Therapists in Fort Wayne, IN

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Photo of Jay Bastian, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fort Wayne, IN
Jay Bastian
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fort Wayne, IN 46804
Jay is currently working with Dr. Spencer Booth, PsyD, HSPP to provide timely compassionate assessment for ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, anxiety disorders, depressive disorder, and more. He is a compassionate, person-centered therapist. He specializes in assessment, cognitive behavioral therapy and task-centered therapy addressing anxiety, depression, and maladaptive behaviors, including addictions. Jay utilizes art-based interventions designed to help clients connect with their creative selves. Jay is a welcoming, affirming therapist for LGBTQ clients.
Jay is currently working with Dr. Spencer Booth, PsyD, HSPP to provide timely compassionate assessment for ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, anxiety disorders, depressive disorder, and more. He is a compassionate, person-centered therapist. He specializes in assessment, cognitive behavioral therapy and task-centered therapy addressing anxiety, depression, and maladaptive behaviors, including addictions. Jay utilizes art-based interventions designed to help clients connect with their creative selves. Jay is a welcoming, affirming therapist for LGBTQ clients.
(260) 254-1629 View (260) 254-1629
Photo of Bridgette Williamson, Counselor in Fort Wayne, IN
Bridgette Williamson
Counselor, MS, LMHC-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fort Wayne, IN 46804
Waitlist for new clients
The first time I decided to go to therapy was pretty terrifying. I was tired of feeling down, having negative thoughts about myself, and feeling anxious all the time. I trusted a dear friend who had been to therapy who encouraged me to try it out, and I decided that things couldn’t get worse than it already was. So I reached out to a therapist. And I was scared to start. After being involved in my own healing journey, I found a passion to want to be a part of others’ lives in a similar way. I have healed in ways I honestly didn't know were possible, and I’m still on that journey today.
The first time I decided to go to therapy was pretty terrifying. I was tired of feeling down, having negative thoughts about myself, and feeling anxious all the time. I trusted a dear friend who had been to therapy who encouraged me to try it out, and I decided that things couldn’t get worse than it already was. So I reached out to a therapist. And I was scared to start. After being involved in my own healing journey, I found a passion to want to be a part of others’ lives in a similar way. I have healed in ways I honestly didn't know were possible, and I’m still on that journey today.
(260) 995-7195 View (260) 995-7195
Photo of Melissa Byerley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fort Wayne, IN
Melissa Byerley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fort Wayne, IN 46815  (Online Only)
Hello, I'm Melissa. Are you looking for a therapist who understands the challenges of raising a family in today's fast paced and stressful world? Do you find it difficult to feel comfortable talking to others about your real feelings because you don't want to be that vulnerable to anyone else? I help individuals struggling with life balance and stress management. I have experience providing individual therapy to clients struggling with current life stressors due to past traumas. These past traumas can hold one back from moving forward in life and finding happiness.
Hello, I'm Melissa. Are you looking for a therapist who understands the challenges of raising a family in today's fast paced and stressful world? Do you find it difficult to feel comfortable talking to others about your real feelings because you don't want to be that vulnerable to anyone else? I help individuals struggling with life balance and stress management. I have experience providing individual therapy to clients struggling with current life stressors due to past traumas. These past traumas can hold one back from moving forward in life and finding happiness.
(260) 908-9913 View (260) 908-9913
Photo of Jolynn Ness, Counselor in Fort Wayne, IN
Jolynn Ness
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Fort Wayne, IN 46818
My ideal client would struggle with diagnoses such as anxiety, depression, or mood-related issues. This client would be self-motivated and have identified goals that are being held back or complicated by their mental health issues. The client would be able to identify areas that are strengths and weaknesses for themselves and would be willing to put forth the effort that is growth and change. Also, this client would be open to new and different suggestions for coping strategies or ways of thinking about difficulties they may experience in order to learn and grow.
My ideal client would struggle with diagnoses such as anxiety, depression, or mood-related issues. This client would be self-motivated and have identified goals that are being held back or complicated by their mental health issues. The client would be able to identify areas that are strengths and weaknesses for themselves and would be willing to put forth the effort that is growth and change. Also, this client would be open to new and different suggestions for coping strategies or ways of thinking about difficulties they may experience in order to learn and grow.
(260) 296-6115 View (260) 296-6115
Photo of Janet Mitchell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fort Wayne, IN
Janet Mitchell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
Fort Wayne, IN 46825
Not accepting new clients
I look at my life experiences, choices I've made, my victories and failures and I know this is exactly where I am supposed to be. I love what I do and the gifts I have been provided and want to assist you on finding the path you are to be on. Whether you have recently experienced a loss, have a lifetime of feeling defeated or have felt limited in your abilities to handle day to day situations, I want to walk along side you and explore what your best version of you can look like.
I look at my life experiences, choices I've made, my victories and failures and I know this is exactly where I am supposed to be. I love what I do and the gifts I have been provided and want to assist you on finding the path you are to be on. Whether you have recently experienced a loss, have a lifetime of feeling defeated or have felt limited in your abilities to handle day to day situations, I want to walk along side you and explore what your best version of you can look like.
(260) 255-5085 View (260) 255-5085
Photo of LaToya Griffin, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Fort Wayne, IN
LaToya Griffin
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LMFTA
Verified Verified
Fort Wayne, IN 46835
Hey there - I'm LaToya Griffin, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist Associate passionate about helping individuals, couples, and families navigate life's challenges. I provide a safe space for exploration, healing, and growth. I integrate evidence-based techniques with a faith-based perspective, guiding clients to tap into their strengths, deepen their connections, and cultivate resilience in the face of life's challenges. My approach is collaborative, compassionate, and nonjudgmental.
Hey there - I'm LaToya Griffin, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist Associate passionate about helping individuals, couples, and families navigate life's challenges. I provide a safe space for exploration, healing, and growth. I integrate evidence-based techniques with a faith-based perspective, guiding clients to tap into their strengths, deepen their connections, and cultivate resilience in the face of life's challenges. My approach is collaborative, compassionate, and nonjudgmental.
(260) 204-8087 View (260) 204-8087
Photo of Melissa (Missy) Blackmer, Counselor in Fort Wayne, IN
Melissa (Missy) Blackmer
Counselor, LMFT, LMHC
Verified Verified
Fort Wayne, IN 46825
I believe one of the bravest things you can do is begin to understand your own story. When you dare to delve into the intricate pages of your personal narrative, you will find yourself on a path toward self-awareness and self-acceptance. This journey can involve unearthing your past experiences, understanding your thought patterns, and recognizing the emotional landscapes that have shaped your life. It's a process that calls for introspection and vulnerability, but in return, it offers the potential for profound transformation. Exploration of self has the power to reshape your existence in ways you might have never thought possible
I believe one of the bravest things you can do is begin to understand your own story. When you dare to delve into the intricate pages of your personal narrative, you will find yourself on a path toward self-awareness and self-acceptance. This journey can involve unearthing your past experiences, understanding your thought patterns, and recognizing the emotional landscapes that have shaped your life. It's a process that calls for introspection and vulnerability, but in return, it offers the potential for profound transformation. Exploration of self has the power to reshape your existence in ways you might have never thought possible
(260) 370-8434 x700 View (260) 370-8434 x700
Photo of Dunn Associates, P.C., Counselor in Fort Wayne, IN
Dunn Associates, P.C.
Counselor
Verified Verified
Fort Wayne, IN 46825
Dunn Associates, P.C. is a private multidisciplinary group practice specializing in expert Psychological, Counseling, and Psychiatric services to children, adolescents and adults. Our private facility is specifically designed to ensure that your care will always remain confidential. Dunn Associates, P.C. clinicians are continuously developing new evidence based practices and techniques that take advantage of our more than 75 years of combined experience providing you with the expert treatment you deserve. Please don't hesitate to call our office with any questions or concerns. We look forward to working with you.
Dunn Associates, P.C. is a private multidisciplinary group practice specializing in expert Psychological, Counseling, and Psychiatric services to children, adolescents and adults. Our private facility is specifically designed to ensure that your care will always remain confidential. Dunn Associates, P.C. clinicians are continuously developing new evidence based practices and techniques that take advantage of our more than 75 years of combined experience providing you with the expert treatment you deserve. Please don't hesitate to call our office with any questions or concerns. We look forward to working with you.
(260) 338-4061 View (260) 338-4061
Photo of Jennifer Durnell, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fort Wayne, IN
Jennifer Durnell
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fort Wayne, IN 46804
I specialize in working with those with anxiety and depression. I also have a particular focus on family structure as appropriate. I focus on the well being of the client and their environment. I use a strength based approach to encourage personal growth.
I specialize in working with those with anxiety and depression. I also have a particular focus on family structure as appropriate. I focus on the well being of the client and their environment. I use a strength based approach to encourage personal growth.
(260) 261-1081 View (260) 261-1081
Photo of Naomi C. Rainwater, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fort Wayne, IN
Naomi C. Rainwater
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFTA, CSAYC
Verified Verified
Fort Wayne, IN 46802
I am currently scheduling new clients for July. However, if your adolescent is in CRISIS, I will try to get them in sooner. I enjoy building trusting and therapeutic relationships with my clients. I am honored each time a person allows me to become a part of their life and the change process. I enjoy working with individuals and families of all different shapes and sizes.
I am currently scheduling new clients for July. However, if your adolescent is in CRISIS, I will try to get them in sooner. I enjoy building trusting and therapeutic relationships with my clients. I am honored each time a person allows me to become a part of their life and the change process. I enjoy working with individuals and families of all different shapes and sizes.
(260) 296-2647 View (260) 296-2647
Photo of Leah Hall, Counselor in Fort Wayne, IN
Leah Hall
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fort Wayne, IN 46804
I am a licensed mental health therapist who is passionate about working with adults to support them through life’s stressors. I value creating a safe, non-judgmental space to promote emotional processing and healing. My experience includes treating anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, bipolar disorder, relationship issues, as well as, assessing level of care. I am also an Intensive Outpatient Group Therapist at Parkview Behavioral Health. I look forward to starting this journey with you!
I am a licensed mental health therapist who is passionate about working with adults to support them through life’s stressors. I value creating a safe, non-judgmental space to promote emotional processing and healing. My experience includes treating anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, bipolar disorder, relationship issues, as well as, assessing level of care. I am also an Intensive Outpatient Group Therapist at Parkview Behavioral Health. I look forward to starting this journey with you!
(260) 235-4044 View (260) 235-4044
Photo of Catherine A. Reid, Counselor in Fort Wayne, IN
Catherine A. Reid
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Fort Wayne, IN 46825
Reaching out for help is an important step toward making positive change in your life. I believe the therapeutic relationship is a collaborative one where I help you help yourself along the path of change. I have been working in the mental health field since 2003 and work with children, adolescents, and adults. I provide individual, couples, and family therapy in a safe and nonjudgmental environment.
Reaching out for help is an important step toward making positive change in your life. I believe the therapeutic relationship is a collaborative one where I help you help yourself along the path of change. I have been working in the mental health field since 2003 and work with children, adolescents, and adults. I provide individual, couples, and family therapy in a safe and nonjudgmental environment.
(260) 205-5790 View (260) 205-5790
Photo of Rachel Hartman, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Fort Wayne, IN
Rachel Hartman
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, BSN, LCACA
Verified Verified
Fort Wayne, IN 46845  (Online Only)
Prior to serving others’ in the field of Addictions/Substance Use and Mental Health issues, I served in the role of a Registered Nurse for multiple years. I received my BSN from Indiana University in 2002. I also served for The United States Air Force as an ICU nurse, and I am a proud Veteran of our country! Through my life journey and prayer, I decided to serve in the role of an Addictions/Mental Health therapist. I graduated from Indiana Wesleyan University in 2017, with my M.A. in Licensed Clinical Addictions Counseling. I completed my Post-Masters in Licensed Mental Health Counseling in 2022, at IWU.
Prior to serving others’ in the field of Addictions/Substance Use and Mental Health issues, I served in the role of a Registered Nurse for multiple years. I received my BSN from Indiana University in 2002. I also served for The United States Air Force as an ICU nurse, and I am a proud Veteran of our country! Through my life journey and prayer, I decided to serve in the role of an Addictions/Mental Health therapist. I graduated from Indiana Wesleyan University in 2017, with my M.A. in Licensed Clinical Addictions Counseling. I completed my Post-Masters in Licensed Mental Health Counseling in 2022, at IWU.
(260) 638-6332 View (260) 638-6332
Photo of Sarah Smith, Counselor in Fort Wayne, IN
Sarah Smith
Counselor, MA, LMHCA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fort Wayne, IN 46815
Hello there! Taking the necessary steps toward finding a therapist and starting therapy can be so intimidating. Give yourself credit for getting this far! I believe therapy is the most impactful when you have a genuine and meaningful connection with your therapist and because of this, I prioritize building compassionate and trusting relationships. My approach is rooted in an identity-affirming and trauma-informed framework and I strive to create a welcoming and empowering environment for all individuals.
Hello there! Taking the necessary steps toward finding a therapist and starting therapy can be so intimidating. Give yourself credit for getting this far! I believe therapy is the most impactful when you have a genuine and meaningful connection with your therapist and because of this, I prioritize building compassionate and trusting relationships. My approach is rooted in an identity-affirming and trauma-informed framework and I strive to create a welcoming and empowering environment for all individuals.
(260) 216-0413 View (260) 216-0413
Photo of Chelsea Jordan, Counselor in Fort Wayne, IN
Chelsea Jordan
Counselor, MA, LMHC-A
Verified Verified
Fort Wayne, IN 46845
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor Associate and a graduate of Huntington University. I have worked with individuals in a community counseling center and university setting. I have growing experience working with adolescents, teens, young adults, and adults. Specific areas of experience and interest include: anxiety, depression, trauma, family and relationship issues, eating concerns, and stress management. I am also able to offer counseling from a distinctly Christian perspective if desired, but I enjoy connecting with people from all faith backgrounds.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor Associate and a graduate of Huntington University. I have worked with individuals in a community counseling center and university setting. I have growing experience working with adolescents, teens, young adults, and adults. Specific areas of experience and interest include: anxiety, depression, trauma, family and relationship issues, eating concerns, and stress management. I am also able to offer counseling from a distinctly Christian perspective if desired, but I enjoy connecting with people from all faith backgrounds.
(260) 657-6830 View (260) 657-6830
Photo of Abi Harris, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fort Wayne, IN
Abi Harris
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Fort Wayne, IN 46804
In life, there are so many different transitions, chapters, stages, and events we experience that can leave us feeling overwhelmed. I understand the importance of listening empathetically, and not critiquing each thought one may have. The idea of therapy is not just obtaining tools to get us through life, but uncovering connections to those unhealed parts within us that have never been fully processed. Techniques offered in my sessions help build the ground work necessary to get us to a point that processing becomes possible.
In life, there are so many different transitions, chapters, stages, and events we experience that can leave us feeling overwhelmed. I understand the importance of listening empathetically, and not critiquing each thought one may have. The idea of therapy is not just obtaining tools to get us through life, but uncovering connections to those unhealed parts within us that have never been fully processed. Techniques offered in my sessions help build the ground work necessary to get us to a point that processing becomes possible.
(260) 217-9828 View (260) 217-9828
Photo of Ellen Shannon, Counselor in Fort Wayne, IN
Ellen Shannon
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fort Wayne, IN 46835
Welcome! Therapy takes a gentle, empowering approach to help you compassionately understand and overcome the complex, difficult symptoms of PTSD. I have pursued advanced training through The International Society of Trauma and Dissociation, a leading organization in research and development of trauma treatment, to provide excellent services to help you achieve healing.
Welcome! Therapy takes a gentle, empowering approach to help you compassionately understand and overcome the complex, difficult symptoms of PTSD. I have pursued advanced training through The International Society of Trauma and Dissociation, a leading organization in research and development of trauma treatment, to provide excellent services to help you achieve healing.
(260) 238-8564 View (260) 238-8564
Photo of Christine F. Goss, Counselor in Fort Wayne, IN
Christine F. Goss
Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Fort Wayne, IN 46802
Everyone needs a space where they feel their thoughts and feelings matter. I aim to create a space where people can explore what's on their mind without fear of judgment. I’m experienced with EMDR and Internal Family Systems informed care, which are powerful approaches that help people to process trauma and become a wiser, more balanced version of themselves. I specialize in treating PTSD, issues with dissociation, LGBTQ+, and anxiety/depression. I also enjoy working with addictions or those who are in recovery from addictions, as well as with children and teens.
Everyone needs a space where they feel their thoughts and feelings matter. I aim to create a space where people can explore what's on their mind without fear of judgment. I’m experienced with EMDR and Internal Family Systems informed care, which are powerful approaches that help people to process trauma and become a wiser, more balanced version of themselves. I specialize in treating PTSD, issues with dissociation, LGBTQ+, and anxiety/depression. I also enjoy working with addictions or those who are in recovery from addictions, as well as with children and teens.
(260) 235-5134 View (260) 235-5134
Photo of Erica Woodward, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fort Wayne, IN
Erica Woodward
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fort Wayne, IN 46825
Not accepting new clients
Hi! Thanks for visiting my profile. First and foremost, I am so glad you decided to take the leap into the world of self-love and wellbeing! I am a social worker by trade, but prefer to refer to myself as a healer as that's my approach to care - to help you heal from the experiences that continue to bother you. I meet my clients where they're currently at, and work with them integratively through their mind, body and soul to achieve overall wellbeing. My treatment approach is relaxed, realistic, and conversational while encouraging you to achieve your goals and potential.
Hi! Thanks for visiting my profile. First and foremost, I am so glad you decided to take the leap into the world of self-love and wellbeing! I am a social worker by trade, but prefer to refer to myself as a healer as that's my approach to care - to help you heal from the experiences that continue to bother you. I meet my clients where they're currently at, and work with them integratively through their mind, body and soul to achieve overall wellbeing. My treatment approach is relaxed, realistic, and conversational while encouraging you to achieve your goals and potential.
(260) 782-1357 View (260) 782-1357
Photo of Bonnie Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fort Wayne, IN
Bonnie Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fort Wayne, IN 46804
Are you a first responder? You may have been considering therapy for awhile but have just hoped things could get better on their own. You're training has taught you how to compartmentalize, shove down the feelings, and do your job. But you're having a hard time doing so lately and you just haven't been yourself. Maybe you have tried therapy before but you felt like they didn't understand you because you had to explain all the acronyms and censor your dark humor. You just want someone that understands and can help you. You want to feel like you again. You want to have better relationships with your family. You want to enjoy life.
Are you a first responder? You may have been considering therapy for awhile but have just hoped things could get better on their own. You're training has taught you how to compartmentalize, shove down the feelings, and do your job. But you're having a hard time doing so lately and you just haven't been yourself. Maybe you have tried therapy before but you felt like they didn't understand you because you had to explain all the acronyms and censor your dark humor. You just want someone that understands and can help you. You want to feel like you again. You want to have better relationships with your family. You want to enjoy life.
(260) 370-8374 View (260) 370-8374

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Fort Wayne, IN

300+

Average cost per session

$120

Therapists in Fort Wayne, IN who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
88% Depression
77% Trauma and PTSD
67% Relationship Issues
66% Self Esteem
65% Coping Skills
63% Stress

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Anthem | Elevance
75% BlueCross and BlueShield
71% Aetna

How Therapists in Fort Wayne, IN see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
15% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Fort Wayne?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.