Therapists in Ridgefield, CT

Photo of Olivia Mandelbaum, Psychologist in Ridgefield, CT
Olivia Mandelbaum
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Ridgefield, CT 06877
I am a NY and CT state licensed psychologist with private practices in Manhattan and Fairfield County. I specialize in therapy for children, adolescents, and younger adults suffering from past traumatic experiences, anxiety, depression, and low self-worth. My intention is to create a safe and compassionate space to help individuals better understand and overcome blocks in self-acceptance and interpersonal difficulties. I also help people set and achieve goals related to academic or professional development. Former clients have found me to be perceptive, helpful, and warm.
I am a NY and CT state licensed psychologist with private practices in Manhattan and Fairfield County. I specialize in therapy for children, adolescents, and younger adults suffering from past traumatic experiences, anxiety, depression, and low self-worth. My intention is to create a safe and compassionate space to help individuals better understand and overcome blocks in self-acceptance and interpersonal difficulties. I also help people set and achieve goals related to academic or professional development. Former clients have found me to be perceptive, helpful, and warm.
(475) 242-0926 View (475) 242-0926
Photo of Billings Fuess, Psychologist in Ridgefield, CT
Billings Fuess
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Ridgefield, CT 06877  (Online Only)
I have practiced for over twenty years as a clinical psychologist, trained as a cognitive behavioral therapist. My therapeutic orientation is brief solution focused treatment. My professional experience includes the treatment of anxiety disorders, depression, adjustment disorders, phase of life issues, marital conflict and childhood disorders.
I have practiced for over twenty years as a clinical psychologist, trained as a cognitive behavioral therapist. My therapeutic orientation is brief solution focused treatment. My professional experience includes the treatment of anxiety disorders, depression, adjustment disorders, phase of life issues, marital conflict and childhood disorders.
(203) 490-2174 View (203) 490-2174
Photo of Elizabeth Ronan Byrnes, Psychologist in Ridgefield, CT
Elizabeth Ronan Byrnes
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ridgefield, CT 06877
Welcome to my profile! I specialize in the treatment of Anxiety and Depressive disorders, as well as general emotion regulation difficulties, relationship stressors, and life transitions. I work with adolescent, young adult and adult patients in individual, couples and family therapies. I aim to offer skills and strategies to reduce symptoms and suffering, while encouraging growth and generalization to help my clients maintain progress outside of session. I use a warm, validating, and collaborative clinical style to create a supportive environment conducive to personal growth and change.
Welcome to my profile! I specialize in the treatment of Anxiety and Depressive disorders, as well as general emotion regulation difficulties, relationship stressors, and life transitions. I work with adolescent, young adult and adult patients in individual, couples and family therapies. I aim to offer skills and strategies to reduce symptoms and suffering, while encouraging growth and generalization to help my clients maintain progress outside of session. I use a warm, validating, and collaborative clinical style to create a supportive environment conducive to personal growth and change.
(475) 472-9512 View (475) 472-9512
Photo of Camille Matthews, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgefield, CT
Camille Matthews
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ridgefield, CT 06877
It takes courage to reach out to a therapist but starting therapy can provide you with the caring, support and guidance that will make a difference in your life. Talking openly about your struggles is not easy when you are feeling at a low point, but doing it is empowering and hopeful. I am a good listener and know the importance of the right questions and helpful feedback. I understand that you want a therapist who will see you as a whole person.
It takes courage to reach out to a therapist but starting therapy can provide you with the caring, support and guidance that will make a difference in your life. Talking openly about your struggles is not easy when you are feeling at a low point, but doing it is empowering and hopeful. I am a good listener and know the importance of the right questions and helpful feedback. I understand that you want a therapist who will see you as a whole person.
(475) 204-4049 View (475) 204-4049
Photo of Amy Sara Grant, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Ridgefield, CT
Amy Sara Grant
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MS, CAC, CADC, LADC
Verified Verified
Ridgefield, CT 06877
Hello! My name is Amy and I am a Licensed Drug and Alcohol Counselor who specializes in Co-occurring Disorders (Mental Health & Addiction). I hold a Dual Bachelor Degree in Psychology and Human Services and a Masters Degree in Clinical Psychology. I specialize in anxiety/depression, addictive disorders and creating sustainable recovery goals. My approach includes: person centered therapy, DBT/CBT with positive psychology. I focus on treating the whole person to foster balance leading to a healthy mind & lifestyle.
Hello! My name is Amy and I am a Licensed Drug and Alcohol Counselor who specializes in Co-occurring Disorders (Mental Health & Addiction). I hold a Dual Bachelor Degree in Psychology and Human Services and a Masters Degree in Clinical Psychology. I specialize in anxiety/depression, addictive disorders and creating sustainable recovery goals. My approach includes: person centered therapy, DBT/CBT with positive psychology. I focus on treating the whole person to foster balance leading to a healthy mind & lifestyle.
(475) 271-2970 View (475) 271-2970
Photo of Riesa P Minakan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgefield, CT
Riesa P Minakan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ridgefield, CT 06877
I am the personal trainer of the mind. If you're not controlling your thoughts, then they will control you! People focus daily on making their bodies healthy, but what about our minds? If we don't train our brains to focus on having a positive outlook, then our brains will get out of shape similar to the body. Hence, anxiety, depression, and all sorts of other mental and emotional issues. The mind is like a muscle, and you need to program it with skills that you can utilize daily. If you are ready, you can take control of your internal person and become your highest self! You deserve to experience peace, joy, and happiness!
I am the personal trainer of the mind. If you're not controlling your thoughts, then they will control you! People focus daily on making their bodies healthy, but what about our minds? If we don't train our brains to focus on having a positive outlook, then our brains will get out of shape similar to the body. Hence, anxiety, depression, and all sorts of other mental and emotional issues. The mind is like a muscle, and you need to program it with skills that you can utilize daily. If you are ready, you can take control of your internal person and become your highest self! You deserve to experience peace, joy, and happiness!
(203) 391-8578 View (203) 391-8578
Photo of Stacy Raymond, Psychologist in Ridgefield, CT
Stacy Raymond
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Ridgefield, CT 06877
Do disappointing or painful memories continue to bother you? Are those unresolved issues holding you back from reaching your potential? You can move past bad memories without discussing the details. As a trauma specialist, I offer my clients a safe, comfortable place where they can briefly focus on and neutralize uncomfortable memories and feelings. Together, at your pace and comfort level, without doing traditional talk therapy, we gently extinguish bad memories and old stuck patterns of behavior so you can get on with your life.
Do disappointing or painful memories continue to bother you? Are those unresolved issues holding you back from reaching your potential? You can move past bad memories without discussing the details. As a trauma specialist, I offer my clients a safe, comfortable place where they can briefly focus on and neutralize uncomfortable memories and feelings. Together, at your pace and comfort level, without doing traditional talk therapy, we gently extinguish bad memories and old stuck patterns of behavior so you can get on with your life.
(203) 493-0344 View (203) 493-0344
Photo of Brook Pieri, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgefield, CT
Brook Pieri
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ridgefield, CT 06877
I have learned that regardless of approach, therapy works when there is a foundation built on trust, curiosity, empathy and honesty. Therapy is not prescriptive nor one size fits all. It's a process that necessitates vulnerability, and it can be difficult and painful -- as trust, honesty, change and vulnerability are. That doesn't translate into you leaving the session falling apart; my job is to create a safe space to facilitate growth at a pace you can tolerate.
I have learned that regardless of approach, therapy works when there is a foundation built on trust, curiosity, empathy and honesty. Therapy is not prescriptive nor one size fits all. It's a process that necessitates vulnerability, and it can be difficult and painful -- as trust, honesty, change and vulnerability are. That doesn't translate into you leaving the session falling apart; my job is to create a safe space to facilitate growth at a pace you can tolerate.
(917) 983-3815 View (917) 983-3815
Photo of Karen B Walant, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgefield, CT
Karen B Walant
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW, BCD
Verified Verified
Ridgefield, CT 06877
I believe in the power of therapy and mindfulness meditation. I've been witness to the growth and flourishing of so many people, as they discover and release themselves from age-old blockages and fear. I know the power of releasing the 'inner critic' and the value of discovering 'wise mind.' My psychotherapy home office is a refuge, where you will have the space to look within, and free yourself from whatever inner cognition(s) are holding you back. I promise to bring you the most effective, evidence-based strategies, including advances in neuroscience, to increase your overall wellbeing and whole-heartedness.
I believe in the power of therapy and mindfulness meditation. I've been witness to the growth and flourishing of so many people, as they discover and release themselves from age-old blockages and fear. I know the power of releasing the 'inner critic' and the value of discovering 'wise mind.' My psychotherapy home office is a refuge, where you will have the space to look within, and free yourself from whatever inner cognition(s) are holding you back. I promise to bring you the most effective, evidence-based strategies, including advances in neuroscience, to increase your overall wellbeing and whole-heartedness.
(203) 463-4111 View (203) 463-4111
Photo of Ann Deiters, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgefield, CT
Ann Deiters
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, NCPsyA
Verified Verified
Ridgefield, CT 06877
I am a psychotherapist and psychoanalyst, bringing decades of experience to my work addressing anxiety, depression, PTSD and relationship issues. With empathic listening, as well as familiarity with the mind/body connection, I help you identify your needs in facing the emotional and interpersonal conflicts that you deal with, and I strive to empower you to improve the quality of your life. It has been my pleasure to work with people from all walks of life, creating a safe, secure space to advance their growth.
I am a psychotherapist and psychoanalyst, bringing decades of experience to my work addressing anxiety, depression, PTSD and relationship issues. With empathic listening, as well as familiarity with the mind/body connection, I help you identify your needs in facing the emotional and interpersonal conflicts that you deal with, and I strive to empower you to improve the quality of your life. It has been my pleasure to work with people from all walks of life, creating a safe, secure space to advance their growth.
(203) 434-2996 View (203) 434-2996
Photo of Bonnie Luft - Couples, Anxiety, Depression, ADHD, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ridgefield, CT
Bonnie Luft - Couples, Anxiety, Depression, ADHD
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ridgefield, CT 06877
Whether you're navigating anxiety, relationship issues, or simply seeking personal growth, my goal is to provide a gentle and supportive space for you. My clinical approach is rooted in empathy, collaboration, and evidence-based practices. In our sessions, expect a safe space for open exploration and practical strategies. Whether you're dealing with relationship challenges, emotional pain, life transitions, or seeking self-discovery, my goal is to support you on your path to healing. Taking the first step is a powerful act of self-care. I look forward to connecting with you and exploring how we can navigate this journey together.
Whether you're navigating anxiety, relationship issues, or simply seeking personal growth, my goal is to provide a gentle and supportive space for you. My clinical approach is rooted in empathy, collaboration, and evidence-based practices. In our sessions, expect a safe space for open exploration and practical strategies. Whether you're dealing with relationship challenges, emotional pain, life transitions, or seeking self-discovery, my goal is to support you on your path to healing. Taking the first step is a powerful act of self-care. I look forward to connecting with you and exploring how we can navigate this journey together.
(475) 224-2051 View (475) 224-2051
Photo of Natalie Robbins, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgefield, CT
Natalie Robbins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ridgefield, CT 06877  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with something and need help figuring it out? With patience, humor, empathy and mindfulness, I will work with you in a nonjudgmental, caring and direct way so you can successfully achieve your goals. For over 25 years, I have worked with children and adults with a range of issues, including trauma, at-risk behavior, depression, anxiety, relationship and interpersonal conflict, as well as those struggling with intimacy and sex. I provide a safe space to develop a path toward personal and emotional growth and treat each person with dignity and respect. I also offer co-parenting and therapeutic supervised visitation.
Are you struggling with something and need help figuring it out? With patience, humor, empathy and mindfulness, I will work with you in a nonjudgmental, caring and direct way so you can successfully achieve your goals. For over 25 years, I have worked with children and adults with a range of issues, including trauma, at-risk behavior, depression, anxiety, relationship and interpersonal conflict, as well as those struggling with intimacy and sex. I provide a safe space to develop a path toward personal and emotional growth and treat each person with dignity and respect. I also offer co-parenting and therapeutic supervised visitation.
(203) 987-6308 View (203) 987-6308
Photo of Elizabeth Engelberg, Psychologist in Ridgefield, CT
Elizabeth Engelberg
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Ridgefield, CT 06877
I am a licensed clinical psychologist with over 20 years of experience treating adolescents, adults, couples and families in private practice. The work I do focuses on how to help my clients make sense of their internal lives and the issues that trouble them. I help create an environment where people can safely explore their thoughts, feelings and patterns of behavior--especially those that have brought them to treatment. I work to provide effective coping strategies to live in the complex world of adolescence and adulthood. Understanding ourselves is the key to living a healthier, happier, independent and meaningful life.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist with over 20 years of experience treating adolescents, adults, couples and families in private practice. The work I do focuses on how to help my clients make sense of their internal lives and the issues that trouble them. I help create an environment where people can safely explore their thoughts, feelings and patterns of behavior--especially those that have brought them to treatment. I work to provide effective coping strategies to live in the complex world of adolescence and adulthood. Understanding ourselves is the key to living a healthier, happier, independent and meaningful life.
(475) 231-3219 View (475) 231-3219
Photo of Andrea MacGilpin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgefield, CT
Andrea MacGilpin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ridgefield, CT 06877
It takes courage to try something new and I am glad you are seeking that support. I engage each client in a compassionate and individualized manner. I believe in the power of connection and collaboration. As our relationship develops, we will create an environment that not only supports you, but also empowers you to reach your goals. Together, we can set the stage for a stronger sense of self, and be proactive in creating a more secure and self-aware path.
It takes courage to try something new and I am glad you are seeking that support. I engage each client in a compassionate and individualized manner. I believe in the power of connection and collaboration. As our relationship develops, we will create an environment that not only supports you, but also empowers you to reach your goals. Together, we can set the stage for a stronger sense of self, and be proactive in creating a more secure and self-aware path.
(203) 349-6706 View (203) 349-6706
Photo of Resa Fremed, Marriage & Family Therapist in Ridgefield, CT
Resa Fremed
Marriage & Family Therapist, EdD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Ridgefield, CT 06877
I am an experienced marriage and family therapist licensed in NY and CT offering comprehensive therapeutic services for individuals, couples and families. My specialites include anxiety, depression, affairs, divorce, relationship issues, sexual issues, intimacy, grief and peer relationships. In my practice I deal directly with strategies to enable personal and family growth and life enhancement.
I am an experienced marriage and family therapist licensed in NY and CT offering comprehensive therapeutic services for individuals, couples and families. My specialites include anxiety, depression, affairs, divorce, relationship issues, sexual issues, intimacy, grief and peer relationships. In my practice I deal directly with strategies to enable personal and family growth and life enhancement.
(914) 487-3978 View (914) 487-3978
Photo of Lynn Nichols in Ridgefield, CT
Lynn Nichols
MSAP
Verified Verified
Ridgefield, CT 06877
Lynn Nichols, MSAP, provides consultant expertise, training and education, expert testimony, grant writing and counseling guidance around issues concerning relationships, the legal system, divorce / separation and so much more.
Lynn Nichols, MSAP, provides consultant expertise, training and education, expert testimony, grant writing and counseling guidance around issues concerning relationships, the legal system, divorce / separation and so much more.
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Photo of Melanie Puza Pearl, Psychologist in Ridgefield, CT
Melanie Puza Pearl
Psychologist, PhD, NCSP, HSPP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ridgefield, CT 06877
Children's developing brains and the many supports naturally built into their lives (parents, siblings, teachers, etc.) make them perfect candidates for intervention when they are experiencing difficulty. If you are concerned about your child, as a licensed psychologist and certified school psychologist, I can identify strengths and needs and develop a plan for intervention that addresses multiple influences within your child's life, including home and school. I am most adept at working with children with developmental delays/disorders, anxiety, learning difficulties, behavioral issues, and executive functioning deficits (such as attention difficulties).
Children's developing brains and the many supports naturally built into their lives (parents, siblings, teachers, etc.) make them perfect candidates for intervention when they are experiencing difficulty. If you are concerned about your child, as a licensed psychologist and certified school psychologist, I can identify strengths and needs and develop a plan for intervention that addresses multiple influences within your child's life, including home and school. I am most adept at working with children with developmental delays/disorders, anxiety, learning difficulties, behavioral issues, and executive functioning deficits (such as attention difficulties).
(203) 930-1623 View (203) 930-1623
Photo of Joanna Forrest, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ridgefield, CT
Joanna Forrest
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ridgefield, CT 06877
Welcome. As a licensed professional counselor for over 20 years, I encourage you to step into a new perspective of your life. Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, stress, or relationship issues you can overcome them. You have the power within you to change thoughts, patterns, and behaviors that are no longer serving you. The only thing I suggest is that you come to therapy with an open mind. Together we can work on things that are challenging you and look at those challenges from different perspectives to help you feel good about yourself and your life.
Welcome. As a licensed professional counselor for over 20 years, I encourage you to step into a new perspective of your life. Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, stress, or relationship issues you can overcome them. You have the power within you to change thoughts, patterns, and behaviors that are no longer serving you. The only thing I suggest is that you come to therapy with an open mind. Together we can work on things that are challenging you and look at those challenges from different perspectives to help you feel good about yourself and your life.
(203) 951-6474 View (203) 951-6474
Photo of Debra Morton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgefield, CT
Debra Morton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ridgefield, CT 06877
Do you struggle with overthinking, sadness, self-doubt, guilt, or shame? Perhaps you're seeking guidance through life's transitions, looking to improve personal relationships, or striving to break free from unproductive behaviors. Whatever it may be, we can collaborate to meet your needs. I am committed to empowering you with healthier ways of thinking and coping, while fostering a compassionate environment that focuses on your strengths and collaborative problem-solving.
Do you struggle with overthinking, sadness, self-doubt, guilt, or shame? Perhaps you're seeking guidance through life's transitions, looking to improve personal relationships, or striving to break free from unproductive behaviors. Whatever it may be, we can collaborate to meet your needs. I am committed to empowering you with healthier ways of thinking and coping, while fostering a compassionate environment that focuses on your strengths and collaborative problem-solving.
(203) 896-8888 View (203) 896-8888
Photo of Christine Peters, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ridgefield, CT
Christine Peters
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ridgefield, CT 06877
Christine has over 10 years of therapy experience, utilizing Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and other approaches. She received her degree from New York University and is also a Board Certified Behavior Analyst. She has experience working with children, adolescents, and adults for a variety of issues. These include depression, anxiety, phobias, panic, anger, stress, insomnia, ADHD, autism, developmental delays, and work/home/school issues.
Christine has over 10 years of therapy experience, utilizing Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and other approaches. She received her degree from New York University and is also a Board Certified Behavior Analyst. She has experience working with children, adolescents, and adults for a variety of issues. These include depression, anxiety, phobias, panic, anger, stress, insomnia, ADHD, autism, developmental delays, and work/home/school issues.
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Ridgefield, CT

200+

Average cost per session

$182

Therapists in Ridgefield, CT who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
88% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
70% Coping Skills
66% Trauma and PTSD
63% Stress

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

70% Aetna
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
62% Anthem | Elevance

How Therapists in Ridgefield, CT see their clients

83% In Person and Online
17% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
20% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Ridgefield?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.