Therapists in Bonneville, OR

Photo of Angie Arledge, CSWA, SWA
Angie Arledge
Clinical Social Work Associate, CSWA, SWA
Verified Verified
Bonneville, OR 97014  (Online Only)
Currently Taking New Clients in Oregon and Washington states. My passion is to walk alongside individuals to support them in finding their strengths. I am compassionate and will meet you where you are at. I think that self-investing and community care are essential to our mental wellness, and together I will walk alongside you on your journey of finding that contentment you are searching for. I will provide a safe, non-judgmental space for you to process through and collaborate in finding those safe coping strategies to achieve your goals.
Currently Taking New Clients in Oregon and Washington states. My passion is to walk alongside individuals to support them in finding their strengths. I am compassionate and will meet you where you are at. I think that self-investing and community care are essential to our mental wellness, and together I will walk alongside you on your journey of finding that contentment you are searching for. I will provide a safe, non-judgmental space for you to process through and collaborate in finding those safe coping strategies to achieve your goals.
(971) 232-3430 View (971) 232-3430

Online Therapists

Photo of Petya Pohlschneider, LCSW, INHC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Petya Pohlschneider
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, INHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lake Oswego, OR 97035  (Online Only)
If you have been looking for a holistic therapist, I am so glad you are here! Anxiety and depression are two of the most common challenges to our mental health, often occurring together and creating significant distress. While psychotherapy and medications are standard treatments, current evidence supports that diet plays a crucial role in psychological well-being. By integrating nutrition, mindfulness and essential oils with traditional talk therapy, we can strive for diverse microbiomes and greater mental health. Together, we can create a holistic approach to wellness that nurtures both your body and your mind.
If you have been looking for a holistic therapist, I am so glad you are here! Anxiety and depression are two of the most common challenges to our mental health, often occurring together and creating significant distress. While psychotherapy and medications are standard treatments, current evidence supports that diet plays a crucial role in psychological well-being. By integrating nutrition, mindfulness and essential oils with traditional talk therapy, we can strive for diverse microbiomes and greater mental health. Together, we can create a holistic approach to wellness that nurtures both your body and your mind.
(503) 852-2737 View (503) 852-2737
Photo of Melissa Wijetunga, Licensed Professional Counselor
Melissa Wijetunga
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97218  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Whether you are new to seeking therapy or are well-versed with the process, I am committed to creating a warm and respectful space to support your sense of self and potential for growth. I work with individuals including children, teens, and adults. Do you find it difficult to cope with the challenges of family, work, or school? Has a recent circumstance caused you to feel lost or uncertain? Have your past traumas distorted your self-view as someone who is broken or unworthy? You can heal and I’m here to help. Together, we’ll build upon the talents and skills you already have to reach your future goals.
Whether you are new to seeking therapy or are well-versed with the process, I am committed to creating a warm and respectful space to support your sense of self and potential for growth. I work with individuals including children, teens, and adults. Do you find it difficult to cope with the challenges of family, work, or school? Has a recent circumstance caused you to feel lost or uncertain? Have your past traumas distorted your self-view as someone who is broken or unworthy? You can heal and I’m here to help. Together, we’ll build upon the talents and skills you already have to reach your future goals.
(503) 563-8619 View (503) 563-8619
Photo of Allison Batty-Capps, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Allison Batty-Capps
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Beaverton, OR 97007  (Online Only)
Allison Batty-Capps is a licensed marriage and family therapist, a yoga therapist, and a reiki master living in Altea, Spain. Since 2015, she has been working with clients to help them embody the divine within through developing more self-awareness and compassion. Her unique insight into how divinity expresses itself in each of us comes not only from her education and training, but from her lived experience learning to use mindfulness to manage her own mental health diagnosis. The combination of her lived experience, client work, and training allows her to stand at the intersection of mysticism and mindfulness.
Allison Batty-Capps is a licensed marriage and family therapist, a yoga therapist, and a reiki master living in Altea, Spain. Since 2015, she has been working with clients to help them embody the divine within through developing more self-awareness and compassion. Her unique insight into how divinity expresses itself in each of us comes not only from her education and training, but from her lived experience learning to use mindfulness to manage her own mental health diagnosis. The combination of her lived experience, client work, and training allows her to stand at the intersection of mysticism and mindfulness.
(971) 257-9315 View (971) 257-9315
Photo of Brianne Petrie, PsyD, Psychologist
Brianne Petrie
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Beaverton, OR 97006
M.S. Master of Science in Clinical Psychology B.S. Bachelor of Science in Psychology and Biology Dr. Petrie works with patients to establish collaborative treatment goals in a warm and accepting environment. Cognitivebehavior interventions are implemented to achieve symptom relief. Dr. Petrie spends her time away from work with her family and engaging in equestrian activities.
M.S. Master of Science in Clinical Psychology B.S. Bachelor of Science in Psychology and Biology Dr. Petrie works with patients to establish collaborative treatment goals in a warm and accepting environment. Cognitivebehavior interventions are implemented to achieve symptom relief. Dr. Petrie spends her time away from work with her family and engaging in equestrian activities.
(833) 996-1403 View (833) 996-1403
Photo of Matt A Johnston, LPC, CADC II, Licensed Professional Counselor
Matt A Johnston
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CADC II
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97217
Waitlist for new clients
I work with people who have struggled with domestic violence, trauma, abuse, relationship issues, PTSD, addiction, problematic drug or alcohol use, depression, shame, men's issues, and working with systems. I help people achieve the freedom and success that they desire.
I work with people who have struggled with domestic violence, trauma, abuse, relationship issues, PTSD, addiction, problematic drug or alcohol use, depression, shame, men's issues, and working with systems. I help people achieve the freedom and success that they desire.
(503) 966-4040 View (503) 966-4040
Photo of Heather Blasi, MA
Heather Blasi
Professional Counselor Associate, MA
Verified Verified
Oregon City, OR 97045  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Does it feel like you can’t do it all anymore? That you’ve tried really hard, but are burnt out. Or maybe you’ve reached your max in your ability to make things better, keep it all together, or to make things feel less chaotic. Going through the motions of our daily life can feel overwhelming, even without the impacts of grief, loss or trauma. And if this is your first time reaching out to a counselor it can feel scary, uncomfortable, exciting or maybe all of the above. So it's so important to me that you feel welcomed when you reach out for the first time. My initial goal is to get to know you and create a welcoming space for you.
Does it feel like you can’t do it all anymore? That you’ve tried really hard, but are burnt out. Or maybe you’ve reached your max in your ability to make things better, keep it all together, or to make things feel less chaotic. Going through the motions of our daily life can feel overwhelming, even without the impacts of grief, loss or trauma. And if this is your first time reaching out to a counselor it can feel scary, uncomfortable, exciting or maybe all of the above. So it's so important to me that you feel welcomed when you reach out for the first time. My initial goal is to get to know you and create a welcoming space for you.
(971) 247-1264 View (971) 247-1264
Photo of Celeste Prose, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Celeste Prose
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97232  (Online Only)
I believe that everyone can benefit from therapy at certain points in our lives. We can especially benefit from therapy when we are going through a significant life change or start to notice ongoing changes in our behaviors or emotional state.
I believe that everyone can benefit from therapy at certain points in our lives. We can especially benefit from therapy when we are going through a significant life change or start to notice ongoing changes in our behaviors or emotional state.
(360) 842-8556 View (360) 842-8556
Photo of Amanda Lowrey, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Amanda Lowrey
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
Tigard, OR 97223
Whether you are facing significant life transitions, relational conflict, lost sense of self or wishing to expand your emotional awareness - My hope is to provide a therapeutic space that empowers you to reconnect with your own innate resiliency. In therapy, I often incorporate parts of self work, somatic healing and mindfulness techniques to help clients foster the connection between their mind and body to facilitate healing. I believe that through deeper understanding comes greater self-awareness and the ability to identify your truest needs, wants, wishes, desires and authentically express yourself.
Whether you are facing significant life transitions, relational conflict, lost sense of self or wishing to expand your emotional awareness - My hope is to provide a therapeutic space that empowers you to reconnect with your own innate resiliency. In therapy, I often incorporate parts of self work, somatic healing and mindfulness techniques to help clients foster the connection between their mind and body to facilitate healing. I believe that through deeper understanding comes greater self-awareness and the ability to identify your truest needs, wants, wishes, desires and authentically express yourself.
(503) 567-2893 View (503) 567-2893
Photo of Raelynn Freden, LPC, CADCIII, Licensed Professional Counselor
Raelynn Freden
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CADCIII
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97209
In my therapy practice, I welcome clients from diverse backgrounds and with a wide range of concerns. An ideal client may be someone who is seeking support and guidance in navigating various life challenges. They may be experiencing issues such as anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, or facing significant life transitions. Their needs include a safe and non-judgmental space where they can openly express their thoughts and emotions, while receiving empathetic and compassionate understanding. Their goals may involve gaining insight, developing coping strategies, improving communication skills, or achieving personal growth.
In my therapy practice, I welcome clients from diverse backgrounds and with a wide range of concerns. An ideal client may be someone who is seeking support and guidance in navigating various life challenges. They may be experiencing issues such as anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, or facing significant life transitions. Their needs include a safe and non-judgmental space where they can openly express their thoughts and emotions, while receiving empathetic and compassionate understanding. Their goals may involve gaining insight, developing coping strategies, improving communication skills, or achieving personal growth.
(971) 545-4938 View (971) 545-4938
Photo of Chrystal Nelthropp, LPC, LMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Chrystal Nelthropp
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Manzanita, OR 97130
Are you an adult navigating the complexities of life, seeking deeper meaning and personal transformation? If you find yourself constantly balancing life demands with a longing for peace and growth, you're not alone. Facing anxiety, depression, trauma history, relationship conflict, relocation, major life transitions? Many individuals like you, who are highly sensitive, attuned to holistic health, and deeply introspective, often face unique challenges in maintaining balance and achieving their fullest potential. Imagine a space where you can freely explore your inner world, uncover hidden potentials, and embrace growth with courage.
Are you an adult navigating the complexities of life, seeking deeper meaning and personal transformation? If you find yourself constantly balancing life demands with a longing for peace and growth, you're not alone. Facing anxiety, depression, trauma history, relationship conflict, relocation, major life transitions? Many individuals like you, who are highly sensitive, attuned to holistic health, and deeply introspective, often face unique challenges in maintaining balance and achieving their fullest potential. Imagine a space where you can freely explore your inner world, uncover hidden potentials, and embrace growth with courage.
(503) 360-1506 View (503) 360-1506
Photo of Nancy A Olsen - Nancy A. Olsen, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Nancy A. Olsen, Licensed Professional Counselor
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Lebanon, OR 97355  (Online Only)
Creating a "Life Worth Living" is what we will do together. My approach is active and practical. You'll be welcomed into a supportive, collaborative conversation where we will work together to create genuine solutions to the challenges of relationships, life changes and lingering emotions such as anxiety, fear and depression. We will focus on multiple components of behavior: actions, thinking and feeling. I use a wide range of approaches: CBT, DBT, Mind/Body engagement and more . These therapies will give you useful skills, new insights about the people and world around you and, thus, form a basis for lifelong success.
Creating a "Life Worth Living" is what we will do together. My approach is active and practical. You'll be welcomed into a supportive, collaborative conversation where we will work together to create genuine solutions to the challenges of relationships, life changes and lingering emotions such as anxiety, fear and depression. We will focus on multiple components of behavior: actions, thinking and feeling. I use a wide range of approaches: CBT, DBT, Mind/Body engagement and more . These therapies will give you useful skills, new insights about the people and world around you and, thus, form a basis for lifelong success.
(541) 392-0640 View (541) 392-0640
Photo of Nicole Casthely, MSW, CSWA
Nicole Casthely
Clinical Social Work Associate, MSW, CSWA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97214  (Online Only)
Hi, I’m Nicole. I’m a therapist who works with teens and adults experiencing depression, anxiety, stress, and trauma. I also work with members of the LGTBQIA+ and BIPOC communities. My other treatment focuses are bipolar disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), grief, relationship issues, and family conflicts. I am excited to provide you with individualized sessions specific to your current concerns.
Hi, I’m Nicole. I’m a therapist who works with teens and adults experiencing depression, anxiety, stress, and trauma. I also work with members of the LGTBQIA+ and BIPOC communities. My other treatment focuses are bipolar disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), grief, relationship issues, and family conflicts. I am excited to provide you with individualized sessions specific to your current concerns.
(503) 832-4924 View (503) 832-4924
Photo of Marc Parker, PsyD, Psychologist
Marc Parker
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97213
Waitlist for new clients
I provide psychodiagnostic and neuropsychological assessment for older adults. These evaluations can be useful in providing diagnostic clarity, and in exploring changes in memory and cognitive functioning. All assessments include a feedback session, during which I go over my findings and make recommendations for improving quality of life. I also write a detailed report, which I can send to other medical providers with a signed release.
I provide psychodiagnostic and neuropsychological assessment for older adults. These evaluations can be useful in providing diagnostic clarity, and in exploring changes in memory and cognitive functioning. All assessments include a feedback session, during which I go over my findings and make recommendations for improving quality of life. I also write a detailed report, which I can send to other medical providers with a signed release.
(503) 227-3090 View (503) 227-3090
Photo of Natalie Day, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Natalie Day
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97204  (Online Only)
Both early and later recovery present different challenges. While of the "heavy lifting" work happens in the beginning support is still needed while we discover who we are, who we want to be, and how we want to live the life that that we worked hard to save. Growth and self discovery can be wonderful while still coming with confusion, pain and uncertainty. We can be several different people over our lives and it is possible to integrate them all to feel actualized, fulfilled, and content.
Both early and later recovery present different challenges. While of the "heavy lifting" work happens in the beginning support is still needed while we discover who we are, who we want to be, and how we want to live the life that that we worked hard to save. Growth and self discovery can be wonderful while still coming with confusion, pain and uncertainty. We can be several different people over our lives and it is possible to integrate them all to feel actualized, fulfilled, and content.
(971) 309-1241 View (971) 309-1241
Photo of Angela Eller, MS, QMHP
Angela Eller
Professional Counselor Associate, MS, QMHP
Verified Verified
Salem, OR 97301
I believe miracles can occur in people’s lives when they feel heard, seen, validated, and empathized with. As a mental health provider, I strive to meet each individual where they are and through a trauma focused lens work to develop a strong therapeutic alliance, help facilitate identification of the root causes of emotional distress, collaborate on developing healthy coping mechanisms and assist in finding those things that spark joy in a person’s life. I am dedicated to creating a space that can cultivate hope and healing, where an individual can feel empowered to find their authentic and best self.
I believe miracles can occur in people’s lives when they feel heard, seen, validated, and empathized with. As a mental health provider, I strive to meet each individual where they are and through a trauma focused lens work to develop a strong therapeutic alliance, help facilitate identification of the root causes of emotional distress, collaborate on developing healthy coping mechanisms and assist in finding those things that spark joy in a person’s life. I am dedicated to creating a space that can cultivate hope and healing, where an individual can feel empowered to find their authentic and best self.
(541) 588-5263 x1 View (541) 588-5263 x1
Photo of Sofia Khan, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sofia Khan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97213
I am passionate about empowering folks to gain awareness into their own lives so that they can learn to support themselves while navigating life’s challenges. I strive to help people live in a way that invites deeper fulfillment and balance by harnessing their natural ability to cope with stress, emotional pain, and trauma. My therapeutic style incorporates warmth, humor, honest feedback, and values respect and creativity. I prioritize creating a space to safely experiment with sincere ways of being. My goal is to help people create meaningful and positive changes to their lives.
I am passionate about empowering folks to gain awareness into their own lives so that they can learn to support themselves while navigating life’s challenges. I strive to help people live in a way that invites deeper fulfillment and balance by harnessing their natural ability to cope with stress, emotional pain, and trauma. My therapeutic style incorporates warmth, humor, honest feedback, and values respect and creativity. I prioritize creating a space to safely experiment with sincere ways of being. My goal is to help people create meaningful and positive changes to their lives.
View
Photo of Dr. Aleksandra (Sasha) Soykin, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Aleksandra (Sasha) Soykin
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97202
Waitlist for new clients
I strongly believe that lasting change occurs in a safe and collaborative environment, and I know that making the decision to reach out to a psychologist and embark on a path towards change can be extremely difficult. I trust in the importance of finding a clinician who will be the right match for you, so please feel free to explore both my profile and website in order to find out more about me and the services that I offer. Please note: I offer virtual services to those residing in CA and OR, and I do NOT accept insurance at this time.
I strongly believe that lasting change occurs in a safe and collaborative environment, and I know that making the decision to reach out to a psychologist and embark on a path towards change can be extremely difficult. I trust in the importance of finding a clinician who will be the right match for you, so please feel free to explore both my profile and website in order to find out more about me and the services that I offer. Please note: I offer virtual services to those residing in CA and OR, and I do NOT accept insurance at this time.
(408) 556-9974 View (408) 556-9974
Photo of Rochelle Speare, LCSW R , LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rochelle Speare
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW R , LCSW
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97229  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Are you always afraid your going to wake up feeling anxious or depressed? Are you going through a life transition such as a relocation, divorce, death of a loved one or a job loss? Or do you suffer from unresolved issues from a mentally ill parent, such as Borderline PD, DID or Narcissism? We can help! You also may not be doing things you used to enjoy and have a hard time waking up in the morning to face yet, another stressful day. I am glad you are here, you have made a strong and courageous decision to get help!
Are you always afraid your going to wake up feeling anxious or depressed? Are you going through a life transition such as a relocation, divorce, death of a loved one or a job loss? Or do you suffer from unresolved issues from a mentally ill parent, such as Borderline PD, DID or Narcissism? We can help! You also may not be doing things you used to enjoy and have a hard time waking up in the morning to face yet, another stressful day. I am glad you are here, you have made a strong and courageous decision to get help!
(971) 251-4573 View (971) 251-4573
Photo of Lindsey Winkler, Pre-Licensed Professional
Lindsey Winkler
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97232
Art can serve as a way to discover alternative solutions and aid in calming the nervous system. By using talk therapy, art, and psychoeducation you may leave a session feeling confident that each avenue of self-exploration has been accessed. I look forward to helping you forming new perspectives that help transcend stuckness with a compassionate and kind presence. Art therapy is a deeply personal practice that values process over product. Our goal is to access a “flow state” which is an optimal state that supports positive emotions and well being. Art experience or skill is not a prerequisite!
Art can serve as a way to discover alternative solutions and aid in calming the nervous system. By using talk therapy, art, and psychoeducation you may leave a session feeling confident that each avenue of self-exploration has been accessed. I look forward to helping you forming new perspectives that help transcend stuckness with a compassionate and kind presence. Art therapy is a deeply personal practice that values process over product. Our goal is to access a “flow state” which is an optimal state that supports positive emotions and well being. Art experience or skill is not a prerequisite!
(503) 714-7274 View (503) 714-7274

See more therapy options for Bonneville

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Bonneville, OR

< 10

Therapists in Bonneville, OR who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Addiction
100% Grief
100% Parenting
100% Substance Use

Average years in practice

3 Years

Gender breakdown

100% Female

How Therapists in Bonneville, OR see their clients

100% Online Only
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Bonneville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.