316-4470 View (971) 316-4470
Photo of Tamara Webb, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LMHC, CMHC
Tamara Webb
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LMHC, CMHC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I provide holistic psychotherapy to help clients in Oregon, Washington and Utah explore, understand and address diverse challenges in life, helping clients become empowered stewards of their own well-being. I integrate common psychotherapy approaches, including cognitive, narrative and expressive-creative therapies, with holistic approaches based in the traditions underlying yoga, Buddhism and other Eastern philosophical practices. My goal is to help clients achieve health, balance and harmony, and to embrace life.
I provide holistic psychotherapy to help clients in Oregon, Washington and Utah explore, understand and address diverse challenges in life, helping clients become empowered stewards of their own well-being. I integrate common psychotherapy approaches, including cognitive, narrative and expressive-creative therapies, with holistic approaches based in the traditions underlying yoga, Buddhism and other Eastern philosophical practices. My goal is to help clients achieve health, balance and harmony, and to embrace life.
(971) 248-3981 View (971) 248-3981
Photo of Ofelia Johnson, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Ofelia Johnson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
Hello, I'm Ofelia Johnson, a bilingual Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over 10 years of experience. I am deeply passionate about helping individuals, couples, and families navigate life's challenges with compassion and support. Whether you’re dealing with trauma, anxiety, relationship difficulties, or life transitions, I offer a safe, nonjudgmental space where you can explore your emotions, build resilience, and create meaningful change.
Hello, I'm Ofelia Johnson, a bilingual Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over 10 years of experience. I am deeply passionate about helping individuals, couples, and families navigate life's challenges with compassion and support. Whether you’re dealing with trauma, anxiety, relationship difficulties, or life transitions, I offer a safe, nonjudgmental space where you can explore your emotions, build resilience, and create meaningful change.
(747) 277-5803 View (747) 277-5803
Photo of Denise Sterry Babawale, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, CSWA
Denise Sterry Babawale
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, CSWA
Online Only
I have a wide range of clinical experience working with individuals of varying age ranges. I have experience working with individuals with depression, anxiety, trauma, ADHD, PTSD, mood disorders, chronic pain, stress, grief, loss, and many more areas. I believe in a strengths based approach to sessions, while also being solution focused.
I have a wide range of clinical experience working with individuals of varying age ranges. I have experience working with individuals with depression, anxiety, trauma, ADHD, PTSD, mood disorders, chronic pain, stress, grief, loss, and many more areas. I believe in a strengths based approach to sessions, while also being solution focused.
(503) 713-6191 View (503) 713-6191
Photo of J Workman-Purvine, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
J Workman-Purvine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Life never came with an instruction manual and there comes a time where we all need to summon the courage to ask for help. I have been in private practice for 12 years and my social work career spans more than 30 years having served diverse population from people without homes, combat veterans, incarcerated people and people with HIV/AIDS. As a therapist I am here to help you in your journey toward healing and self-discovery. I focus on issues of depression, alcohol abuse, anxiety, trauma, grief, chronic health conditions, major life changes (such as divorce) and chronic health conditions.
Life never came with an instruction manual and there comes a time where we all need to summon the courage to ask for help. I have been in private practice for 12 years and my social work career spans more than 30 years having served diverse population from people without homes, combat veterans, incarcerated people and people with HIV/AIDS. As a therapist I am here to help you in your journey toward healing and self-discovery. I focus on issues of depression, alcohol abuse, anxiety, trauma, grief, chronic health conditions, major life changes (such as divorce) and chronic health conditions.
(971) 273-5931 View (971) 273-5931
Photo of Amber Martell, Clinical Social Work Associate, LMSW , CSWA
Amber Martell
Clinical Social Work Associate, LMSW , CSWA
Online Only
You’ve been holding it together for so long—but inside, you’re tired, stuck, or questioning everything. You want relief, clarity, and connection—but you're not sure where to start. Whether you're facing relationship stress, self-doubt, health issues, substance use, or just trying to get through the day, I offer a space where you don’t have to have it all figured out. Therapy with me is compassionate, real, and grounded in your story. You don’t have to do it alone anymore.
You’ve been holding it together for so long—but inside, you’re tired, stuck, or questioning everything. You want relief, clarity, and connection—but you're not sure where to start. Whether you're facing relationship stress, self-doubt, health issues, substance use, or just trying to get through the day, I offer a space where you don’t have to have it all figured out. Therapy with me is compassionate, real, and grounded in your story. You don’t have to do it alone anymore.
(971) 260-9387 View (971) 260-9387
Photo of Sierra Vujnovich, Psychologist, PhD
Sierra Vujnovich
Psychologist, PhD
Online Only
Do you feel trapped in cycles of anxiety that seem impossible to break free from? Do you feel depressed and disconnected from the life you want to live? Now more than ever, people are struggling to manage their mental health while trying to balance relationships, work, and personal well-being. I offer virtual appointments to accommodate your busy life and schedule.
Do you feel trapped in cycles of anxiety that seem impossible to break free from? Do you feel depressed and disconnected from the life you want to live? Now more than ever, people are struggling to manage their mental health while trying to balance relationships, work, and personal well-being. I offer virtual appointments to accommodate your busy life and schedule.
View
Photo of Valentina Pishchanskaya-Cayanan, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, CIMHP
Valentina Pishchanskaya-Cayanan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, CIMHP
2 Endorsed
Online Only
As your individual therapist, I partner with you as you work through the challenges that may be impacting your life such as trauma, anxiety, stress, depression, family conflict, cultural identity and big life changes. Together we will explore all aspects of wellness and work through the things that are getting in the way of you building the life you want.
As your individual therapist, I partner with you as you work through the challenges that may be impacting your life such as trauma, anxiety, stress, depression, family conflict, cultural identity and big life changes. Together we will explore all aspects of wellness and work through the things that are getting in the way of you building the life you want.
(503) 486-3547 View (503) 486-3547
Photo of Melanie Eaton - Melanie Eaton, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Melanie Eaton, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
4 Endorsed
Online Only
You’re smart. You’ve tried podcasts, journaling, morning routines, yoga, maybe even talking to your houseplants — and still, something isn’t shifting. Anxiety keeps hijacking your plans, motivation has escaped you, old trauma shows up at the worst times or your brain has a knack for repeating the same unhelpful patterns like it’s stuck on a loop. You’re not alone, and you don’t have to keep doing this by yourself. This is your invitation to stop “just getting by” and start living with more intention, ease, and self-trust. Therapy with me is a place to explore what’s actually going on beneath the surface -not just cope, but transform
You’re smart. You’ve tried podcasts, journaling, morning routines, yoga, maybe even talking to your houseplants — and still, something isn’t shifting. Anxiety keeps hijacking your plans, motivation has escaped you, old trauma shows up at the worst times or your brain has a knack for repeating the same unhelpful patterns like it’s stuck on a loop. You’re not alone, and you don’t have to keep doing this by yourself. This is your invitation to stop “just getting by” and start living with more intention, ease, and self-trust. Therapy with me is a place to explore what’s actually going on beneath the surface -not just cope, but transform
View
Photo of Angela Lehr, Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LCPC, LPC, BCC
Angela Lehr
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LCPC, LPC, BCC
1 Endorsed
Astoria, OR 97103
Serving clients in Oregon and Montana, I provide a goal-oriented and person-centered approach to counseling, clinical supervision, and consultation. Everyone deserves a supportive, engaging, and safe environment to reflect, grow, understand, and establish an integrated sense of self - personally, professionally, and in relationships. I work with individuals and groups seeking to thrive holistically in all aspects of life. As your change and well-being partner, our work together will foster self-compassion, understanding, resilience, and inspired action.
Serving clients in Oregon and Montana, I provide a goal-oriented and person-centered approach to counseling, clinical supervision, and consultation. Everyone deserves a supportive, engaging, and safe environment to reflect, grow, understand, and establish an integrated sense of self - personally, professionally, and in relationships. I work with individuals and groups seeking to thrive holistically in all aspects of life. As your change and well-being partner, our work together will foster self-compassion, understanding, resilience, and inspired action.
(503) 837-8555 View (503) 837-8555
Photo of Dr. Sarah Wilson-Montemayor, Professional Counselor Associate, PhD, MA, APC
Dr. Sarah Wilson-Montemayor
Professional Counselor Associate, PhD, MA, APC
8 Endorsed
Online Only
Welcome. You may be here because you're longing to heal the wounds and burdens you carry that block access to your vitality. Parts of you may: • Feel overwhelmed or overstimulated by modern life • Struggle with self-criticism • Have difficulty with boundaries • Feel stuck in limiting familial or cultural patterns • Long for a safe space to tend to big emotions • Use tech, food, or sex to cope • Repeat harmful relational patterns • Carry sexual, religious, cultural, or other traumas • Desire reconnection with your body, nature, your intuition, your sexuality, or your soul - but feel bound by inherited shame.
Welcome. You may be here because you're longing to heal the wounds and burdens you carry that block access to your vitality. Parts of you may: • Feel overwhelmed or overstimulated by modern life • Struggle with self-criticism • Have difficulty with boundaries • Feel stuck in limiting familial or cultural patterns • Long for a safe space to tend to big emotions • Use tech, food, or sex to cope • Repeat harmful relational patterns • Carry sexual, religious, cultural, or other traumas • Desire reconnection with your body, nature, your intuition, your sexuality, or your soul - but feel bound by inherited shame.
(971) 376-8049 View (971) 376-8049
Photo of Shannon Lilja - DrShannon Lilja/Sandalwood Counseling, Counselor, DBH, LPC, LMHC, CADC, CDP
DrShannon Lilja/Sandalwood Counseling
Counselor, DBH, LPC, LMHC, CADC, CDP
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Anxiety, depression, relationship issues, obsessive thoughts/behaviors…you may feel that something isn't working or doesn’t fit, or perhaps you are missing something you want (better communication, feeling heard, understanding). Perhaps you haven't found a solution to manage things quite the way you want. My goal is to help increase awareness and insight, working with you to understand what is going on now, its impact, and support efforts toward your goal to improve relationships, develop skills, resolve conflicts, increase self-esteem, heal, and grow. Therapy can offer wonderful opportunities to move toward the change you seek.
Anxiety, depression, relationship issues, obsessive thoughts/behaviors…you may feel that something isn't working or doesn’t fit, or perhaps you are missing something you want (better communication, feeling heard, understanding). Perhaps you haven't found a solution to manage things quite the way you want. My goal is to help increase awareness and insight, working with you to understand what is going on now, its impact, and support efforts toward your goal to improve relationships, develop skills, resolve conflicts, increase self-esteem, heal, and grow. Therapy can offer wonderful opportunities to move toward the change you seek.
(360) 564-5434 View (360) 564-5434
Photo of Sarah Von Colditz - Shoreline Counseling, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Shoreline Counseling, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Astoria, OR 97103
Use website link for our HIPAA secure contact form. We are currently seeing clients via telehealth and in person in Astoria, Oregon. At Shoreline Counseling we know you bring a unique understanding of your own world and the world around you. No person on this planet has gone through the same experiences that you have. Therapy begins by opening the layers of understanding around yourself and others. The goals is to focus on your individual experiences to get you to a better internal space. Most work is done through identifying thoughts, feelings or behaviors and processing how experiences in your past influence your current life.
Use website link for our HIPAA secure contact form. We are currently seeing clients via telehealth and in person in Astoria, Oregon. At Shoreline Counseling we know you bring a unique understanding of your own world and the world around you. No person on this planet has gone through the same experiences that you have. Therapy begins by opening the layers of understanding around yourself and others. The goals is to focus on your individual experiences to get you to a better internal space. Most work is done through identifying thoughts, feelings or behaviors and processing how experiences in your past influence your current life.
(503) 917-3292 View (503) 917-3292

See more therapy options for Cannon Beach

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Cannon Beach, OR

< 10

Therapists in Cannon Beach, OR who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Trauma and PTSD
100% Anger Management
75% Grief
75% Parenting
75% Divorce

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Other
67% Aetna
67% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Cannon Beach, OR see their clients

75% Online Only
25% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Cannon Beach?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.